Karl Martell: pfupi Biography, kuchinja uye mabasa. Military nadzurudzo Karla Martella

Mugore VII-VIII CC. pamusoro matongo aimbova Western hweRoma, pakanga anoverengeka anoti German. Muzinda neimwe airidza dzokumaruwa mubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, aiva Frank, akazova French. With veMubatanidzwa ehurumende ikoko atanga kutonga namadzimambo merovingian dzinza. Zvisinei, zita iri vasingagoni refu abate achidzora. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakamubaya zvaitambidzwa meya yamambo. Chokutanga chaiva mukuru varemekedzwa yamambo merovingian kuzvidzora. Tiine kwakaderera simba roumambo, pambiru rava guru rehurumende, kunyange madzimambo akanga uye zvaiitikawo kufanana nevatongi itsva Franks.

mavambo

Pepin pakati Herstal of Carolingian youmambo yaiva meya youshe pamwe 680 714 pagore. Akanga vanakomana vatatu, gotwe kwakazvarwa Karl Martell. Two mukuru mwanakomana Pepin akafa asati baba vake, uye saka yakatsviriridza dynastic nyaya munyika. Kubva mwanakomana mukuru mutongi vakwegura aiva muzukuru ainzi Teodoaldom. Kuti akasarudza zvakaitika chigaro Pepin, kuvimba maonero mudzimai wake chinzvimbo Plectrude. Yakaiswa zvikuru pamusoro Charles nokuti akazvarwa mumwe mukadzi.

Kana baba vake vafa, Charles akasungwa, uye kodzero kutanga Plectrude, iyo pamutemo akanga regent mwanakomana chiduku. Karl Martell refu simba mujeri. Iye kutiza pashure nyika rioting.

Yokusagadzikana munyika

Ndisingambofariri vaFrank havana kuda kuona rinodzvinyirira Plectrude pachigaro choushe uye akataura hondo yake. kuedza kwavo wokutanga dzakaguma muna kukundwa mumusha pedyo ano guta Compiègne muna yokuPicardy. Mumwe vatungamiriri vapanduki ainzi Teodoald vaivatengesa uye vakatsigira muvengi. Zvadaro, muna mumusasa vaFrank ane mutungamiriri mutsva - Ragenfred. Iye akasarudzwa meya youshe Neustria. The warlord akasarudza kuti oga haagoni kukunda, uye sungano pamwe Frisian namambo Radborom. Uto Joint akakomberedza Cologne, iyo yaiva yokugara Plectrude. Akaponeswa chete chokuti akabhadhara kure tichiregeredza guru upfumi vaunganidza panguva wake Pepin.

Race nokuti simba

Yakanga panguva ino vakapukunyuka kubva mujeri Karl Martell. Akakwanisa kuunganidza vakawanda vatsigiri vakanga vasingadi kuona pachigaro choushe, hapana zvimwe musarudzo. First Karl akaedza kukunda Radbora, asi pakurwa rakakundikana. Akakurumidza vakaunganidza hondo itsva, duku mukuru hwasvika mumwe mukwikwidzi - Ragenfreda. Akanga ari vemazuva ano Belgium. The anomboitika zvakaitika panguva ino muguta Malmedy. Izvi zvakateverwa mubati zvose Austrasia Chilperic, uyo akaumba kubatana Ragenfredom. The kukunda akabvumira Charles kuti vawane simba uye simba. Akanyengetedza Plectrude kurega simba uye kumupa papfuma yababa vake. Nokukurumidza vokurera, nokuda izvo daka rakatanga chinyararire akafa. Muna 718, Karl Martell pakupedzisira akazviita muParis, asi akanga achiri kukurira vamwe vechiFrank feudal madzishe.

Kuparidzira kumiganhu

Ndiyo nguva kutumira maoko kumaodzanyemba. Mubati Neustria Ragenfred vabatana pamwe Ed Mukuru, uyo aitonga Aquitania. Last vayambuka Loire nehondo Basque, kuitira kubatsira yakabatana. Muna 719, pakava hondo pakati pavo uye Carl, uyo vakakwanisa kukunda. Ragenfred akatizira Angers akatonga kusvikira parufu rwake makore mashomanana.

Ed akateterera yava pasi Charlemagne. Vose vakabvumirana kupfeka choushe vasina simba Chilperic. Akafa nokukurumidza pashure, uye panzvimbo yacho vakamira Theodoric IV. Akateerera zvose pamusoro meya yamambo, uye haana angangoimutsa kuti chinzvimbo Franc. Pasinei kukunda muna Neustria, kumucheto hurumende yakapfuurira kurarama vakazvimirira chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mune Burgundy (kumaodzanyemba) vakatonga vemo mabhishopu, regai kuteerera mirairo Paris. Kunokonzera kufunganya vakanga nyika German, apo Alemannia, muThuringia uye Bavaria, mafungiro kuna meya yamambo.

nadzurudzo

Kusimbisa simba rake, meya youshe vakasarudza kuchinja hurongwa mamiriro. Yokutanga yaiva Karla Martella benefitsialnaya nadzurudzo kuitwa muna 30s. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kusimbisa muchiuto. Pakutanga, vechiFrank mauto akanga aumba kubva varwi kana dzomumaguta mapoka. Dambudziko rakanga kuti kwerunyararo veuto guru riri simba hadzisi mari yakakwana.

Zvikonzero kuchinja Karla Martella chaizvo kuperevedza uku vanachiremba uto kana yavairwisana nevavakidzani vayo. Zvino varume endai musasa pamwe chete meya yamambo, akagamuchira nyika basa rake mugove. Kuti kunze, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti nguva dzose kupindura panodana kubva suzerain.

Benefitsialnaya nadzurudzo Karla Martella kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti vechiFrank mamiriro akanga guru muhondo-vakagadzirira hondo vakanyatsoshongedzwa nemasoja. Akadaro hurongwa asina vavakidzani, saka kuti vanova nyore hurumende meya yamambo.

Zvinoreva zvinhu Karla Martella munyika muridzi kwakaitwa midziyo yechechi. Zvenyika yakawedzera pomugove kwesimba rokunyika. Zviri izvi yokutorazve nyika akapfuura vaya vaishumira vari muchiuto. Kereke akatora pachisara Somuenzaniso, nyika dzemamongi wova zindoga kubva redistribution.

Military kuchinja Karla Martella yakawedzera nhamba emauto muchiuto. Vanopandukira feudal madzishe navaduku kwokurangana hakuchisina pangozi chigaro nekuti vakanga zvakasimba ndaisa. Vose zvavo zvakanaka kwaibva kuvimbika kuzviremera. Saka pakanga itsva uye inokosha kirasi, rwakazokura tsentralnoobrazuyuschim mu akazotevera Middle Ages.

Chii chinorehwa zvinhu nemauto Karla Martella? Aida kwete chete kuwedzera uwandu zvaanoda feudal madzishe, asiwo kubvisa mauto vasingakwanisi varimi. Pane hondo vava dzabatwa pfuma kuna Varidzi: .. Earls, madzishe, etc. Saka, akatanga varanda vanhuwo zvavo vaimbova vakawanda vakasununguka. Vakazozvinzwisisa mutsva chinzvimbo disenfranchised pashure munzira vakarasika kukosha kwayo muchiuto mafranc. Papera feudal madzishe (uye zviduku) ichava mhenyu kubva kudzvinyirirwa wechibharo kuti vanhuwo zvavo.

Zvinoreva zvinhu Karla Martella - ndiyo yezwi dzenhoroondo Middle Ages, apo vose vari munharaunda - kubva varombo kumutungamiriri - kuvapo mukati akanyatsorongwa yakajeka. Mumwe pfuma yaiva link necheni ukama. Kashoma vaFrank panguva vakafunga kuti kusika murayiro, izvo inogara kwemazana emakore, asi zvisinei kuti zvakaitika. Zvibereko mutemo uyu zvinoita chaizvo nokukurumidza, kana mwana Martel - Karl Veliky - achizviti mambo.

Zvisinei, kusvikira izvi zvakanga zvichiri kure. Kokutanga Karla Martella kuchinja akasimbisa chehurumende kuParis. Asi emakore zvava pachena kuti vakadaro hurongwa chinhu chakanakisisa maberekero pasi nokuda kutanga disintegration cheHurumende mafranc. Kana nechepakati simba Martell uye feudalists middling takagadzirira tose tibatsirwe - kuwedzera miganhu uye basa varanda varimi. Simba raiva okuchengetedza.

Nokuti mumwe upenyu bhora yakatanga hutsva kuchinja Karla Martella. Tafura rinoratidza zvakajeka kuti kuchinja mamiriro Franks mukutonga kwake.

urongwa German

Pakati rokutonga Charles I takasarudza kutora mudziyo kunze kwesimba rayo German. Akanga avimbiswa kuti chivako migwagwa, rakakomberedzwa guta nokudzosa hurongwa kwose kwose. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti ndiponesezve kutengeserana uye kudzorerwa nemagariro Links pakati akasiyana dzedzinza Kubatanidzwa Western Europe. Mumakore aya ari vaFrank nokushingaira nyuchi kumupata River Main, apo amborarama kunyanya Saxons uye nevamwe vokuGermany. The chidzoke munhu akavimbika nevanhu munzvimbo kwasimbisa kudzora kwete chete muna Franconia, asiwo pamusoro muThuringia uye Hessen.

Simba nemachinda German dzimwe nguva vakaedza kutaura pachavo sezvo akazvimiririra vatongi, asi Karla Martella uto kuchinja yachinja pakuenzanisa simba. vakanga The feudal madzishe Alemannia uye Bavaria vakakundwa vaFrank uye akabvuma pachavo kuti vatongi vari pasi pavo. madzinza dzakawanda chete mune hurumende yakaramba vahedheni. Saka mafranc vapristi nokushingaira akabhadhara infidels kuna chiKristu, saka kuti vanonzwa pane mumwe Catholic nyika.

Muslim kubvuta

Zvichakadai, mukuru ngozi meya yamambo uye sezvayakanga akanga asiri vavakidzani German, uye navaArabhu. rudzi urwu zvehondo ane remakore kuti andobata yose nyika itsva pasi mumvuri chitendero chitsva - Islam. Vatofa Middle East, North Africa uye Spain. VaVisigoth, aigara Iberian Peninsula, akatambudzika Kukundwa pashure kukundwa, uye pakupedzisira vakadzokera shure kusvika kumiganhu pamwe Franks.

MaArab kutanga akazviratidza Aquitania muna 717, apo vachiri kutongwa Ed Veliky. Zvino zvakanga nguva dziri kure vachirwisa uye ungwaru. Asi mugore 725 vakaendeswa maguta akadai Carcassonne uye Nimes.

Yose yakati, kuti Aquitania iri buffer yakaumbwa pakati Martel uye navaArabhu. hwakundwa kwaizoguma zvachose pachena mafranc savakundi zvakanga zvakaoma kupfuura ichindosvika kuPyrenees makomo, uye pano kumakomo, vanonzwa zvikuru nechivimbo.

Military mutungamiri (Wali) pakati vechiMuslim pakati ABD al-Rahman muna 731 gore vakasarudza kubvunza hondo amarudzi akasiyana, akaisa caliphate mumakore achangopfuura. Chinangwa chake chaiva muguta Bordeaux pamusoro Atlantic kumhenderekedzo Aquitania, akanga akakurumbira nokuda upfumi hwayo. Varwi kwaisanganisira vechiMuslim kubva akasiyana Spanish vaGiriki, nhapwa maArab, vavabatsire veIjipiti uye makuru zvikamu vaMuslim. Kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo Sources zvisingapindirani kupima uwandu varwi vaMuslim, zvinganzi vakafunga kuti nhamba ichi-chinja pachiyero 40 zviuru varwi.

Near Bordeaux Ed mauto akapa hondo kusvikira muvengi. Akagumisa zvinosiririsa kuti vaKristu, vakanga zvikuru akakundwa uye guta sacked. In Spain yakafukidza mapoka ari Moors pamwe chakapambwa. Zvisinei, vaMuslim havasi kuenda kurega, uye zvakare pashure pfupi Kuzorora akaenda kuchamhembe. Vakasvika Poitiers, asi vagari vemo vakanga zvakanaka kuzvidzivirira masvingo. The navaArabhu havana kuzoshinga reropa kurwisa uye vakadzokera shure kuna Tour, iyo vakatora Nokurasikirwa duku zvikuru.

Panguva ino ini vakaputsa Ed akatizira Paris kukumbira rubatsiro pakurwisa vanopinda nechisimba. Zvino yava nguva yokuti aone zvinoreva vemauto kunoparirwa Karla Martella. Under Mureza wake akamuka masoja mazhinji, vashumiri vechokwadi mukutsinhana nyika Holdings. Kumboda basa vaFrank, asi vakanga akaunganidzawo siyana madzinza German, runotsamira meya yamambo. Ava ndivo vaiva Bavarians, Frisians, Saxons, Alemanni, uye zvichingodaro. D. zvikonzero Karla Martella kuchinja zvakanga chete chido kuunganidza mauto makuru kupfuura yakaoma. Basa iri rakapera muna pfupi zvichibvira nguva.

ABD Ar-Rahman panguva ino atora guru mari mikombe nokuti mauto ake akanga mukwende, iyo zvikuru kunetesa mberi hondo. Paakaziva kuti chinangwa kupinda mafranc muna Aquitania, Wali akarayira kutamira Poitiers. Zvairatidzika kwaari kuti iye achava nguva yokugadzirira muhondo yairwirwa.

Hondo Poitiers

Pano, mauto maviri vakasangana. Kana Karl kana ABD Ar-Rahman haana kuda kurwisa wekutanga, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba kutorarama kwevhiki. nguva yose iyi, akaramba anofambisa diki - vashori vakaedza kuwana nani. Pakupedzisira, navaArabhu akasarudza kurwisa kutanga October 10 makore 732. At musoro emauto akanga 'ABD al-Rahman.

Sangano mauto pasi Charles Martell kunosanganisira kuranga zvinoshamisa kana chikamu chimwe nechimwe veuto akaita sokunge mumwe. Kurwa pakati mativi maviri akanga ropa, uye haana kupa zvikomborero kana mumwe kana mumwe pakutanga. By manheru, duku yokuzviparadzanisa pakati vaFrank akaputsa kuburikidza nenzira yokupoterera nzira kumusasa navaArabhu. Pane Raichengetwa guru mari inoshandiswa: mari, simbi dzinokosha uye zvimwe zvinokosha zvinhu.

Moors sechikamu weuto vaMuslim akafunga kuti chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kururama uye akatamira neshure, kuedza gurunurai muvengi akauya pasina. In nzvimbo maererano dzavo navaArabhu pakakoromoka akaonekwa. Mukuru weuto pasi utungamiriri vaFrank Martel rakakodzera akaona simba gwapa uye kurwisa.

The rinoshamisa yakanga kusarudza zvokuita. The maArab vakapesana, uye vamwe vavo vakakomba. Kusanganisira uto mutungamiri ABD al-Rahman. Akafa kuedza kuputsa shure mumusasa yavo. By usiku mauto maviri vakaparadzana. VaFrank akafunga kuti raitevera zuva pakupedzisira achapedzisa vaMuslim. Zvisinei, aiziva kuti danidziro dzavo yakarasika, uye usiku chinyararire vakabvisa rima kubva munzvimbo dzavo. Zvisinei, vakasiya guru mudungwe wemabhazi vaKristu nechisimba.

Zvikonzero Victory mafranc

Hondo Poitiers akasarudza mugumisiro hondo. The navaArabhu vakanga vadzingwa Aquitania uye Charles nekusiyana, akasimbisa nawo pano. zita remadunhurirwa rokuti ake, "Martell" akamuka kuti kukunda pa Poitiers. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "bere".

Kukunda kwaikosha kwete chete nokuda kwake pachake vavariro. Nguva yaratidza kuti pashure pokukundwa pakati vaMuslim asisiri vakaedza munhumbi kuramba Europe. Vakamira vari Spain, uko ivo vakatonga kusvikira XV remakore. Kubudirira VaKristu - kuchiri zvimwe zvinokonzerwa zvokuchinja Karla Martella.

hondo Strong, yaakanga aunganidza, asingagoni kuonekwa pahwaro yekare kuti aivapo pasi merovingian. Land kuchinja Karla Martella akapa nyika iri masoja itsva inokwanisa. Kubudirira akanga zvakasikwa.

Rufu uye ukoshi

Zvinhu Karla Martella akaenda paakafa mugore 741. Akavigwa Paris maererano yokuzorora rimwe Abbey sangano Saint-Denis. Meya youshe zvakasiya vanakomana akawanda uye akabudirira simba. Ake akachenjera mutemo uye vakabudirira hondo akabvumira Franks sokuti njodzi takapoteredzwa zvakasiyana siyana nevavakidzani. Pashure mashomanana emakore yayo zvinhu vachatitaka zvikuru kuoneka mugumisiro, kana muzukuru wake - Karl Veliky - akadanidzira pachake mambo mugore 800, rakanyorwa tichibatanidza chikamu chikuru Western Europe. In izvi akabatsirwa zvakagadzirwa Martel, kusanganisira feudal chaizvo kirasi, farira nokusimbaradza nechepakati simba.