Decembrists muRussia. The kuurayiwa pakati Decembrists. Location uye musi aurayiwe of Decembrists

Kwemakore anoda kusvika 200 makore, kuti Decembrists rokumukira yave Akakwezva venhau dzakaitika. Zvakanyorwa vazhinji nyaya kwesayenzi uye kunyange dissertations panyaya. Chii chakaita kuti mubereko ichi? The ndechokuti, kare, kuti Decembrists kuRussia aiva wokutanga akamboda kurwisana simba amambo. Sezvineiwo, kudzidza Fani iyi vakatanga kuita vapanduki pachavo, havana vakaongorora zvinokonzera kumukirawo pana museneti Square uye ayo kukundwa. Nokuda kuurayiwa zviri Decembrists Russian muvanhu hachisisina ruvara kudzidza vechiduku vakawanda, nekuti vakanga yakabva kwamachinda mhuri, kunobwinya vechikamu Hondo 1812. Simuka kwaitwa pamusoro zvichaitirwa mano vadetembi. Saka, A. Pushkin, nekuda kubatana nevatori vechikamu pamusoro epachivande, akatumirwa kuutapwa.

Ndivanaani Decembrists

Ndivanaani Decembrists? Muchidimbu vanogona inozivikanwa sezvinotevera: vava nhengo dzakawanda political nzanga kurwira abolition pakati serfdom uye kuchinja hurumende. Muna December 1825 vaironga kwazvakarerekera, iyo noutsinye akanga woutsinye.
5 vanhu (vatungamiri) vakaiswa kuti chirango unonyadzisa navatariri. Decembrists, vatori ndokuendeswa kuSiberia, vamwe vapfurwa munhare.

The zvinokonzera kwokumukira

Sei Decembrists vakamukira? zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nokuda ichi. Chief pakati pavo, kuti zvose somunhu, airidza panguva pokubvunzurudzwa munhare vari - mweya vakasununguka pfungwa, kutenda musimba vanhu Russian, aneta kudzvinyirira - zvose vakaberekwa pashure kwakajeka kukunda pamusoro Napoleon. Hapana tsaona vanhu 115 kubva pakati Decembrists - Vatori of Patriotic yeHondo 1812. Zvechokwadi, muzana rutsigiro rwemauto, kusunungura nyika dzokuEurope, havana kumbosangana noutsinye kuti serfdom. Izvi zvakazoita kuti afungezve mafungiro avo kuti nyika, "varanda uye vanatenzi."

Zvaiva pachena kuti serfdom chaparadza akararama richibatsira wayo. Kurwisa parutivi rwechipo vanhuwo, vachitaura navo, ramangwana Decembrists vakasvika yokuti vanhu vanokodzera mugumisiro nani pane pavaishanda basa kuvapo. Varimi, zvakare, akanga achitarisira kuti pashure pehondo, avo ezvinhu zvichashanduka nani, nokuti vakateura ropa ravo nokuda musha. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa mambo uye vakawanda avakuru zvakasimba akabatirira kuimba yemauto. Ndokusaka kubvira 1814 kusvika 1820 apfuura, nyika rinoputika pamusoro mazana maviri murimi mudiki yokumukira. The apotheosis aiva vanomukira Colonel Schwartz Semenovski Guards muna 1820. utsinye yake masoja nyore vakapfuura miganhu zvose. Kurovedzera of Decembrist kufamba, Sergey Muravev-APÓSTOL uye Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, vakapupurira zviitiko izvi, sezvo vakashanda hondo iyi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti imwe mweya rusununguko mafungiro akaisa vazhinji vechikamu Tsarskoye tiiviste Lyceum: somuenzaniso, vadzidzi yayo Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, uye rusununguko-rudo nhetembo kubudikidza Pushkin kushandiswa kurudziro pfungwa.

Southern Society of Decembrists

Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti sangano iri Decembrists havana simuka pasina: kumera kubva pfungwa echimurenga yenyika. Pavel Pestel akanyora kuti pfungwa dzakadaro vaende "kubva kumugumo mumwe Europe kuRussia", kufukidza kunyange vaya vaipikisa kuti mafungiro Turkey uye England. Chinozoiswa kuburikidza basa pfungwa Decembrist epachivande. Wokutanga wavo - Union of Salvation (St. Petersburg, 1816) uye Union of Welfare (1918). Chechipiri kwakaitika pahwaro rokutanga, aiva zvishoma kuvanza uye rinosanganisira vazhinji nhengo. Muna 1820 uye emauto akadzingwa mabasa nokuda siyana maonero.

Muna 1821, sangano idzva rinoumbwa nzanga vaviri North (muSt Petersburg, akanga ari pamusoro Nikita Muravev) uye South (muKiev, akanga ari pamusoro Pavel Pestel). Southern vanhu yakanga yakawanda reactionary views: vagadze zvokuvhoterwa, vakapa kuuraya mambo. Southern Society mamiriro aimiririra Kudzorwa matatu: rokutanga, pamwe P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky rinotungamirirwa, wechipiri - S. Masvosve-APÓSTOL, wechitatu - Davydov uye S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Mutungamiri Southern Society, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, akaberekwa muna 1793 muMoscow. Akawana dzidzo yakanaka muEurope, uye pakudzoka kwake Russia anotanga kushanda Corps pamusoro Pages - zvikurukuru pakati ropafadzo vanokudzwa. Mapeji vari pachako unoziva zvose nenhengo dzemhuri youmambo. It pakutanga akaratidza rusununguko-rudo glances vaduku Pestel. Sowakajeka kudzidza kubva Corps, anoramba kushanda Lithuanian hondo pamwe chinzvimbo nomureza Life Guards.

Munguva Hondo 1812 zvakaipa Pestel wakakuvadzwa. Akarapa, anodzoka pabasa, anokurwirai noumhare. Pakazopera hondo Pestel akawanda pamusoro mibayiro, kusanganisira imwe yendarama shoma zvombo. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, aidururira kushanda vamabhiza chemazana chehondo - panguva kupfuura nomukurumbira nzvimbo.

Nepo St. Petersburg, Pestel kuziva zvimwe repachivande (ruponeso Union) uye nokukurumidza anouya mariri. Paul anotanga munhu echimurenga upenyu. Muna 1821 iye kuenda ari Southern muvanhu - iyi akabatsirwa ne yakanaka achitsetsenura, nemicheka uchenjeri uye masimba nokunyengetedza. Nokuda zvinhu izvi nguva yake yaanozadzisa kubatana pfungwa weSouthern uye Northern munzanga.

Pestel kuti bumbiro remitemo

Muna 1923, zvakanga kushandisa purogiramu Southern Society, rakanyorwa nokuda Pavlom Pestelem. It akabvumirana kushandisa nhengo dzose yeidzi - remangwana Decembrists. Muchidimbu rine zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Russia inofanira kuva zvokuvhoterwa, mumwe uye indivisible, iine maruwa 10. Public Kutarisirwa chichaitwa Nevanhu vaJehovha Council (zvemitemo) uye aitonga Duma (varikutonga).
2. Pakugadzirisa nyaya serfdom Pestel zvinganaka pakarepo kukanzura nayo, kugovera nyika ive migove miviri; vanhuwo zvavo uye landlords. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti ekupedzisira vachava risi kuti kurima. Vaongorori vanodavira kuti kana kuchinja zvinhu 1861 pamusoro abolition kuti serfdom kubudikidza Pestel akaenda kuronga, nyika vaizokurumidza akatanga Bourgeois, zveupfumi mberi nzira okukura.
3. The abolition yacho sangano makirasi. Vanhu yose munyika anotaurwa sevagari, vane chete vakayenzana pamberi pomutemo. Chakaziviswa pachavo rusununguko uye inviolability munhu uye domicile.
4. hurumende Tsarist categorically kuzviwanira Pestel, saka akabvunza kuti kuparadzwa mhuri yose youmambo chaiko.

Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti "Chokwadi Russian" achapinda simba panongovira kumukirawo. Ndicho mutemo inokosha munyika.

Northern Society of Decembrists

Northern Society dza- muna 1821, muchirimo. Pakutanga rutivi hwakanga mapoka maviri, vakabatana gare gare. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti boka rokutanga yakanga okunyanyisa, vadzidzi vaiita maonero Pestel uye zvizere akagamuchira ake "Russian Chokwadi".

Kurovedzera of Northern Society vakanga Nikita Muravev (musoro), Kondraty Ryleev (Mutevedzeri), Prince Obolensky uye Trubetskoy. Not mudukusa basa revanhukadzi anotamba Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society akaita kunonyanya muSt Petersburg, asi akanga ane hofisi muMoscow.

Way wokubatanidza kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba nzanga kwave refu uye kurwadza kwazvo. Vaiva chinokosha nokusabvumirana vamwe nyaya. Zvisinei, panguva Congress 1824, kwakasarudzwa kutanga chirongwa kubatana muna 1826. The mukumukira muna December 1825 akaparadza zvirongwa izvi.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - anobva mumhuri anokudzwa. Akaberekwa muna 1795 kuSt Petersburg. Ndine dzidzo kukuru muMoscow. The War of 1812 akamuwana chinzvimbo collegiate mabharani Bazi Justice. Hondo, iye atiza pamusha, zvichiita kwakajeka basa panguva hondo.

Mushure Second World War anotanga basa sechikamu epachivande: Union of Salvation uye Union of Welfare. Uyezve, akanyora kuti bumbiro kuti ekupedzisira. Anodavira kuti hakuna inofanira kusimbiswa munhu Republican chehurumende, rinogona chete kubatsira muchiuto kubvuta masimba. Munguva rwendo kuenda kumaodzanyemba asangana P. Pestel. Asi anoronga its nechivako - kuNorthern Society, asi ane adherent hakuiti kubvarura, asi nekusiyana, ari kushingaira pamwe.

The rokutanga reShanduro shanduro yake reMitemo akanyora muna 1821, asi iye haana kuwana mhinduro kubva dzimwe nhengo munzanga. Papera chinguva, aizoita fungazve maonero ake uye akasunungurwa itsva chirongwa inopiwa Northern Society.

Muraveva Constitution

Constitution Murav'ev zvaisanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

1. Russia inofanira kuva yepamutemo umambo: Paramende - Mukuru Duma, iine makamuri maviri; Executive - Kesari (yakasanganiswa - mukuru wavarwi). Oga, izvozvo waiti haana kodzero kutanga uye kugumisa hondo yavo. Pashure vaifanira kubva mukuverenga vatatu mambo aifanira kusaina mutemo. Kurambidza akanga asina kodzero, aigona chete kunonoka kusaina nenguva.
2. Kana abolition wenyika serfdom nyika kodzero varidzi siya varidzi uye varimi - dzavo nzvimbo, pamwe wedzera 2 maeka kumba ose.
3. Kodzero kuvhota - chete kunyika varidzi. Women, muArabhu uye vasiri varidzi varo vari akarembedzwa.
4. Ubvise kupfungwa makirasi, kuti anoyera zvose nomumwe zita: ari mugari. The rokutonga Hurongwa ndomumwe vose.

Masvosve ziva kuti shanduro yake bumbiro uchasangana hasha nemishonga, saka akapa sumo kushandisa maoko.

Kugadzirira nokuda kwebope

Epachivande, sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro, wakagara makore 10 kumukirawo asati atanga. Zvinofanira akati kuti mutongo yokupanduka yakabuda zvikuru nomuzvarirwo.

Nepo Taganrog, anofa Alexander I. Pasina venhaka rinotevera mambo aifanira kuva Constantine, munun'una Alexander. Dambudziko raiva kuti akanga abdicated kamwe muchivande. Nokudaro, bhodhi ndokupfuura muduku mukoma, Nicholas. Vanhu vari kuvhiringidzika, kwete vachiziva pamusoro renunciation. Asi Nicholas anosarudza December 14, 1925 kutora mhiko.

Rufu Alexander akava pokutangira vapanduki. Vanonzwisisa kuti ndiyo nguva chiito, pasinei chinokosha kusiyana Southern uye Northern munzanga. Vaiva vanonyatsoziva kuti nguva kunyatsogadzirira kumukirawo vane zvishoma, asi akanzwa kuti kusuwa ichi pfungwa - mhosva. It akanyora Ivan Puschin yake shamwari Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Zvaakanga asangana usiku pamberi December 14, vapanduki gadzirira hwezvekuita. It mamota pasi zvinotevera pfungwa:

1. Yakatarwa mukuru Prince Trubetskoy.
2. Tora Winter Palace uye Petro Paul Fortress. Mutoro uyu akagadzwa Yakubovich uye Bulatov.
3. Nicholas aifanira kuuraya refutenendi P. Kakhovsky. Izvi zvinofanira kuva chiratidzo zviito yevapanduki.
4. Muperekedzei anoparadzirwa basa pakati pemauto uye kuvanyengetedza kudivi vapanduki.
5. Kunyengetedza neDare kupika kuvimbika mambo hwakapiwa Kondrati Ryleeva uye Ivan Pushin.

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete zvose akafunga kubuda Decembrists yemberi. History rinoti vatengesi venyika zvakavapoteredza rakaitwa nokutuka Kusaona mutiny Nicholas kuti pakupedzisira zvakamuratidza kugadza neDare mhiko hofisi mangwanani musi 14 December.

Kumukira: chakaitirwa

The mukumukira haana kuenda maererano manyorero, iro rinotarisirwa vapanduki. Seneti nguva kupika kuvimbika mambo pamberi nokusagadzikana.

Zvisinei, ivo echiShinto masoja yabuda kuitira muhondo muna weSeneti Square, munhu wose ari kumirira zvokuita pamusoro chikamu management.
Ivan Puschin uye Kondraty Ryleev wadzoka uye taurai pedyo kusvika murayiro, Prince Trubetskoy. The yokupedzisira, nokuchinja vapanduki holed kumusoro ramambo General Staff. Akatadza kuti zvikuru chiito Chaingodiwa naye.

Pakupedzisira, kumukirawo akanga woutsinye.

Kusungwa uye dare

In St. Petersburg, akatanga zvakaitika wekutanga kusungwa uye aurayiwe pakati Decembrists. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti yavasina nevasungwa raisanganisira neDare Sezvaitarisirwa, uye Supreme Court zvakananga ogranizovanny Nicholas I nepatinenge. Pakutanga, pamberi kupandukira, December 13, akasungwa Pavel Pestel. The chokuti nguva pfupi asati kupanduka, akatora nhengo Southern Society A. Mayboroda, uya akazova mutengesi. Pestel muna Tulchin asungwe uye aendeswe St. Petersburg Peter uye Paul Fortress.

Mayboroda akanyora nokutsamwa N. Muraviev, uyo akasungwa mupurazi rake.

Kuferefetwa vaiva 579 vanhu. 120 vavo vakanga vakatapwa kuti zvakaoma kuSiberia (pakati pavo, Nikita Muravev), vose vakanga ignominiously demoted paukuru. vapanduki shanu vakatongerwa rufu.

kuuraya

Achitaura dare pamusoro inobvira nzira kuurayiwa pakati Decembrists, Nicholas akati kuti ropa rirege kuteurwa. Saka, ivo, magamba Hondo Yenyika II, ari vatongerwa kuti wakashata pamatanda.

Vakaurayiwa Decembrists? Mazita avo ndeinotevera: Pavel Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-APÓSTOL, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. akanga verenga The mutongo musi July 12, vakavaturika July 25, 1926. Kuurayiwa pakati Decembrists refu akashongedzerwa pamiswe matanda chaiwo mashandiro. Zvisinei, kwete pasina Mapedhi: Varume vatatu dzadonha zvamagonhi dzavo, dzaifanira akarembera zvakare.

Place muna Petro Paul Fortress, uko Decembrists vakaurayiwa - nayo crownwork. Pane shongwe rinomirira obelisk uye girenayiti sezvamunoita. It chinofananidzira kusatya nako akarwira neururami zvavo vakaurayiwa Decembrists. mazita avo ari pamabwendefa shongwe.