Description of Hagia Sophia ari Constantinople. Nhoroondo imwe Nyanzvi ane Byzantine mapurani

Ichi chikuru mapurani chivako pamahombekombe ari Bosphorus nerimwe gore kunokwezva vashanyi vakawanda nevapfuuri kubva kunyika dzakawanda uye dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvigayo Zvaishanda kuziva kwavo kuti rondedzero iri nyore of Hagia Sophia ari Constantinople kubva kare chikoro bhuku haripi mufananidzo wakakwana izvi kunoshamisa Monument tsika munyika yekare. Zvinofanira kuonekwa nemaziso ako kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwavo.

Yekare

Kunyange tsananguro inonyanya yakatodzama of Hagia Sophia ari Constantinople haripi kuzara kunzwisisa ichi mapurani chaiyo. Pasina inowirirana kuongorora kutsivana eras, kuburikidza yaakange zvakaitika, hazvingaiti kuti abudirire kukosha panzvimbo ino. Asati akaonekwa pamberi pedu chete mumamiriro ezvinhu umo inogona kuonekwa nhasi vashanyi, mvura zhinji akaita ruchiyerera.

The Cathedral pakutanga kuvakwa sechiratidzo chemhando Byzantium yomudzimu, mutsva simba wechiKristu, izvo akamuka pamusoro pamatongo veRoma yekare muzana remakore rechina AD. Asi nyaya Hagia Sophia ari Constantinople akatanga kunyange pamberi pokuwa hweRoma kupinda kumadokero uye okumabvazuva. Most muguta rino, riri pamusoro sokuronga kukosha muganhu pakati Europe uye Asia, taifanira chiratidzo simba zvokunamata uye civilizational ukuru. Emperor Konstantin I Veliky akanzwisisa izvi zvakafanana hapana mumwe. Uye chete nesimba namambo kwaiva kutanga kuvaka iyi huru mamiriro, izvo asina analogues munyika yekare. Date nheyo dzetemberi zvachose chokuita nezita uye nguva yaitonga mambo. Kunyange zvazvo chaiko vanyori Church paiva nevamwe vanhu vaigara zvikuru gare gare, munguva yokutonga Emperor Justinian. Kubva zvenhoroondo dzekare tinoziva zita izvi zviviri ezvivako kukosha munguva yake. ezvivako izvi Greek Anfimov Trallsky uye Isidore pamusoro paMireto. Pavanondirwisa authored vaviri engineering kuvakwa, uyewo mifananidzo chikamu chete mapurani kugadzira.

How kuvaka temberi

Description of St. Sophia Cathedral muna Constantinople, kudzidza kwayo mapurani zvinhu uye kuvaka maitikiro vanotozvikuvadza kunotungamirira pakugumisa kuti hurongwa hwayo kuvakwa yepakutanga zvakachinjira nokupesvedzera siyana enyika uye zvoupfumi ezvinhu. Facilities zviri pamwero uyu muUmambo hweRoma kusvikira hazvina.

Historical mabhuku vanoti musi nheyo Church - makore 324 kubva kuberekwa kwaKristu. Asi chii tinoona nhasi akatanga kuvaka anenge maviri emakore pashure paizvozvo zuva. Kubva zvivako rechina remakore, muvambi chakanga Konstantin I Veliky, ikozvino akachengetedzwa chete nheyo uye vamwe mapurani zvimedu. Nezvaiva nzvimbo ino St. Sophia Cathedral, aizivikanwa sezvo Basilica of Constantine uye Basilica of Theodosius. Pamberi anobata pezana remakore rechitanhatu, Kesari Justinian aiva basa kuzomisa chinhu chitsva uye ndamboona. The zvechokwadi chinoshamisa chokuti chikuru kuvaka Church yakatora makore mashanu chete, kubva 532 537 makore. Panguva iyoyowo kuvakwa vakashandisa vashandi vanopfuura zviuru gumi vanounganidzwa kubva zvose pamusoro umambo. On nemahombekombe Bosphorus iyi kununurwa nenzira inodiwa chitsama zvakanakisisa akasiyana machena kuGreece. Mari yokuvaka Kesari Justinian asina nokuti akavaka kwete chiratidzo ukuru mamiriro of Eastern hweRoma, asiwo temberi kubwinya kwaIshe. Aifanira kutakura munyika yose chiedza chiKristu.

From zvenhoroondo dzekare

Description of Hagia Sophia ari Constantinople anogona kuwanikwa mukutanga nhoroondo iri paruvazhe Byzantine venhoroondo. Izvi, zviri pachena kuti vanhu vakararama panguva yake akaita zvinhu zvisingafi maonero ukuru noumambo chivako ichi.

Vakawanda vaidavira kuti hazvibviri kuvaka Cathedral pasina zvakananga kupindira mauto naMwari. The chikuru rising mukuru wechiKristu temberi rekare nyika waioneka kure kuvafambisi vengarava ose muGungwa Marmara, pedyo Bosphorus. Akashanda somutariri bhikoni, uye kuti wakange zvokunamata uye zvadzinofananidzira. Saka zvakanzi pakutanga: asi Byzantine machechi vaifanira zvokudzikatidza UKURU wavo zvose yakavakwa kwavari.

Cathedral Interior

Zvinonyatsorehwa anoumba temberi nzvimbo iri pasi mitemo symmetry. Pfungwa iyi yave anokosha asi yekare mutemberi mapurani. Asi kukura uye pamwero maitiro omukati Temple Sophia ari Constantinople nokure chinhu anovaka pariri. Ndizvo basa pamberi ezvivako uye vavaki Emperor Justinian. kuda kwake kubva mumaguta akawanda hwacho kupedzisa mbiru mutemberi zvaiva ozvara, uye dzimwe mapurani zvinhu yatorwa muzvivako pre-aivapo kare. Zvikuru chinetso ndiko kuguma rising. Chikuru chikuru rising rinotsigirwa ane yokufeva muvharanda pamwe mana hwindo mawindo, hunopa panhongonya chiedza muna dzezvimwe zvose dzetemberi. kutarisirwa Great akaendesa aritari Church, panguva yayo kushongedzwa vakapedza chinokosha mari yendarama, sirivha uye dzenzou. Maererano Byzantine historiography uye inofungidzirwa ano nyanzvi, chete Kesari Justinian ari mukati menyika Church akapedza akawanda zvemari munyika gore negore. In vavariro yake aida kurova Temple Yekare King Solomon muJerusarema vozdvignuvshego. akanyorwa mashoko aya mudare mambo kupfurikidza venhoroondo. Uye pane chikonzero chiri chose chokudavira kuti Kesari Justinian akabudirira chinangwa chake.

Byzantine Style

Sophia Cathedral, mufananidzo iyo yava yakashongedzwa promotional zvakawanda nzvimbo masangano, ari chaiwo pachake youmambo Byzantine werudzii mu mapurani. Style Izvi nyore kucherechedzwa. UKURU ake akakura zvechokwadi anodzokera zvakanakisisa netsika youmambo Roma uye rechiGiriki kare, asi kuti kuvhiringidza mapurani ichi nezvimwe hazvitomboiti.

Machechi Byzantine inogona nyore kuona pane rebei kure enhoroondo Byzantium. mutsetse uyu yetemberi mapurani uye nhasi vane koshesa mapurani manyorerwo kumarudzi, apo kare hunodzorwa bazi Orthodox chiKristu yose. zvivako aya dzinoratidzwa hombe rising pamusoro nechepakati chikamu kuvakwa chivako uye yokufeva muvharanda pasi. Architectural zviri mufashoni ichi kwakashanda kwemazana emakore uye vava chinokosha Russian chechi mapurani. Nhasi, kunyange zvose kuti kunobva riri pamhenderekedzo iri Bosphorus.

yakasiyana mosaics

Pose aiziva Classics youpfu hwemashiripiti vava mifananidzo uye waMosesi murals kubva masvingo St. Sophia Cathedral. In zvavo compositional marongerwo nyore kuonekwa Roman uye Greek chinyorwa akakura kupenda.

Pamifananidzo pamusoro Hagia Sophia akavaka pamusoro maviri emakore. Pamusoro pawo, nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru vanatenzi uye yakawanda zvikoro kuvake kupenda. WaMosesi chidobi pacharo ane zvikuru yakagozha Michina zvichienzaniswa zvetsika tempera kupenda pamusoro nyoro purasita. zvinhu zvose waMosesi murals vakasikwa vemifananidzo waava voga nemimwe mitemo, chisingazozikamwi uninitiated. Zvakanga kunonoka uye anodhura kwazvo, asi nzira richienda Mutsvene Sophia Byzantine Madzimambo haana kudemba. Pakanga pasina kukurumidza vatenzi, nekuti zvavakanga zvakasikwa, chaiva kurarama kwemazana emakore akawanda. A Kunyanya dambudziko iri pakusikwa waMosesi murals akasika pakakwirira masvingo uye padenga zvenyaya Church. The Fafitera akamanikidzwa kuona mifananidzo yavatsvene vari kunzwisisa waunotarisira rutapudzo. Byzantine Painters vaiva vokutanga munhoroondo uri nyika, akanga kufunga chinhu ichi. Chiitiko chakadai hapana mumwe aiva pamberi pavo. Uye basa avakaita zvakakwana, unogona ikozvino zvipupurire zviuru zvizhinji revashanyi vanoshanyira pagore kushanyira Cathedral St. Sophia ari Istanbul.

The yakareba hweOttoman ushe, Byzantine mosaics pamasvingo chechi vakanga wakanamira pamwe paiva nesuko. Asi pashure basa kudzorerwa vakatakura ari thirties remakore rechimakumi maviri, vakaonekwa mumaziso husingakuvadzi yakasimba. Uye nhasi, temberi St. Sophia, vashanyi vanogona kuchengeta Byzantine Pamifananidzo kuratidza Kristu uye neMhandara Maria yaiteverwa pamwe mashoko hwokurara calligraphic suras kubva Koran.

Nhaka Islamic nguva munhoroondo yacho Chiesa restorers uyewo kuremekedzwa. Zvinofadza kuona kuti vamwe vatsvene yeOrthodox wezvidimbu tuore Painters akapa mufananidzo kufanana raitonga madzimambo uye vamwe vanhu vane nguva yake. Mumazana emakore akatevera, tsika iyi ichava zvakakurumbira pakuvaka machechi Catholic machechi mumaguta kupfuura Ages Europe.

Chiesa hwakavigwa mumakamuri

Sophia Cathedral, ane mapikicha vanobviswa kubva pamahombekombe Bosphorus vashanyi, ayo anozivikanwa siluetti vawana kwete mudukusa nokuda okuguma chikuru cupola. Rising pacharo rine hwakanyatsorwisa pasi pakakwirira pane runoshamisa dhayamita. reshiyo akadaro zviri zvikuru mune ramangwana uchaburuka ari mapurani chinyorwa Byzantine maitiro. kukwirira kwayo kubva panheyo padanho - 51 mamita. Iye akapfuura kukura chete kune Renaissance, paivakwa yakakurumbira Cathedral of St. Peter muRoma.

The expressiveness muviri St. Sophia Cathedral kupa mbiri hemispherical rising, riri kumavirazuva uye kumabvazuva huru mazibota. chimiro Its uye mapurani zvinhu inodzokororwa uye kazhinji kunoita kuti pave chete iine sezvamunoita Church. All izvi mapurani kuwanikwa Byzantium yekare yakazoshandiswa kakawanda muchechi mapurani, pakuvaka machechi mumaguta Ages Europe, uye ipapo pasi rose. Mune Russian Empire, ari Byzantine rising Hagia Sophia, akawana zvakajeka mumashoko mapurani pakuonekwa Kronstadt Naval Cathedral muna Kronstadt. Uyewo temberi yakakurumbira pamahombekombe ari Bosporus, aifanira vaonekwe kubva kugungwa vezvikepe zvose kuda guru, inomiririra ukuru hwacho.

The kuguma Byzantine Empire

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chero umambo zvasvika pamusoro-soro kwaro, uye ipapo kufamba nenzira uchinyara uye kuderera. Handina kupfuura mugumo ichi, uye Byzantium. Eastern hweRoma rakabhuroka pakati remakore rechigumi nemashanu pasi kurema yayo kuzvipokanidza zvemukati uye pasi vachiwedzera kumanikidzwa nechitarisiko vavengi. Munguva ichangopfuura, basa yechiKristu paImba Cathedral St. Sophia muna Constantinople, wakaitwa May 29, 1453. Izvi zvakanga rokupedzisira zuva guru Byzantine pacharo. Urwo rwakatora anenge makore chiuru umambo yakakundwa kuti zuva yakakuwandira hweOttoman vokuTurkey. Havasisipo uye Constantinople. Zvino zviri Istanbul, kwemazana emakore akawanda raiva guta guru hweOttoman Empire. The vakundi veguta vakamhanya kutemberi nenguva yokunamata, noutsinye yakaponda riri ikoko, uye tsitsi vakapamba nepfuma Church. Asi hweOttoman vokuTurkey kuzoparadza chivakwa pachayo hakuzofadzi - temberi Christian kwaifanira kuva chechi. ezvinhu ichi vasingagoni kukanganisa chimiro chinoonekwa chemunhu ane Byzantine Church.

Rising uye minareeteissa

Munguva hweOttoman nguva pakuonekwa mutemberi Sacred Sofia kwave kuchiita kuchinja. Istanbul aifanira kuva kwakakodzera guta mamiriro chikuru chechi. Zvaiitikawo regumi chivakwa chekereke remakore maererano chinangwa ichi hazvisi akakwana. Minyengetero ari chechi inofanira kuitwa nenzira Mecca, ukuwo Orthodox atari chechi iri nezvatinovavarira kumabvazuva. HweOttoman vokuTurkey akaita vavakezve temberi asvika kwavari - akavaka ine buttresses chivako historiallinen kusimbisa mutoro inobereka masvingo uye akavaka minareeteissa huru ina maererano canons rechiIslam. Saint Sophia Cathedral muna Istanbul akanzi ari chechi Hagia Sophia. In rwezasi-kumabvazuva chikamu menyika yakavakwa mihrab saka kunyengetera vaMuslim anofanira kuiswa pa necheparutivi kuti akabatana chacho, tichisiya atari temberi rworuboshwe. Mukuwedzera, madziro Church vakanga wakanamira pamwe kwemifananidzo. Asi zvinokwanisika kudzosa namapfumbamwe remakore, zvechokwadi kupendwa masvingo etemberi. Vari zvakanaka vakachengetedzwa pasi marongera Ages purasita. Saint Sophia Cathedral muna Istanbul chakasiyana chokuti zvayo kwokunze pakuonekwa uye dzomunyika zviri pebhanhire zvakanyatsobatana nhaka tsika zvikuru zviviri uye zvitendero zviviri nyika - Christianity Orthodox, uye Islam.

Hagia Sophia Museum

Muna 1935 pakuvaka chechi Hagia Sophia akanga zvinobva muchikwata che chitendero. Izvi zvinoda chirevo chinokosha President kweTurkey , Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. mberi danho iri achagumisa kuti vainyepera chivakwa enhoroondo wevamiriri dzezvitendero zvakasiyana uye zvitendero. Mutungamiri Turkey aigona anoratidzawo kure ose zvevafundisi yeChina.

Kubva mamiriro bhajeti vave nemari uye aiita basa kudzorerwa chivakwa enhoroondo uye nharaunda yakapoteredza. Kuti kuronga zvakafanira kwezvivako nokuda negashiro hombe kuyerera revashanyi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. Iye zvino, Cathedral St. Sophia ari Istanbul chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha tsika uye nhoroondo zvinokwezva kweTurkey. Muna 1985, temberi akanyorwa UNESCO World Heritage Site somumwe anokosha zvinhu zvinhu munhoroondo yebudiriro yevanhu. Gadzirisa ichi zvinokwezva muguta Istanbul riri nyore chaizvo - riri munzvimbo nomukurumbira nzvimbo Sultanahmet uye chinooneka kure.