Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow. History of chivakwa mazuva

Hazvina chakavanzika kwenguva refu muna Russia muguta bhuku ndezvokuti rokuvaka kuchechi yeOrthodox. Yakanga hwaro nerimwe munharaunda. Uyezve, kwakasarudzwa kuti chivako rakadzikwa panzvimbo zvisaririra womusande. Naivowo zvinomirira "mwoyo guta." Uye zita musande rakava "zita chakavanzika" musha.

Uye, chokwadi, panyaya iyi, kufarira ndiwo mubvunzo panyaya, uye rudzii "chitendero" chinhu kwainyanya kukosha kana yakatanga Moscow. Russian ose kuziva kuti Cathedral uyu nokufungidzira, riri pamusoro munharaunda Cathedral Square guru. Zvisinei, ane rimwe zita - the Cathedral of kubvuma Yedu Lady. Hazvizivikanwi pamusoro zvisaririra mutsvene yakavakwa namabwe chena. Asi chokwadi chokuti pavakwe nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow, hazvina chiitiko kwatangwa, haagoni kusava. Uye Ayakaita?

History chokusika

Zvinokosha, zvakare, akanga nhoroondo pakuvaka kubvuma Cathedral muMoscow. Pakutanga, muzana remakore rechi12, panzvimbo yayo yaiva chechi akangofananawo emapuranga.

Pashure remakore, Prince Daniil Aleksandrovich kutanga yakarongwa kuvaka kubvuma Cathedral muMoscow. Uye akakwanisa kuziva pfungwa rake tsika. Asi pashure kota zana mutsivi wake akasarudza kuvaka chechi itsva. Uye zvakaita zano Metropolitan pamusoro Kiev uye All Russia Peter. Takasarudza kuti chinhu chiri chakasakara uye panzvimbo yacho vanofanira kuuya itsva. Uye kwaizova kusaziva hombe vasingatongozivi mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow, rakanga raitwa pasi Prince 'uye iye panguva imwe chete riri guru chaiye. Kuti iye achawedzerwa miganhu wokuRussia kwehurumende uye akapa kwokupedzisira kurambwa "Golden Horde." Vaya ive ruzivo urwu, zviri nyore kuti zvokufungidzira chii mutongi rave akatanga kuvaka kubvuma Cathedral muMoscow. Apo Prince Ivan 3 zvoga. Uye mutongi Russian yakawandisa ichi chirongwa mari yakawanda. Asi pashure Implementation yaro Belokamennaya kubva mapurani nemaonero, yekudyidzana pedyo kumaguta akadai Kiev uye Vladimir.

Mharidzo Conversions

Zvirokwazvo munhu haagoni kupindura mubvunzo: "Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow: naye vatanga," asina zano, napaduku kuti chinhu mapurani mhando rakatorwa sehwaro kuvakwa temberi huru guru.

Uye Zvichakadaro unogona-siyana kunzi ukuru art chivakwa. Zviri pamusoro guta Yuriev-Polsky St. George Cathedral. The yokupedzisira yakanga yakavakwa Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich muna 1234. Kwekutanga nzvimbo ino sported Church St. George, yaiva pokutangira hwaro guta Yuriev-Polish.

Danho rokutanga

Pakutanga kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow vaiva 1472. Temberi yekare yakanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye ezvivako vakatanga kuvakwa chivako chitsva. Asi muna 1474 kudengenyeka kwepasi kwakaitika ibwe jena. The Church, riri rokuvaka kuyaruka, Akagamuchira zvakakomba kukuvara. Ivan 3 akarayira kuti nekukatanura kuti akakwanisa kuvaka uye kutanga zvose pamusoro zvakare. Basa aifanira kupedzwa ezvivako kubva muPskov - Myshkin uye Krivtsov.

Zvikonzero zvipi vakaramba ezvivako edu?

Zvisinei, vakaramba chikumbiro ichi. Sei? Mumwe yaMakoronike rinoti kuti "nyanzvi dzokugadzira" ari yakazvimirira zvokuvhoterwa kungoti kutya kuita kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow (zera - 13) nokuda kunzwisisa basa pacharo. Zvisinei, kufungisisa mawere hasha muchinda Russian, mune ichi zvakaoma kudavira. Panofanira kuva chimwe chikonzero nei vanyori kushamwaridzana nayo manyepo, izvo zvinogona "tsika" kudzivisa Italian chete Aristotle fioravanti. Chokwadi chokuti dare, iyo pakupedzisira yakagadzirirwa mutorwa, kubva nemaonero wokuRussia mavakirwo kuchengetwa netsika anoitwa zvinenge zvakakwana.

Chinhu bedzi mubvunzo - iri zvinoera tsvene. Zvichida pakanga zvikonzero zvakanaka zvokudavira kuti "kuzorora" simba ndohwaJehovha murume rinotungamirirwa hapana kunoreva mararamiro akarurama. Saka Sophia Poleolog aizoroora Ivan 3, vakauya naye ave zvinhu aizomuroora zvizhinji nechitendero. Uye kana tichifungidzira kuti munguva kudzorerwa Church paiva vachinje zvisaririra, ipapo, kufungisisa misimboti National madhorobha kukura, kushandura "zita chakavanzika" uye nokudaro "mugumo" musha. Zvichakadai, vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuti chete pasi Ivan 3 muchishingaira pacharo hwachinja munyika pakukura mutinhimira.

mutorwa

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi Sofya Paleolog wake akanyengetedza yomunharaunda ezvinhu yavakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow aurayiwe "mhiri kwemakungwa" mapurani. Zvinonzi zvikuru nhume kuna Italy, saka vakanyengerera uye vakauya kuna chena-ibwe inozvikudza Italian injiniya Aristotle fioravanti, uyo aiva nemukurumbira nokukwanisa kufambisa bhero shongwe munyika yake. Nokukurumidza mhiri kwemakungwa mapurani anouya chena-ibwe. Chinoshamisawo ndechokuti nokuti vatorwa muenzi kuvakwa kuchechi Orthodox akanga chose chinhu chitsva. Usati rakatanga, fioravanti akaenda Vladimir kuitira tinyatsoziva dzimba Russian mapurani. Tenzi vakasarudza kutanga kuita bvunzo chirongwa uye akamutsa pedyo Andronikov wemamonk brickyard.

Pashure pokunge vakatotanga, zvinhu basa rayo, muripo yaiva 10 rubles mwedzi.

mapurani zvinoriumba

Saka, Aristotle fioravanti kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow akatanga muna 1475. Pfungwa kuvaka chinhu yakatora makore mana

Somuenzaniso rutsva mapurani Paaidzidzisa akatorwa kubvuma Cathedral muna Vladimir. Nokudaro mutongi Russian vaida kuratidza kuti Moscow vachava akatsiva Vladimir nemashoko mumaguta glavenstvennosti. Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow aifanira kuva simba nharo vachida ndechokuti ibwe jena richava guru Russia. Uyezve, zvaikarirwa kuti chechi itsva vachasimudza dzakawanda mukurumbira guru idzva sezvo mudyi wenhaka Byzantium uye Roma.

Kukura kubvuma Cathedral Raishamisa. Fioravanti, vanoomerera mapurani tsika Renaissance muEurope, akakwanisa kusimbisa kupinda imwe tsika siyana Russian - Byzantine chechi Renaissance uye panguva, kubatwa urongwa nzvimbo. Italian injiniya haana chete kugona kubereka zvakarurama sezvingakwanisika kubwinya uye kunaka Vladimir Church, asi kuunza zvitsva kubvuma Cathedral of zvemberi nokubudirira mune yeRoma-Gothic uye Russian-Byzantine mapurani.

Isingatsiki huru zvinoumba ane yemamongi Orthodox (altyrnye apse, zakomarnye nhau, muchinjikwa-domed mubatanidzwa) fioravanti akawedzera mu mapurani akaitwa "mugove wakanaka" nechaanoona dzavo, akanga zvishoma zvakafanana ne zvetsika Russian mapurani. Somuenzaniso, iye akaita zvinotaurwa munyori chisarudzo pakusarudza-dimensional matatu muenzaniso Church. The Italian akaita zvakanaka nemapazi muchinjikwa nechepakati nebyli makuru uye inofarirwa nevakawanda.

Iye taisa vaviri kureba uye upamhi. Izvi nzira chaishamisa ndinosika pfungwa kuoma uye kubatana nekereke, iyo, sezvo mumwe venhoroondo, chakaonekwa 'akafanana pane ibwe rimwe. "

Kubvuma Cathedral domed rinoumbwa chena ibwe kutigumbura vanoyemurwa zvizvarwa kutobaya pakakwirira, nzvimbo uye zvakarurama geometric zvikuru. parameters Ndivo kutanga pfungwa nokuziva kuti Nounyanzvi tenzi Italian fioravanti Nde chinhu Orthodox yekare.

mukati

Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow pasi Ivan 3 yakapedzwa muna 1479. Uye pamusoro matatu akatevera, akanga asina decoration okunze. Chete ipapo mashoma vanatenzi, izvo zvinosanganisira painter Dhionisio akatanga kupendwa mabasa anyanya 33 makore refu. Zvinosuruvarisa nokuda chinangwa zvikonzero akajeka ari kwakavakirwa temberi akatora nguva yakareba. Mukati mashomanana emakore dampness netembiricha kuchinja zvakakuvadza Pamifananidzo, uye Church of kubvuma aifanira pendi zvakare. Kuwedzera kune izvi, ane mapurani Paaidzidzisa fioravanti rave kuedzwe simba okunze. It kupiswa kumabvazuva, saka Church iri nguva vanoda yokudzorerwa.

Nzvimbo muchato madzimambo

Papera nguva, venhaka Ivan 3 vakaziva kuti pakuvaka kubvuma Cathedral muMoscow (date: 1475), zvakanga zvakakodzera uye nenguva chiito. Muna muna 1547 chakaitirwa muchato wacho kugadza Ivana Groznogo. Uye pashure mugari wenhaka kune Russian choushe, vaiva mukuru vechikamu setsika ichi iri masvingo Cathedral of kubvuma. Uye muna 1613 iyo vaipinda kuti Zemsky Sobor, panguva iyo kwakasarudzwa kuti kutonga Rus anova chevaux Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Muna 1624 fioravanti mwana zvakare pasi ngozi kuparara: chero nguva vakanga vasingagoni kukunda hwakavigwa mumakamuri. Ndaifanira kupedza imwe rokuvakazve, zvinoratidza rakawedzera akatakura mutoro-zvivako. Asi ichi muedzo simba nokufungidzira Cathedral haana magumo.

Muna 1812 akanga yakaparadzwa French nechisimba. Varwi edu akakwanisa kuponesa chikamu zvokushandisa "vechitendero" uye kumuendesa kuna Vologda.

Mutemberi XX remakore

Muna 1917 mapurani Paaidzidzisa akasika fioravanti, It rakarongwa neDare All-Russian Local Council echechi yeRussian Orthodox, izvo rehabilitated kupfungwa of Patriarchate iri neChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia. Nokukurumidza madziro kubvuma Church mhemberero kuti kugadzwa itsva Patriarch Tikhon.

Muna 1918, pashure Isita basa, mapurani nhaka Ivan 3 yakavharwa kuti Orthodox. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II kubvuma Cathedral chishamiso akaramba kuzivana nevaNazi. Yakanga chete nepakati 50s temberi kamwe zvakare akazarura magonhi aro, asi kare muna miziyamu wacho hweHIV. Asi temberi zvakare aida basa rokudzorera, uye vakaramba kuti emakore. Kumavambo 90 pamwe mvumo echechi yeRussian Orthodox uye utungamiriri Moscow Kremlin Museums muna kubvuma Cathedral zvakanga zvakare zvinoita kuti vaite yokunamata, uye vaenzi kuteerera nziyo. mabasa Divine inoitwa pano uye panguva Easter uye Christmas, uye Dormition of Amai vaMwari.

The Complete Works temberi

Kuvakwa nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow (mugore 1475) yaiva huru chinodiwa kuti ndechokuti ibwe jena achava mwoyo Russian wehurumende. Chokwadi, muchechi mutsva aifanira kuva chinokosha nokuda yeOrthodox yeRussia zvinoera dzevanhu. Zvikava saizvozvo here. In nokufungidzira Cathedral pamberi kunoshamisa mufananidzo Our Lady pamusoro Vladimir. Pakutanga, zvakanga pfuma Vladimir kubvuma Cathedral. Asi tichifunga kuchengeteka Prince Vasily ndakatamira kuna Moscow. Zvino iye ari miziyamu muchechi St. Nicholas muna Tolmachev panguva Tretyakov Gallery. Asi kubvuma Cathedral unogona kuwana icon of Vladimir Amai vaMwari, asi kwete chokutanga, asi kopi chakaitwa ane mudzidziri webasa kuti Dhionisio.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha yetsika nhaka temberi - Kumboora kuvake "Kristu pachigaro choumambo." basa iri Byzantine vanatenzi kare akaramba ari mukereke Hagia Sophia (Veliky Novgorod). Zvifambiswe kuti nokufungidzira Cathedral Ivan pachake 3.

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi muunganidzwa mifananidzo yavatsvene nguva 11-12 emakore ari mapurani Paaidzidzisa fioravanti anonzi mumwe vakapfuma munyika.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Chinoshamisawo ndechokuti Decorating pamusoro vatenzi, yaisanganisira imba rokupenda Dhionisio, iro rakatanga mushure kuvakwa temberi vakanga zvikuru wairumbidzwa Ivan 3 makore matatu (zvinonzi, chokwadi, akatanga kuvaka nokufungidzira Cathedral muMoscow (mugore 1475)), uye Metropolitan, kuti ivo nenzwi rimwe hwakataurwa mu pakuyemura: "Tiri kuona denga."

Paiva neimwe zvine dzinonakidza chokwadi. Mabasa kudzorerwa kwetemberi munguva kubvira 1642 musi muna 1644 muchirongwa mutariri Gregory Gavrilovic Pushkin, uyo aiva zvakananga tateguru Nyanduri huru Russian.

On mirairo Ivana Groznogo chete isati iconostasis akanzi munyengetero nzvimbo nokuda mutongi ( "Monomakh pachigaro), ndicho chiratidzo uchapupu kuti Moscow - a". Third Roma " Mikova uye madziro munyengetero mutongi mapazi 12 akashongedzwa Bhanabhasi-reliefs kuratidza mifananidzo "The zvakaedza machinda Vladimir".

Mukati masvingo nokufungidzira Cathedral akabata kumuchato vatongi Russian. Pano muzana remakore rechi16 German Catherine II akatora kutenda Orthodox.

Munguva Bolshevism Temple kakawanda kupambwa.

Iye zvino, brainchild naAristotle fioravanti, iri mukati miganhu iri Moscow Kremlin, chakavakwa mune miziyamu wacho hweHIV. Zvisinei, chokwadi ichi hazvirevi kuti ari kubvuma Cathedral rokushumira hadzina kuitwa, nekusiyana, vari kupa vakapinda kumitambo huru yechiKristu. Asi nhamba 3 Ivan haadi chokuita chinhu guru Cathedral enhaka nemagariro. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna ndandanda Zvivako wokuRussia Orthodoxy Cathedral of kubvuma ndeimwe nenzvimbo dzinokudzwa.