Death Aleksandra Makedonskogo: chikonzero, shanduro, nzvimbo uye gore. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo afa

Maererano zvinyorwa zvekare, rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo akasvika musi June 10, 323 BC. e. Greatest vemauto aiva nemakore 32 chete okuberekwa. Kusvikira ikozvino, kare haagoni kuwana chikonzero kwake kubva muupenyu. Kufirwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo, haana kunorondedzerwa mudyi wenhaka yake, kwakaita kuti pokuwa umambo hwake uye kusikwa anoverengeka anoti, akatungamirirwa kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo vakasimuka uye akaswedera kuna mambo mukuru.

Kudzokera Bhabhironi

Muna 323 BC. e. Ndero Army shure kumavirira. Aleksandr Makedonsky akapedza kufora yake kumabvazuva, richisvika kusvikira India. Akakwanisa kusika guru Munotatamura kubva muBalkans kuna Iran uye kubva Central Asia kuIjipiti. Hazvina kurarama yakakura ezvinhu kuti akazviratidza chaizvoizvo kurara kuda mukuru munhoroondo yevanhu.

Rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo abatwa paBhabhironi. Raiva oasis huru ine muzvizhinji kuti migero, kutora mvura kubva Yufuratesi. Guta kazhinji kutambura nezvirwere uye matenda. Zvichida pano kuti Mambo Kings akanhonga utachiona.

Hephaestion kuti mariro

Mumakore gore hwake, Alexander akava overstrained uye kufungira. okuchema kwakakonzerwa norufu shamwari yake yepamwoyo uye anofungidzirwa wavarwi Hephaistion. All kwakaitika muna May dzichikunetsa chokuita pamariro. To Hephaestion ziggurat huru yakavakwa, yakanga yakashongedzwa vakawanda mikombe vakawana panguva rutsigiro kumabvazuva.

Mambo akarayira kuti atume kumativi ose hwacho nechirevo kuti shamwari yake vanofanira kuongorora kubuda ari gamba (chaizvoizvo riri chinzvimbo polubozhestva). Kuva chaizvo zvechitendero uye mashura murume, Alexander akaisa zvikuru zvinhu zvakadaro. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, iye akapoteredzwa pachake vaprofita uye pemashoko vazhinji.

Rwendo Yufratesi

Bhabhironi akatsamwisa Alexander. Muchidimbu akasiya rine bishi guta kuongorora dzorwizi rwaYufratesi uye pedyo marshes. Mambo akanga achienda kuronga pakundopambara negungwa kumativi muArabhiya Peninsula. Akaongorora rwizi mabhanga, kuedza kufunga sei kuisa pedyo Bhabhironi 1200 zvikepe, izvo nokukurumidza aitofanira kuenda.

Panguva rwendo urwu, mhepo akabvarura musoro memukuru ake dzvuku ngowani ane yendarama Ribbon kuti akapfeka sezvo korona. Vaprofita, uyo akateerera mambo akasarudza kuti nyaya iyi - a semhanza zvakaipa, izvo zvinogona kuzoipa. Kana rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo aiva chokwadi, vakawanda anofungidzirwa akayeuka zvakaitika parimwe migero rwaYufratesi.

kusanzwana nomutengeramwa

Mukupera May, mambo akadzokera weBhabhironi. Akasiya okuchema unotara rufu shamwari uye akatanga kumabiko neshamwari yake. Kunounza mutambo chibayiro vamwari, uye hondo yakatanga vachipa panze welcome Goodies - mijenya waini uye nyama. MuBhabhironi, vaipemberera kubudirira Nearchus rwendo kuenda kuna Gulf. Mambo aida kuenda inotevera pamushandirapamwe.

Pakutanga June, Alexander akazviratidza nefivha yakasimba. Akaedza kubvisa hosha, achitora nemvura uye kuita norupo zvipiriso kuna vanamwari. Runyerekupe pamusoro chirwere wamambo leaked muguta. Paakanga akakwazisa vatsigiri vake, asi yake yose chitarisiko akati kuti mambo wacho paruzhinji, kuburikidza nesimba 8 June boka kufara vokuMakedhoniya vakaputsa kupinda yakagara mutongi wayo, mambo.

Alexander afa

Zuva rakatevera, June 9, Alexander nehope pakoma, uye rechi10 pavadzidzisi akazivisa rufu rwake. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, Vanyori kumarudzi akasiyana akabayira siyana nezvemutauro chii akakonzera kurega upenyu mudiki wehondo, nguva dzose akasiyana utano hwakanaka. In sayenzi yemazuva, vakawanda maonero, iyo inoti chinokonzera rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo iri kure zvitendwa.

Ungangove, mambo vakabatwa nemarariya. It zvinooneka simba muviri, uye haana kukurira kuzvimba mumapapu (imwe shanduro - neleukemia). Discussion pamusoro chinouraya wechipiri kuchiri kuenderera. Maererano zvishoma nevakawanda pfungwa, chinokonzera rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo aiva kuWest Nile fivha.

Version chepfu

Chinokosha ndechokuti hapana shamwari vamambo vakafa ane zvirwere zvinotapukira. Zvichida mambo chakazokanganisa utano hwavo nokugaroratidzana achinwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura zororo haana kuti zuva rimwe chete havana kurega neromutambo, apo akakura yakawanda yokunwa.

Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano akateerera zviratidzo pamwe chirwere mukuru wacho. Akatambudzwa kubva kugwinha, kakawanda kurutsa, tsandanyama simba uye dzisingapindirani kwemwoyo. Zvose izvi ndizvo zvinoratidza kuti chepfu. Saka, shanduro rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo anosanganisira uyewo dzidziso yacho zvisiri kunaka namambo.

Vanachiremba aigona kumupa rimwe chena hellebore hellebore kana kuti zviite chirwere chake chokutanga, uye somugumisiro kuipisa. Kunyange kare raiva rakakurumbira zvikuru shanduro chepfu Alexander vake vehondo Antipater, uyo vakatyisidzira kubviswa kubva kuhofisi gavhuna kuMacedonia.

The guva ramambo

323 BC. e. (Gore rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo) raiva pakuchema yose eumambo hwacho. Nepo vanhuwo zvavo unochema akashaya akashayika mambo, boka racho wake akasarudza chii chokuita mutumbi wemufi. Kwakasarudzwa kuti vaomese.

Pakupedzisira, muviri ane Ptolemy, uyo akatanga kutonga muIjipiti. The Amai akakurudzirwa Memphis uye ipapo Alexandria - guta makateyiwa uye zita rokukudza zvavo zvikuru. Makore akawanda gare gare, Egypt yakakundwa nevaRoma. Madzimambo Alexander vaiona muenzaniso mukuru kutevera. Vatongi Rome kazhinji kuti kunonamata kuguva mambo. Wokupedzisira mashoko akavimbika nezvazvo Mikoko pakutanga III remakore, kana nzvimbo ino akashanyirwa Emperor Caracalla, vakaisa pamusoro guva rin'i yake uye nguo. Sezvo muhwezva akarasika Amai. Nhasi, mamwe kurohwa haizivikanwi.

ari regency pamusoro Perdiccas

Zvazvinosarira gakava ruzivo pamusoro achangobuda mirairo mambo, akaita asati pakupedzisira akawira mugomba pakoma. Empire Aleksandra Makedonskogo pashure porufu rwake, kwaiva kuwana mudyi wenhaka. Key akanzwisisa izvi uye, ndichinzwa magumo ake pedyo, aigona ngaagadze aizomutsiva. ngano vakapararira kare kuti vachinetesa gavhuna akapa rokusimbisa-mhete Perdiccas - akavimbika mutungamiri rechiuto, uyo aizova regent mambokadzi Roxana, riri rokupedzisira mumwedzi pamuviri.

Mavhiki mashomanana pashure pokufa Alexander, iye akabereka mwanakomana (sezvo Alexander). The regency pamusoro Perdiccas kubva pakutanga kugadzikana. Pakafa Aleksandra Makedonskogo kuti mutsivi simba vakatanga kupokana mumwe paiva namambo vashakabvu. In historiography vakazivikanwa sezvo Diadochi. Inenge zvose magavhuna vari mumatunhu akataura kwavo rusununguko uye yakasimbiswa pachavo satrapy kwavo.

Diadochi

Muna 321 BC. e. Perdiccas panguva rutsigiro rwake muIjipiti, akaurayiwa kwake vehondo, kusagutsikana ake autocratic. Pakafa Aleksandra Makedonskogo umambo hwake pakupedzisira Kupinzwa Muhondo Yevagari Vomunyika, apo kurwa nerimwe simba panguva hondo vose. The ropa mberi kwemakore makumi maviri. Kurwisana uku vakaburukira munhau sezvo Wars of Diadochi.

Zvishoma nezvishoma vemauto ndikabvisa zvose shamwari nehama Alexander. Mambo mukoma Arrhidaeus vakaurayiwa, hanzvadzi Cleopatra, amai yeOlympic. Mwanakomana (pamutemo wakanyengwa Alexander IV) akafirwa hwake pazera 14 muna 309 BC. e. Namambo mukuru aiva mumwe mwana. Mubvandiripo mwanakomana Hercules, akaberekwa nomurongo Barsine, akaurayiwa panguva iyoyo pamwe mukoma wake.

chikamu Empire

Bhabhironi (nzvimbo rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo) nokukurumidza yakarasikirwa simba rayo pamusoro enyika. Pakafa Perdiccas basa rinokosha ngwanda pamberi rimwe umambo akatanga kutamba Diadochi Antigonus uye Seleucus. Pakutanga vakanga vakabatana. Muna 316 BC. e. Antigonus akasvika muBhabhironi uye vakarayira kuti Seleucus ruzivo pamusoro dzemari mari kunorwa nevavakidzani vavo. Ekupedzisira, achitya kunyadziswa, akatizira kuIjipiti, akawana utiziro pamwe mutongi yeko Ptolemy.

Rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo, munguva pfupi, kwave refu nguva kare, uye vatsigiri vake akaramba achirwa nomumwe. By 311 BC. e. It yakaumbwa kutevera pakuenzanisa simba. Antigonus akatonga Asia, Ptolemy - muIjipiti, Cassandra - muGreece, Seleucus - muPezhia.

Last Wars of Diadochi

Wokupedzisira hondo wechina, Diadochi (308-301 gg. BC. E.) Akatanga nokuti kuti Cassander uye Ptolemy vakasarudza anoungana sungano kuzorwa Antigonus. Vakanga akabatana namambo Macedonia, Lysimachus uye Seleucus, muvambi hwekwaSeleucus Empire.

Kurwisa rokutanga Antigonus, Ptolemy. Akakunda Cyclades, Sicyon uye Korinde. Kuti izvi zvidaro, chikuru muIjipita mauto yakawira pamusoro Peloponnese, izvo zvakashamisa mapoka avarwi amambo veFrigia. Ptolemy aiva inotevera nangananga Malaya Aziya. Mambo weIjipiti wakasika simba midzi muKupro. Pachitsuwa ichi nayo inobva uto raro uye nezvikepe. Sezvo kaiziva urongwa muvengi, Antigonus regrouped mauto ake. hondo yake kwenguva akasiya Greece. hondo iyi ngarava 160 vakananga Cyprus. Tadzika pachitsuwa, zviuru 15 vanhu vanotungamirirwa Demetriya Poliorketa akakomberedza Saramisi.

Ptolemy akatumira nhare kwemari muCyprus dzinenge yayo yose rengarava. Demetrius akasarudza kupa hondo wengarava. Somugumisiro yacho kudhumhana vaIjipiti akarasikirwa zvikepe zvavo zvose. Vazhinji vavo vakanga zvikazara, uye ngarava vakaenda Antigonus. Muna 306 BC. e. Mumwewo Saramisi capitulated. Antigonus vakabata Cyprus, uye kunyange akazivisa mambo amene.

Mwedzi mishomanana pashure ubudirire ichi Photiki akasarudza nokukurumidza kunenge akundwa kuna Ptolemy ari kunyika yake, uye akatuma pakundopambara kuIjipiti. Zvisinei hondo nomuchinda vasingagoni kuyambuka rwizi. Uyezve, Ptolemy akatuma agitators mumusasa muvengi, uyo chaizvoizvo akatenga masoja mupikisi. Mwoyo Antigone aifanira kudzokera kumusha ndisina chinhu.

Kusvikira makore mashomanana vavengi rimwe kurwisa mumwe mugungwa. Antigone akakwanisa adzinge Lysimachus kubva veFrigia. Panguva iyoyowo, Demetrius pakupedzisira akapedzisa chirongwa muGreece uye vakaenda Asia Minor, kuti vabatane pamwe nomutsigiri wake. hondo General zvose haana kuuya. Zvino makore chete pashure 8 kubvira hondo yakatanga.

Battle Ipsus

Muzhizha 301 BC. e. Kurwa akatora nzvimbo Ipsus. hondo iyi yakanga yokupedzisira nevaya reHondo ari Diadochi. Antigone vamabhiza, akatungamirirwa Demetrius I Macedon vakarwisa rinorema vamabhiza pakati vatsigiri, rinotungamirirwa mwanakomana Selevka Antioh. Kurwa kwakanga dzinotyisa. Pakupedzisira, vatasvi vemabhiza Demetrius akakunda vavengi uye azvimanyira. Chiito ichi kwaiva kukanganisa.

Vakatevera yomuvengi vamabhiza akauya kure kure huru mauto Antigonus. Seleucus, tichiziva kuti muvengi akaita miscalculation, vakapinda muhondo nzou. Vaisafanira ngozi vaMakedhoniya, vakadzidza kushandisa kuzorwa mhuka hombe combustible achishandisa nezvipikiri uye namapuranga. Zvisinei, nzou dziri chose nevatasvi vemabhiza Antigone.

Heavy phalanx mambo wokuFrijiya akanga akakomberedza. It Vakarwisa chiedza inifanduri uye bhiza uta. Phalanx, asingakwanisi kupaza blockade, maawa mashomanana vamire pasi bombardment. Pakupedzisira, mauto Antigonus kana aisa kana atiza hondo. Demetrius akasarudza kuenda Greece. Antigonus-nemakore 80 akarwa kune wokupedzisira, kusvikira ikawa, yakarohwa muvengi museve.

nhaka Alexander

Pashure Hondo Ipsus vatsigiri pakupedzisira akaparadzanisa aimbova rezvitendero Alexander. Cassandre akasiya Thessaly, Macedonia uye Hellas. Lysimachus akagamuchira muThrace, Firigia Gungwa Black nharaunda. Seleucus akaenda kuSiriya. wavanorwisana Demetrius akaramba maguta anoverengeka Greece uye Asia Minor.

Hwose akamuka pamusoro mumatongo hwacho Aleksandra Makedonskogo, akatora pamusoro kubva pakuvambwa kwayo dzaro tsika. Kunyange Ijipiti, akatonga Ptolemy, akava Hellenistic. Munyika dzakawanda Middle Eastern sokuti tateguru chimiro mutauro wechiGiriki. nyika ino iripo kuti anenge maviri emakore, kusvikira yakakundwa nevaRoma. New Empire zvakare kunyura zvikuru tsika dzechiGiriki husina.

Nhasi, nzvimbo uye gore rufu Aleksandra Makedonskogo akadzokororwa ose bhuku yekare. Vakurumidze rufu vakawanda mukuru wava chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zviitiko kuti vakararama ake ose.