Inotungamirwa, Sainzi
Denver chromosome kupatsanura sepokutangira karyotyping
All zvipenyu zvine nuclei kwamakamuri imwe iine magene zvinhu. In masero eukaryotic, zvinonzi hunomiririrwa okutodza. Zvivanakire, chizvidavirire uye kwesainzi systematize karyotype vachishandisa mitoo yakasiyana. Kunyatsoziva nzira sequencing majini zvinhu nomuenzaniso yevanhu okutodza.
Kupatsanura okutodza dzevanhu
Karyotype - chromosomal mukwanisi (diploid), iri chero somatic masero. Zviri tive muviri mumwe chete mumasero zvose kunze bonde.
Mashoko okutodza karyotype vari:
- autosomes, kwete yakasiyana nevanhu Vanhurume nevanhukadzi siyana;
- pabonde (chishongedzo chromosome) yakasiyana chivako kubva mhuka Vanhurume nevanhukadzi siyana.
masero evanhu ane DNA tambo 46, izvo 22 yegwara autosomes uye mumwe - pasikarudzi. Izvi 2n diploid yakaiswa yokugara zvinhu. Couple vakadzi geterohromosom akaratidza XX, vanhurume - xy, rokuti the karyotype ukuwo, 44 uye 44 + XX + xy.
The utachiona masero (gametes) aripo kana kuroorwa haploid yakatarwa 1n DNA. Oocytes ane 22 autosomes uye mumwe X-chromosome dzisingaoneki masero - 22 autosomes uye mumwe geterohromosom, X kana Y.
Nei kuziva uye kupatsanura okutodza
Denver uye Paris kupatsanura gadziriro enhaka zvokunyama, zvinowanzoshandiswa masayendisiti, zvakagadzirirwa kubatanidza uye generalize yokuti karyotype. A zvakafanana kusvika runodikanwa mharidzo kwakarurama uye kududzirwa kutsvakurudza zvabuda mumunda genetics, Karyosystematics, maberekero.
Schematically inoratidza karyotype kushandisa ideograms - systematized kutevedzana uye akaronga descendingly chromosome saizi. Ideogram anoratidza kwete chete kukura helical DNA, asi vamwe morphological maitiro, uye kunyanya chikuru dzavo Chimiro (hetero- uye euchromatin nharaunda).
Nokuongorora calculators izvi chigaro mwero ukama pakati taxonomic mapoka zvipenyu zvakasiyana.
The karyotype angava peya autosomes, anenge akafanana pakukura, zvichiita kuti zviome kugadzirisa nzvimbo uye chiverengero. Chimbofunga parameters vanosanganisira Denver uye Paris kupatsanura okutodza dzevanhu.
Zvakabuda musangano iri Denver, 1960
Mugore iroro, muguta Denver, USA, vakaita musangano pamusoro dzevanhu okutodza. It yakasiyana Nzira kuti codify okutodza (saizi, nzvimbo centromere site vane kunosiyana inosiyana akamonyoroka uye t. D.) Vaiva kubatanidzwa mune rimwe ino.
Zvaitongwa Conference rakanga anonzi Denver kupatsanura okutodza dzevanhu. ino runotungamirirwa nenheyo:
- autosomes kwose vakaverengwa consecutively kubva 1 kusvika 22 ane kuderera urefu dzavo, dzepabonde chromatids basa mazita X uye Y.
- Mashoko okutodza karyotype mapoka mapoka 7 pamwe urongwa centromere, kuvapo satellites uye yechipiri constrictions pamusoro chromatids.
- Kurerutsa kuti kupatsanura kushandiswa centromeric indekisi, iro rinowanikwa nevanhu kugovera kureba pfupi ruoko yose kureba chromosome uye chinoratidzwa kuva chikamu.
Denver kupatsanura okutodza unowanzoonekwa kuzivikanwa dzakawanda nesayenzi.
Mapoka chromosome vavo unhu
Denver chromosome kupatsanura kunosanganisira mapoka manomwe umo autosomes zvakarongwa kuitira kuti kuwanda, asi vanoiswa akaparadzirwa uwandu. Izvi imhaka zvinhu ravakanga vari anoparadzirwa muzvikwata. Verenga zvimwe pamusoro izvi patafura.
okutodza Group | Non maviri okutodza | Zvakakurukurwa sechivako okutodza mune boka |
A | 1-3 | Long okutodza muri distinguishable zvakanaka kubva mumwe. The 1 uye 3 nzvimbo constriction metacentric mbiri, peya 2 - submetacentric. |
B | 4 uye 5 | Okutodza mapfupi pane yapfuura boka, chikuru constriction iri submetacentric (pedyo pakati). |
C | 6-12 X-chromosome | Okutodza vari svikiro kadikidiki, zvose neravnoplechie submetacentric yakaoma idivindualiziruemye. Akafanana pakukura chimiro autosomes boka, kuberekana apedzerana paya pane vamwe. |
D | 13-15 | Okutodza mune boka svikiro kukura ane zvinenge shoma nzvimbo inokosha constriction (acrocentric) vane satellites. |
E | 16-18 | Short chromosome mune peya 16 wakaenzana-metacentric, 17 uye 18 - submetacentric. |
F | 19 uye 20 | Short metacentrics zvachose indistinguishable nepedyo. |
G | 21 uye 22 Y-chromosome | Pfupi okutodza pamwe satellites acrocentric. Ko kupesana kuduku maumbirwo uye kukura. Zvishoma yakareba kupfuura dzimwe okutodza boka riri refu ruoko ane constriction yechipiri. |
Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti Denver kupatsanura okutodza kwakavakirwa Morphology pachisara pasina kumonyanisa DNA.
Paris kupatsanura okutodza dzevanhu
Hwaro kupatsanura ichi, akatanga muna 1971, pana dzokudzidzisa differential staining kuti chromatin. Somugumisiro, purogiramu kupenda chromatids zvose kuva pachake muenzaniso wawo chiedza uye rima evapambi, nokudaro nyore kuziva mukati mapoka.
In pakurapa madhayi siyana okutodza padzakacherechedza nomumwe zvikamu:
- Q-chromosome zvikamu fluoresce somugumisiro dhayi-quinacrine masitadhi.
- G-zvikamu vanoonekwa pashure Giemsa staining nzira (sezvakaita Q-zvikamu).
- R-staining zvikamu pakurukurwa kudzorwa nokupisa denaturation.
mamwe zviratidzo nezvevanakomana anoratidza nzvimbo majini pamusoro okutodza:
- The ruoko hurefu chromosome yakaratidzwa yakaderera nyaya tsamba Q, pfupi - lowercase p.
- Inside papfudzi govera kusvika 4 nzvimbo, iyo inoverengwa kubva centromere kusvika telomere pakuguma.
- Vakaverengwa Lanes zviri mukati kunzvimbo nenzira kubva centromere.
Kana nzvimbo zviratidzo pamusoro chromosome inozivikanwa zvakarurama, ayo dzinotarisira ndiye indekisi yacho ubvise. Kana majini localization zvishoma chaicho, izvozvo anoratidza iri refu kana pfupi ruoko.
Nokuti Mapping yakarurama okutodza, hybridization uye mutagenesis kudzidza nzira ipi chete hunokosha. Denver chromosome kupatsanura uye Paris mune iyi zvakabatana chaizvo uye mukwanisi mumwe.
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