Cracking - chii ichi? Cracking epetroleum, peturu zvigadzirwa, alkanes. chafariz Cracking

Hapana chakavanzika peturu rinobudiswa kubva mafuta. Zvisinei, vatyairi vakawanda vasingatombozivi vanonetseka sei muitiro uyu Kushandurwa mafuta kupinda huni zvavo kufarira motokari. Inonzi cracking walnut, achibatsirwa pakati painocheneserwa havasi chete peturu, asiwo vamwe zvakafanira vemazuva upenyu petrochemicals. Interesting nhoroondo kwakabva nzira ichi chamafuta yokucheneswa. The vakatanga kwacho uye installation ichinge kuonekwa musayendisiti wokuRussia uye chirimwa pacharo mune izvi zviri nyore chaizvo uye zvakajeka kunyange vaiziva kemisitiri kwevanhu.

Chii wakatsemuka

Nei achinzi CRACKER? Shoko iri rinobva Chirungu Cracking, zvichiratidza cleavage. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi ndiko peturu achinatsa, uyewo yaro constituent zvikamu zviduku. It anogadzirwa kuti vawane zvinhu zvakadai, iyo duku samolecular uremu. Kunetseka izvi lubricating mafuta, mafuta injini nezvimwe zvakafanana. Uyezve, somugumisiro iyi anogadzirwa zvigadzirwa, kudiwa makemikari uye petrochemical Mazinga.

alkanes Cracking zvinosanganisira pezvakaitwa dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira condensation uye polymerization nevamiririri. Mugumisiro azvaiitwa ndiyo paumbwe peturu chemubhotoro inova, uye zvikamu zviduku bikai panguva refu tembiricha akadana cracking walnut vakasara. The Kubika pfungwa fuma iyi inopfuura 350 inegumi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, kunze azvaiitwa, pane dzimwe - cyclization, isomerization, kwetunhu.

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Shukhov

Cracking mafuta, nhoroondo yacho inotanga muna 1891. Ipapo injiniya VG Shukhov uye bhururu wake Gavrilov SP yakaitwa maindasitiri chirimwa nokuda chichiitwa chafariz Cracking. Izvi zvakanga kugadzwa nemarudzi adzo munyika yokutanga. The vavambi, maererano mitemo Russian Empire patented pamberi mvumo muviri munyika. Chokwadi, ichi chaiva muenzaniso experimental. Gare gare, pashure anenge kota remakore, hwokugadzira zvinogadzirisa Shukhov vaiva hwaro maindasitiri CRACKER muUnited States. Uye muSoviet Union aiva wokutanga kugadzwa yakadaro maindasitiri akamboona vakatanga kubereka uye kuregedza panguva "Cracking yeSoviet" muna 1934. chirimwa ichi riri mu Baku.

Method Chirungu kemisiti Barton

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, petrochemical indasitiri akaita mupiro chaizvo kuti wokuEngland Barton, tsvaka nzira negadziriso kugadzirwa peturu kubva oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo. Vakanga kuwana nzira zvachose akakwana, kureva cracking walnut zvakaitwa, somugumisiro iyo goho ndiyo inonyanya uwandu lightweight peturu zvikamu zviduku. Vasati ichi, Chirungu kemisiti kuita zvinhu kubudiswa mafuta, kusanganisira mafuta chinotsva chaiva dzokubvisa reparafini. Kugadzirisa dambudziko kubereka peturu zvikamu zviduku, Barton patented nzira yake inobereka peturu.

Muna 1916, Barton nzira yaishandiswa muindasitiri ezvinhu, uye makore mana chete gare gare pashure anopfuura mazana masere vezvikwata ayo ndotodururwa aishanda mafekitari.

Achibika tembiricha nedoro Zvinozivikanwa fuma zvavaida pamusoro payo. Ndiko, kana kumanikidzwa pane dzimwe mvura yakakwirira zvikuru, zvino, maererano, achava mukuru uye tembiricha rokukwatisa. With kudzikira kumanikidza nefuma, zvinogona kare kutanga kubika panguva tembiricha yakaderera. Hazvina ruzivo urwu kushandiswa kemisiti Barton, kuwana zvikuru tembiricha yakanakisisa kuitika cracking walnut zvakaitwa. tembiricha iri yemakomo kubva 425 kusvika 475 inegumi. Zvechokwadi, akadaro mukuru tembiricha simba pamusoro mafuta zvichava sasana, uye basa kwakaoma pamwe vaporous zvinhu. Naizvozvo, chikuru basa iri Chirungu kemisiti yakanga kudzivirira Kubika uye kwemvura yamafuta. Akatanga kupedza yakakwirira kumanikidza yose muitiro.

Installation nokuti cracking walnut

Barton midziyo yaisanganisira zvakawanda okunze, pakati yaiva bhaira, iyo inoshanda pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa. Akanga rakagadzirwa zvikuru gobvu simbi, riri kumusoro vira, kuti, akavapindurawo, akanga akashongedzerwa noutsi sepombi. Akanga achitaura kuna mvura-kutonhora zvawanda. Zvadaro, zvose rukoronga rinotungamirirwa kuti mudziyo akaronga rokuchera mvura. Panguva pasi tangi dzichengeterwe mapazi chubhu, mumwe chubhu waiva kutonga vharafu.

Ko Cracking

The cracking walnut kwacho ndeiyi. The bhaira izere peturu chigadzirwa, akadai mafuta mumarambi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mafuta ari neshungu nokuda kwazvo. Apo tembiricha yakasvika zana namakumi matatu madhigirii, kubva zviri bhaira rakabvisirwa (Ipwa) iripo mairi mvura. Nomunyika chubhu uye dzaserera, mvura iyi anopinda muunganidzwa tangi, uye ipapo zvakare kuburikidza nomutopota rovira. Panguva iyoyowo acho akaramba ari bhaira, umo mafuta chinotsva anyangarika nevamwe zvinoriumba - mhepo nezvimwewo magasi. Vakatora nzira zvakafanana kuti mvura, vakananga ari Mapaipi.

Maitiro kubvisa mvura uye gasi mafuta chigadzirwa akanga akagadzirira tevera Cracking. Muchoto simba yanyungudiswa, uye tembiricha iri bhaira zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera kusvikira yakasvika 345 inegumi. Panguva ino, iyo kwemvura ine lightweight Mahydrocarbon. Nomunyika chubhu kusvika coolant, kunyange apo ivo vakasara ezvinhu gasi, kusiyana mvura nemhute. Kamwe muna rokuunganidza mugaba, Mahydrocarbon aya vakatevera vari Mapaipi, sezvo nzira yokubudisa vharuvhu yakavharwa uye ngavarege kupinda mugomba. Vakadzoka kuburikidza nenyere kudzokera tangi, uye ipapo kudzokorora yose nzira, hapana nzira yokubuda.

Nokudaro, vakava zvakawanda pamusoro nguva. Zvakaguma kukura kumanikidzwa munyika. Kana kumanikidzwa uku uchibata atmospheres shanu, chiedza Mahydrocarbon vave kukwanisa sasana kubva bhaira. Mahydrocarbon, todzokera, yunifomu kuoma vakaramba vari bhaira rukoronga uye yakaungana mugaba mufiriji. Panguva imwe chete yakatanga nokuda mukuru tembiricha kukamurwa inorema Mahydrocarbon. Somugumisiro, vakadzokera kunyika peturu, kureva, mune chiedza yeHydrocarbon. inotungamirwa Its kutanga kuitika madhigirii anenge 250, chiedza Mahydrocarbon kubudikidza cleavage Ipwa, kuti condensate yakaumbwa muna kutonhora mukamuri, inounganidzwa ari yakaungana tangi. Next, kuburikidza mutopota peturu hoyerera akagadzirira ari mudziyo umo kuoma ipfupi. kumanikidza Izvi zvakaita kuti kubviswa gaseous zvinhu. With magasi akadaro zvakabviswa pamusoro nguva, uye akapedza peturu kudirwa kurudyi mumidziyo kana matangi.

The zvakawanda chiedza Mahydrocarbon Ipwa, zvikuru vakashinga uye husingakwanisi tembiricha akava mafuta. Naizvozvo, pashure pokunge hafu bhaira tigutsikane mu peturu kuti misa mberi basa. Vakabatsira zvikuru akagadzawo mu kugadzwa mita kuziva uwandu zvichiguma peturu. Choto vadzimwa Mapaipi overlaps. Vhendi nyere unobatanidza compressor nekusiyana, akazarura, vaviri vakauya compressor ichi, kumanikidza mairi akanga zvishoma. In kufanana ichi vakaprofita nyere inotisvitsa kugadzirwa peturu, nokuputsa kubatana dzaro installation. Uyezve chiito chiri kutarisira kutonhora ari bhaira, zvikasabudiswa kubva fuma. Nokuti kushandiswa pave paya zvino isu kuchenesa bhaira kubva kukanganisa pamusoro chemubhotoro uye zvaiita kuti aite itsva cracking walnut kwacho.

Zvokukura achinatsa uye kugadzwa Barton

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mukana anotsemura mafuta, kureva kuti Cracking pamusoro alkanes, yagara kuonekwa nemasayendisiti. Zvisinei, hazvina kushandiswa kwakajairika DISTILLATION, sezvazvakanyorwa anotsemura mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro aiva kunaka. Kuti izvi zviitike, chaipisa hwemvura chaibatanidzwa kwacho. Achibatsirwa mafuta haina ozeyewa asi sasana.

Kubvira ivepo, mafuta achinatsa indasitiri rabva mumatanho akawanda. Saka, sezvo sixties ari XIX remakore pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore, mafuta chinogadzirwa kubudisa chete reparafini. zvino aiva zvinhu fuma, izvo vanhu vakagamuchira nhau murima. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti panguva kubudiswa kwakadaro, zvinobva peturu zvikamu zviduku lightweight, vaiona tsvina. Vakadurura mugomba ari maviri uye zvinoparadzwa incineration kana nedzimwe nzira.

Kugadzwa cracking walnut Burton uye nzira yake vakashanda chinokosha danho iri yose mafuta nokunatswa zvekutepfenyura. Ndiwo nzira ichi Chirungu kemisiti zvinobvira kuita nani mugumisiro kugadzirwa peturu. Goho yakanatswa peturu chigadzirwa uyewo dzimwe aromatics kwakawedzera kakawanda.

Kudiwa kushandiswa Cracking

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, peturu rakanga, ungati, tsvina yemudzimu mafuta yokucheneswa. Motokari kumhanya mafuta ichi, apo paiva vashoma kwazvo, saka chinotsva haina aizviti. Asi nokufamba kwenguva zvikepe kunyika zvakakurira zvishoma nezvishoma, ukuwo, zvaida uye peturu. Chete okutanga kwemakore gumi kana gumi remakore rechimakumi maviri, kudiwa peturu yakawedzera 115 nguva!

Kuwanikwa nyore DISTILLATION kuti peturu, uye, kutaura zvazviri, inzwi rayo asingadi kusangana mutengi uye vaburitsi pachavo. naizvozvo akasarudza kushandisa Cracking. Izvi akabvumira kuwedzera kugadzirwa unodiwa. Izvi akabvumira kuwedzera uwandu peturu nezvinodiwa States.

Papera chinguva, kwakaonekwa kuti Cracking epetroleum zvigadzirwa zvaigona kuitwa kwete chete pane mafuta mafuta kana Diesel mafuta. Somunhu mbishi mashoko tsime ichi wandaifanira uye wakaipa mafuta. Uyewo, vagadziri uye vanachiremba mumunda ichi vasarudzirwa kuti peturu vakawana cracking walnut muitiro wakanga nani yepamusoro. Zvikurukuru kana kushandiswa iri motokari vaishanda zvikuru kugara uye kwenguva yakareba kupfuura nguva dzose. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti peturu yaunganidzwa Cracking kuramba mamwe Mahydrocarbon, anopisa panguva kwakajairika DISTILLATION. Izvi zvinhu, akavapindurawo, kana kushandiswa munyika combustion injini vane pfuma kuti vesa nokupisa zvakawanda zvakanaka, somugumisiro injini haisi mafuta kuputika.

CATALYTIC Cracking

Cracking - Maitikiro acho unogona kukamurwa mhando mbiri. Rinoshandiswa kuti vaunze chinotsva, akadai peturu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvingava kuitwa nenzira nyore nokupisa mabatiro epetroleum mishonga - chafariz Cracking. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinokwanisika Implementation iyi muitiro kwete chete nokuda mukuru tembiricha asiwo kuwedzera catalysts. mumwe muitiro kwakadaro anonzi CATALYTIC.

Uchishandisa yokupedzisira, iro nzira kubudiswa, vagadziri kuwana mukuru-octane peturu.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti howa ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha kwacho kuti anopa kupfuura yakadzama uye Qualitative yokucheneswa. CATALYTIC Cracking akasuma kupinda bhizimisi iri thirties remakore rapfuura, izvozvo akabvumira vaburitsi kuti abatsirike rose muitiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchinja, hama nyore kunangiswa pamwe nemamwe maitiro (deasphalting, hydrotreating, alkirovanie uye t. D.). Hazvina pakawanda ichi kunogona kunzi chinokosha inorwara kushandisa imwe CATALYTIC cracking walnut chairema iri yose Vhoriyamu mafuta yokucheneswa.

mbishi zvinhu

The mbishi zvakashandiswa nenzira CATALYTIC Cracking kuti Vacuum gasi mafuta inova chikamu ane Kubika siyana kubva 350 kusvika 500 inegumi. Panyaya iyi yokupedzisira Kubika pfungwa iri zvakasiyana uye zvinoenderana simbi kugutsikana. Uyezve, paakati ichi rinokanganisa coking feedstock. Hakugoni kuva nezvegumi anopfuura matatu muzana.

Rokutanga hydrotreating waida uye dzikabereka chikamu iyo chinobviswa somugumisiro siyana nesurferi yeimwe. hydrotreating kunoderedza coking.

Vamwe vanozivikanwa zvikuru, pane pezvakaitwa akawanda anoitwa navo, umo mune Cracking inorema nezvikamu zviri Refinery pamusika makambani. Izvi zvinosanganisira coking kusvika vatanhatu masere muzana mafuta. Mukuwedzera, yakatsvuka acho angava hydrocracking vakasara. Most zvisingawanzoitiki zvichida, zvinogona kunzi anonzi zvekumwe mbishi mhandara mafuta. A yakafanana chikwata (milliseconds zvemichina) rinowanika muRepublic of Belarus panguva Mozyr Refinery.

Just kusvikira ichangopfuura, kana kushandiswa CATALYTIC Cracking epetroleum, vakashandisa bhora amorphous tiwedzere. Raiva millimeter marozari matatu shanu. Zvino chinangwa ichi catalysts anoshandiswa cracking walnut kwete kupfuura 60-80 microns (zeolite microspheroidal tiwedzere). Zvinosanganisira ari zeolite nhengo unongoda pamusoro aruminiyamu silicate chizvaro.

The chafariz nzira

Senguva dzose, chafariz Cracking rinoshandiswa kuti kubudiswa petroleum, kana zvichidikanwa kuwana pakupedzisira chigadzirwa duku samolecular uremu. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai zvingasanganisira unsaturated Mahydrocarbon, peturu chemubhotoro, chiedza motokari rinochiwedzera.

Mirayiridzo iyi kwepetroleum nzira ichitovimbawo samolecular uremu uye yezvakaita feedstock, uyewo zvakananga pamusoro mamiriro uko cracking walnut pacharo. Izvi hwakasimbiswa ne mishonga pamusoro nguva. Mumwe mukuru ezvinhu itibatsire nokukurumidza uye kutungamirirwa unyatsoshanda chafariz Cracking inokurukurwa kuti tembiricha, kumanikidzwa uye kugadzira nguva. Last anogamuchira rinooneka danho panguva madhigirii mazana matatu, matatu namakumi mashanu. Paaitsanangura izvi anoshandisa kinetic mukana wokuti vanhu vanga yokutanga kurongeka Cracking. At mugumisiro cracking walnut, uye kutaura zvazviri, ari wayo akafanana zvigadzirwa kunokanganisa kumanikidza shanduko. Chikonzero ari kuchinja nokukurumidza uye maitiro yechipiri siyana, izvo zvinosanganisira, sezvo yambotaurwa, kuti polymerization uye condensation icho pamwe cracking walnut. Zvaakazoita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga chafariz muitiro uri sezvinotevera: S20N42 S10N20 + = C10 H22. Itibatsire zvaitika uye mugumisiro achiri bhuku reagents.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Cracking ramafuta, kuitwa nzira idzi, haasi oga. Kurimwa basa painocheneserwa vanoshandisa uye dzimwe mhando kurapwa kwacho zhinji. Saka, mune zvimwe zviitiko Yaunoti oxidative Cracking, akaita kushandisa oxygen. Used mukurima uye yemagetsi Cracking. With nzira iyi, vagadziri acetylene wakagadzirirwa nokuisa magetsi kubudikidza methane.