Copper: conductivity, zvivako, unhu uye mafomu

In matavi mazhinji indasitiri ano inoshandiswa zvikuru zvinhu zvakadai mhangura. The zvemagetsi conductivity nesimbi iri chaizvo. Izvi anotsanangura feasibility ayo chikumbiro zvikurukuru mune magetsi mapurani. Copper conductors vari vakawana yakanaka unongotaura. Chokwadi, simbi iyi rinoshandiswa kwete chete magetsi engineering, asiwo vamwe maindasitiri. Nokuda kushanda kwayo kusanganisira unhu ayo akadai nemishonga kuparadzwa kungatikanganisa mune dzimwe kungatikanganisa runyararo, refractoriness, plasticity, etc.

nhoroondo mashoko

Copper ndiyo simbi aizivikanwa murume kubva kare. Rinotsanangura mangwanani nhanganyaya vanhu vane zvinhu izvi zvikurukuru kuwanda kwayo zvakasikwa ari muchimiro zvinokosha. Masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti akanga ari wokutanga mhangura simbi akapora kubva munhu reokisijeni yeimwe. Kamwe pamatombo chete neshungu mumoto uye nokukurumidza dzaserera, zvichiita kuti kutsemuka. Gare gare mhangura kupora vakatanga kubereka padanda pamwe kuwedzera marasha vachiridza mvuto. Improvement uyu muitiro pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe nomubato muvira. Kunyange paya, chicherwa akatanga kugamuchira kuburikidza oxidizing simbi ores.

Copper: conductivity zvinhu

Munguva quiescent mamiriro, zvose chero simbi vakasununguka maerekitironi kumativi musimboti. Kana ane kwokunze tsime dzokuteerera vari yakarongwa kutevedzana uye vave vatakuri ano. The mwero simbi kukwanisa napo rokupedzisira rinonzi conductivity. The chairema yakayerwa kwayo International SI Siemens kunotsanangurwa so 1 CM = 1 Ohm ^-1.

The conductivity hwemhangura chaizvo. Maererano chakarurama ichi, inodarika zvose anozivikanwa nhasi chawo simbi. Nani pane murume ano inopfuura chete sirivha. Chakarurama conductivity nemhangura 57h104 masendimita ^-1 panguva tembiricha kuti +20 ° C. Nemhaka iyi pfuma yaro simbi iyi pari vakawanda vose kondakita inoshandiswa maindasitiri mudzimba zvinangwa.

Copper yakaisvonaka kukunda chenguva zvemagetsi mutoro uyewo ndezvechokwadi uye yakasimba. Uyezve, simbi iyi kunoratidzwa yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa uye (1083,4 ° C). Izviwo, rinobvumira mhangura kwenguva refu kushanda huru mamiriro. Sezvo kuwanda ano kondakita sezvo aruminiyamu anogona chete kukwikwidzana zvesimbi.

Kuvhiringidzwa nouipi pamusoro conductivity yemhangura

Chokwadi, pane nguva yedu kuti simbi tsvuku simbi anoshandiswa zvikuru yakagozha dzokubvisa kupfuura kare. Zvisinei, kunyange nhasi kuwana rakaisvonatswa Cũ kwakaoma zvisingaiti. The mhangura anogara aripo ose kumwedzi. Zvinogona Somuenzaniso, nesilicon, simbi kana beryllium. Zvichakadai, yakawanda netsvina iri mhangura, kashoma ayo magetsi zvinoriumba. Nokuti zvaAtemisi waya Somuenzaniso, zvakakodzera chete zvakakwana yakaisvonaka simbi. Maererano nokurondedzerwa, nokuti chinangwa ichi inogona kushandiswa uwandu nouipi mhangura isingadariki 0.1%.

Kazhinji simbi iri rine chimwe chikamu nesarufa, Arsenic uye namavara akanaka. The fuma rokutanga yekudyidzana akazoita ductility mashoko acho. The conductivity yemhangura nesarufa zvinosiyana zvikuru. admixture ichi haana kuitisa ano. Ichocho insulator akanaka. Zvisinei, magetsi conductivity hwemhangura sarufa asingadi kukanganisa chero nzira. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune chafariz conductivity. With namavara akanaka uye Arsenic kunopesana wechokwadi. zvinhu izvi vanokwanisa kuderedza magetsi conductivity yemhangura kwazvo.

alloys

Ose yokuvirisa zvinogona kushandiswa kunyanya anatsiridze simba akadaro mapurasitiki zvinhu zvakadai mhangura. magetsi conductivity Its, ivo kuderedza. Asi avo kushandiswa anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera upenyu zvemarudzi ose zvigadzirwa.

Kazhinji, sezvo chirungiso akashandisa mhangura simba vakunde Cd (0,9%). Zvinoguma cadmium yendarira. conductivity Its 90% of conductivity hwemhangura. Dzimwe nguva, pane cadmium sezvo yokuvirisa zvinoshandiswa sezvo aruminiyamu. The conductivity nesimbi iri 65% chete mufananidzo zvemhangura. Kuwedzera simba waya muchimiro yokuvirisa anogona kushandiswa, uye zvimwe zvinhu uye zvinhu - netini, phosphorus, chromium, beryllium. Zvinoguma endarira womumwe muchiso. A remubatanidzwa chemhangura pamwe zingi inonzi nendarira.

unhu alloys

Tungamirirwa simbi zvemagetsi conductivity asingagoni chete pamusoro nhamba nouipi mavari, asiwo zvimwe zviratidzo. Somuenzaniso muwanze kudziyisa tembiricha kugona mhangura ano kuerera kuburikidza nawo kunoderedza. Hune zvahunoita conductivity imwe waya kunyange zvayo nzira gadzira. Mumba uye indasitiri zvinogona kushandiswa waya emhangura annealed munyoro uye zvakaoma wakavhomorwa. Mune musiyano iri kukwanisa napo roga pamusoro mudare kutanga.

Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha mugumisiro Chokwadi, vakashandisa yokuvirisa dzavo kwazvo magetsi conductivity zvemhangura. Tafura pazasi panoratidza muverengi kwemashoko akazara pamusoro mano ano kupfuura vakawanda alloys yacho simbi.

The zvemagetsi conductivity dzendarira nemhangura akafanana. Zvisinei, chokutanga simbi nhamba Chokwadi, akaderera zvishoma. Asi iye dzakakwirira kupfuura hwendarira. Somunhu waya yendarira rinoshandiswa zvikuru nevakawanda. Current wakapfuura zvishoma hwemhangura, asi panguva imwe chete uye kunodyira zvishoma. Kakawanda nendarira kuti neshamwari, okusungisa uye siyana pagondobwe maredhiyo.

Copper alloys mukuru nemishonga

Izvi kondakita zvokuvakisa dzinoshandiswa kunyanya zvaAtemisi resistors, rheostats, dzemagetsi zviridzwa uye namano. Most inowanzoshandiswa nokuda ichi chinangwa alloys emhangura constantan uye manganin. The resistivity wokutanga (86% cu, 12% MN, 2% Ni) ndiyo 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, uye wechipiri (60% cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Kukurukurirana pamwe coefficient pamusoro chafariz conductivity

The conductivity hwemhangura - mamiriyoni 59,5 / m. Nhamba iyi, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, kwakarurama, asi chete panguva imwe tembiricha pakati +20 ^° C chafariz conductivity upi simbi, uye pane conductivity chisungo. Anosimbisa mutemo wake Wiedemann - Franz. It rinoitwa kuti simbi panguva yakakwirira tembiricha runoratidzwa zvinotevera payakavakirwa: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, apo, y - the conductivity, k - Boltzmann airamba, e - chepuraimari mutariri.

Chokwadi, mumwe kubatana kwakadaro ariko uye resimbi akadai mhangura. Thermal uye zvemagetsi conductivity ane yakakwirira chaizvo. Munzvimbo yechipiri pashure zviri sirivha vaviri zviratidzo izvi.

Mukomboni yemhangura uye aruminiyamu waya

Mumakore achangopfuura mumhuri uye maindasitiri akatanga kushandiswa kuwedzera yakakwirira simba magetsi. Munguva Soviet, kuti wiring yakaitwa kunyanya kubva kokupata aruminiyamu. Zvinodikanwa matsva ayo mabasa, zvinosuwisa, hatichamuzivi kusangana. Nhasi, saka, mumba uye indasitiri kazhinji achinja kuti aruminiyamu waya mhangura. The chikuru mukana neyokupedzisira, kuwedzera refractoriness, ndechokuti ari oxidative muitiro wavo conductive zvivako zvisina ipfupi.

Kazhinji mazuvaano dzemagetsi, aruminiyamu uye mhangura waya zvinofanira kwakabatana. Kuita izvi haazovanzwiri zvakananga. Chaizvoizvo, conductivity kuti aruminiyamu uye mhangura akasiyana kwete yakawandisa. Asi chete mukati simbi idzi. Oxidizing anoonekwa aruminiyamu uye mhangura vane nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kuti conductivity iri yekudyidzana kuderedzwa panguva papi. Oxidative firimu kuti aruminiyamu akasiyana dzakakwirira zvikuru nemishonga pane mhangura. Naizvozvo, mubatani- mhando idzi mbiri conductors zvinofanira kuitwa chete kuburikidza rinokosha adapteri. Zvinogona Somuenzaniso, Clip, namatidza rine yaidzivirira simbi kubva zvichiitika oxide. musimboti iri yaiwanzoshandiswa pamwe adapters unobatanidza waya mumigwagwa. In makamuri anowanzoshandiswa Junction kudzvinya. zano ravo rinosanganisira bwendefa chaiyo kuti anobvisa zvakananga kuonana pakati aruminiyamu uye mhangura. Pasina conductors akadaro mudzimai kwezvakatipoteredza, pachinzvimbo nokuvhiringidza waya akakurudzira zvakananga kushandisa pesin uye mupengo kuti "zambuko" zvenguva.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Saka, takazoziva chii magetsi conductivity zvemhangura. mufananidzo uyu dzingasiyana zvichienderana vanoumba of simbi tsvina. Zvisinei, zviri kudiwa mhangura ari indasitiri yakatsunga uye ayo zvimwe zvinobetsera mumuviri ehupfumi, kugamuchira mashoko chiri pamusoro izvo zvinoita patafura pazasi.

mushonga ehupfumi

Maererano unhu zvendarira, magetsi conductivity uye chafariz conductivity izvo chaizvo uye zvenguva pakati pezvokuvamba yokutanga vanamwari vatatu vatatu boka VIII, uye wokutanga alkaline boka periodic table kwakadaro. By yayo inokosha namakemikari ehupfumi dzinosanganisira:

• tsika chimiro zvivako;

• kukwanisa kubudisa yeimwe mavara uye insoluble sulfides.

Most mamirire nokuti nemhangura divalent mamiriro. Zvakafanana nezvinhu alkali simbi ine kushanda hapana. reactivity Its harwuna yakaderera. In pamberi CO ₂ kana mvura firimu aumba girini carbonate pamusoro mhangura pechiso. munyu All mhangura vari chepfu yakaipisisa. The mono- uye divalent vanotaura chicherwa anoumba munhu akatsiga zvikuru yeimwe dzakaoma. The chepamusorosoro ukoshi nokuti bhizimisi vari amoniya.

Makuriro Akaita kushandiswa

Dzakakwirira chafariz uye zvemagetsi conductivity nemhangura anosarudza wayo kwazvo kushanda mumaindasitiri siyana. Zvechokwadi, vakawanda simbi inoshandiswa magetsi mapurani. Zvisinei, izvi handizvo chete nzvimbo chikumbiro chacho. Uyezve, mhangura angashandiswa:

• mune zvishongo;

• mu akitekicha;

• kana kuvaka mvura uye kudziyisa nehurongwa;

• mu gasi mapaipi.

Kubudisa mhando dzakasiyana Zvishongo vainyanya kushandisa mhangura chiwanikwa nendarama. Izvi zvichawedzera kuramba deformation zvishongo uye abrasion. Mavakirwo inogona kushandiswa mhangura cladding edzimba uye pamadziro. The chikuru mukana wakadaro rapera iri yakasimba. Somuenzaniso, machira ane ichi chidimbu simbi akapfeka denga ndiro chinozivikanwa mapurani varipo - the Catholic Church muguta wokuGermany Hildesheim. Copper pedenga kuvaka inodzivirira womukati nzvimbo yayo kweanenge makore 700.

ouinjiniya Services

The chikuru zvakwakanakira emhangura mvura pombi zvinogarawo mukurumari uye rakavimbika. Mukuwedzera, simbi anokwanisa batanidza inokosha nemamwe ehupfumi mvura, zvichiita anobatsira kuti muviri. Vaungane mapaipi uye muchidziisa yemhangura chubhu uyewo Zvakanakisa akakodzera - kunyanya nokuda kwayo ngura kurwisa ductility. Kana chimbichimbi kuwedzera nevezera mitsetse yakadaro vakakwanisa kutsungirira mutoro zvikuru kupfuura simbi. The chete drawback pamusoro senyere yendarira ndiyo zvavo kudhura.