Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople: History and Significance

Tsika Dzvene dzinotaurira kuti Mupositori Mutsvene Andrew wekutanga-anonzi mugore re 38 akagadza mudzidzi wake Stachy kuna mabhishopu eguta reByzantium, panzvimbo iyo Constantinople yakatangwa mazana matatu emakore gare gare. Kubvira panguva ino, kereke yakabva kune iyo, iyo iyo iyo kwemazana emakore akawanda yakamira madzitateguru, avo vakatakura zita reEcumenical.

Iko kodzero yekutonga pakati pekuenzana

Pakati pevatungamiri veiyo gumi nemashanu autocephalous, iyo ipo, mazvimiriro, machechi eOrthodox emunharaunda, "mutungamiri pakati pekuenzana" ndiye Mutungamiriri weConstantinople. Ichi ndicho chirevo chezvakaitika kare. Zita rakakwana remunhu ari kutora basa rakadaro rinokosha ndiHurumende yaMwari yeArchbishopu weConstantinople-New Rome uye Ecumenical Patriarch.

Chinyorwa chekutanga cheEcumenical chakapiwa kuna Mutungamiri wekutanga weConstantinople, Akaki. Chikonzero chepamutemo chechi ndicho chakanga chiri chisarudzo cheChina (Chalcedonian) Ecumenical Council, chakaitwa muna 451 uye chakadzika misoro yeChechi yeConstantinople sevhishopi veNew Rome, yechipiri inokosha mushure mokunge vatungamiri veChechi yeRoma.

Kana, pakutanga, sangano rakadaro rakaungana nekushorwa kwakanyanya mune dzimwe zvematongerwe enyika uye zvechitendero, pakupera kwezana remakore rakatevera chimiro chemutateguru wekare chakanga chakasimba kwazvo zvokuti basa rake chaiyo muchisarudzo chehurumende nehutano hwechechi chakava chikuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, zita rake rakajeka uye verbose rakazosimbiswa.

Musoro wemhuri - mutambudzi wezviratidzo

Nhoroondo yechechi yeByzantine inoziva mazita akawanda evanamwari vakambopinda mairi nguva dzose, uye vanogonesa pamberi pevasande. Mumwe wavo iSt Nichiphoros, Patriarch weConstantinople, uyo akatora pirpiti yemhuri kubva muna 806 kusvika muna 815.

Nguva yekutonga kwake yakaratidzwa nehondo inotyisa yakaitwa nevanotsigira iconoclasm - tsika yechitendero, iyo yakaramba kunamatwa kwezvifananidzo nemamwe mifananidzo tsvene. Mamiriro acho akawedzererwa nechokuti pakati pevateveri veiyo hutungamiri kwaive nevanhu vazhinji vane simba uye kunyange vatongi vakawanda.

Baba veMatateguru Nicephorus, vari munyori wekumambo Constantine V, vakarasikirwa nebasa rake rokusimudzira kunamatwa kwezvifananidzo uye vakatapwa kuAsia Minor, kwaakafira muutapwa. Nikifor pachake, mushure mekumambo-mumiririri wezvinyorwa Rev the Armenian akakwidziridzwa pachigaro choumambo muna 813, akazova chivengo chezvifananidzo zvitsvene uye akagumisa mazuva ake muna 828 semusungwa weimwe yezvivako zvekudenga. Nokuda kwemabasa ake makuru kuchechi, akazogadziriswa. Mazuva ano, mutsvene wePatrikari weConstantinople Nikifor haatumbidzi kwete kunyika yake chete, asi munyika yose yeOrthodox.

Tateguru Photius - baba vanozivikanwa vechechi

Kuenderera mberi nenyaya yevamiririri vakakurumbira veMatriarchate weConstantinople, mumwe haagoni kubetsera kuyeuka mukuru weByzantine wezvechitendero cheMutungamiriri Mukuru Photius, uyo akatungamirira boka rake kubva 857 kusvika 867. Mushure mokunge John Chrysostom naGregory Nyanzvi yezveMagwaro, ndiye wechitatu anozivikanwa baba vechechi, avo vakambotora chigaro cheConstantinople.

Zuva chaiyo rokuberekwa kwake hazvizivikanwi. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti akazvarwa mumakore gumi ekutanga ezana remakore rechigumi nemana. Vabereki vake vaiva vanhu vasina ruzivo vasina ruzivo uye vane ruzivo rwakasiyana, asi pasi paMambo Theophilus - mutakuri wezvigadzirwa zvevhiringidzi - vakaiswa pasi pekudzvinyirira uye vakazviwana ivo mukutapwa. Munzvimbo imwechete ivo vakafa.

Kurwisana kwePatriotore Photius naPapa

Mushure mokunge vatongerwa kuchigaro choumambo chinotevera, muduku Michael Michael III, Photius anotanga basa rake rakanaka-pakutanga semudzidzisi, uye pane basa rekutungamirira uye rechitendero. Muna 858, iye ane chinzvimbo chakakwirira muchechi yehurumende. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kumuunza hupenyu hwakanyarara. Kubva pamazuva okutanga Patriarch Photius weConstantinople akazviwana ari mukutambudzika kwemapoka ezvematongerwo enyika akasiyana-siyana uye zvechitendero.

Kumwero mukuru, mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzerwa nekukwikwidzana neWest Church, yakakonzerwa nemakakatanwa pamusoro pekutonga kweItaly yeItaly neBulgaria. Muvambi wemakakatanwa aiva Papa. Mufundisi mukuru weConstantinople Photius akazvidza zvakasimba, izvo akadzingwa nemuponi wekereke. Asingadi kuramba ari mune chikwereti, Patriarch Photius zvakare akatengesa muvengi wake anathema.

Kubva pane anathema kusvika kune chinyorwa

Gare gare, ikozvino panguva yekutonga kweumambo hutsva, Basil I, Photius akava chigaro chematare emhosva. Vatsigiri vemapato ezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe chete nemufundisi mukuru Ignatius I, vakagamuchirwa pamatare.Sekuguma, Photius, uyo akanga apinda zvakasimba mukurwisana na papa, akabviswa kubva purupiti, akadzingwa uye akafira muutapwa.

Mushure mekunge makore anenge chiuru, muna 1847, apo Patriarch Anthimus VI aiva tateguru weChechi yeConstantinople, anathema pamwe nemukuru wevapanduki akasimudzwa, uye, nekuda kwezvishamiso zvizhinji zvakaitika paguva rake, iye pachake akaverengwa sevatsvene. Zvisinei, muRussia nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka izvi basa rakanga risingazivikanwi, iro raiva chikonzero chekukurukurirana pakati pevamiriri vehuwandu hwemachechi munyika yeOrthodox.

Chiito chemutemo hachigamuchiri kuRussia

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti Chechi yeRoma kwemazana emakore akawanda yakaramba kubvuma Kereke yeConstantinople sechinhu chinokudzwa chechitatu. Chisarudzo chake chakachinjwa chete mushure mekunge kunonzi Union - chibvumirano chekubatana kwekereke dzeKaturike neOrthodox - chakasayirwa kuFlorence Cathedral muna 1439.

Ichi chiito chakapa hukuru hwepamusoro hwaPapa, uye, nekuchengetedza tsika dzeChechi, kubvumirwa kwechidziso cheKaturike. Zvakangoitika kuti chibvumirano chakadaro, chinopesana nezvinodiwa neChechi yeChechi yeRussia Orthodox, yakarambwa neMoscow, uye Metropolitan Isidor, uyo akaisayina, akadziviswa pabasa rake.

Vakuru vechiKristu vechiKristu muhurumende yeIslam

Pasi pemakumi emakore nehafu zvakapfuura. Muna 1453, Umambo hweByzantine hwakagumburwa pasi pekuparadzwa kwemauto eTurkey. Yechipiri Roma yakawa, ichirasikirwa nzvimbo yayo kuMoscow. Zvisinei, vaTurkey munyaya iyi vakaratidza kuvhiringidza kwechitendero izvo zvinoshamisa kune vanoita zvechitendero. Sezvo takavaka masangano ese ehurumende nesimba pamusoro pemitemo yeIslami, ivo zvakadaro vakabvumira kuvapo kwemhuri yakakura zvikuru yechiKristu munyika.

Kubva panguva iyo, madzitateguru eChechi yeConstantinople, vakanyatsoparara simba ravo rezvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei vakaramba vari vatungamiriri vechitendero chechiKristu munharaunda yavo. Sezvo vakachengetedza nzvimbo yavo yechipiri, ivo, vakadzingwa zvinyorwa zvavo zvepanyama uye zvisiri izvo pasina nzira yekuchengetedza, vakamanikidzwa kurwisana nechishuwo chakanyanya. Kusvikira pakagadzwa muna 1589 wePatriatriate muRussia, Mutungamiriri weConstantinople ndiye mutungamiriri weChechi yeRussia Orthodox, uye mipiro yezvipo yeMoscow machinda yakamubvumira kuti awane zvigaro.

Uyezve, madzitateguru eConstantinople havana kuramba vari mune chikwereti. Yaiva pamhenderekedzo yeBosphorus iyo zita rekutanga reRussian Tsar Ivan IV iro rakaipa rakagadzwa, uye Patriarch Jeremiah II akaropafadza mukuru wekutanga weMoscow wekuMoscow paakazoenda kupurupiti. Ichi chaiva nhanho inokosha pakufambisa kwenyika, iyo yakaisa Russia kune mamwe maOrthodox.

Zvido zvisingatarisirwi

Kwemazana emakore matatu emakore, madzitateguru eChechi yeConstantinople vakamboita basa roga roga kuvatungamiriri vechiKristu munzvimbo yeHurumende yeOttoman ine simba, asi iyo haina kuparara semugumisiro wemigumisiro yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Muhupenyu hwehurumende, zvakawanda zvakashandurwa, uye kunyange iyo yakambova guta guru, Constantinople, yakanzizve Istanbul muna 1930.

Pamusoro pekudzika kwe simba raimbova nesimba, Patriarchate weConstantinople akabva atanga kushanda. Kubva pakati pemakore makumi maviri ezana remakore rapfuura, hutungamiri hwahwo huri kushingaira kujekesa pfungwa yokuti Mutungamiriri weConstantinople anofanira kupiwa simba rechokwadi uye anopiwa kodzero kwete kwete chete kutungamirira hupenyu hwechitendero cheOrthodox diaspora yose, asiwo kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa zvinetso zvemukati zvemamwe magwaro evanhu vanodzivirira. Izvi zvakakonzera kutsoropodza kwakakosha munyika yeOrthodox uye yakanzi "Eastern Papism."

Kutongwa kwehutongi kwatateguru

Yakanyorwa muna 1923, Testamente yeLausanne yakagadza mutemo kuparadzwa kweMambo weOttoman uye yakagadzira mutsara wemiganhu yenyika yakanga ichangobva kusimbwa. Akanyora zvakare zita reMutungamiriri weConstantinople seEcumenical, asi hurumende yeTurkey Republic yemazuva ano inoramba kuiziva. Inopa chibvumirano chete nekuzivikanwa kwatateguru semukuru wevanhu veOrthodox veTurkey.

Muna 2008, Mutariri Mukuru weConstantinople akamanikidzwa kushanda kuEuropean Court of Human Rights nemhosva pamusoro pehurumende yeTurkey, achigadzirisa zvisiri pamutemo imwe yezvivako zveOrthodox pachitsuwa cheUthengaukada muGungwa reMarmara. Muna July wegore rimwe chete, mushure mokutongwa, dare rakazadzisa zvikwereti zvake, uye, zvakare, rakapa chirevo chekuziva mutemo wake. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti iyi ndiyo nguva yokutanga iyo Primate yeChechi yeConstantinople yakakumbira kuEuropean judiciary.

Mutemo wepamutemo we 2010

Imwe nyanzvi yemutemo yakakosha, iyo yakawanda yakagadzirisa chinzvimbo chazvino cheMatongerari weConstantinople, yakanga iri sarudzo yakagamuchirwa neParamende Yenyaya yeBurumende yeEurope munaJanuary 2010. Iyi nyanzvi yakaraira kugadziriswa kwekusununguka kwechitendero kune vamiririri vese vasiri vasiri vechiMuslim vanogara munharaunda yeTurkey neEastern Greece.

Sarudzo imwecheteyo yakadana hurumende yeTurkey kuti iremekedze zita rokuti "Ecumenical", nokuti madzitateguru eConstantinople, avo vane nhamba vakaverengwa mazana evanhu, vaipfeka maererano nemitemo yepamutemo.

Ikozvino yakagadzirirwa yeChechi yeConstantinople

Unhu hwakanaka uye hwepakuvamba ndiBartholomew Musoro weConstantinople, uyo akagadzwa pachigaro muna October 1991. Zita rake renyika ndiDimitrios Archondonis. A Greek nechizvarwa, akazvarwa muna 1940 pachitsuwa cheGoekcead, chiri muTurkey. Ave agamuchira chikoro chesekondari uye akapedza kudzidza kubva kuKhalka Theological School, Dimitrios, akatova mudhikoni redhikoni, akashanda semukuru weuto reTurkey.

Mushure mokunge adzoka, anotanga kukwira kwake kusvika kune zvakakwirira zvezivo yezvouMwari. Kwemakore mashanu, Archondonis ave achidzidza pamasangano makuru ezvidzidzo muItaly, Switzerland neGermany, izvo zvakaguma pakuva chiremba wezvebhaibheri uye mudzidzisi paPontifical Gregorian University.

Polyglot pabazi rehurumende

Kukwanisa kudzidza ruzivo rwemunhu uyu kunoshamisa. Mumakore mashanu ekudzidza kwake akanyatsoziva chiGerman, chiFrench, chiChirungu nechiItaly. Mumwe anofanirawo kuwedzera chizvarwa chake cheTurkey uye mutauro wevadzidzisi vezvechitendero - ChiLatin. Kudzokera kuTurkey, Dimitrios akapfuura nhanho dzose dzechitendero chechihedheni, kusvikira muna 1991 akasarudzwa mutungamiriri weChechi yeConstantinople.

"Mufundisi Mukuru weGreen"

Munharaunda yezviitiko zvepasi rose, Zvose-Mutsvene Bartholomew, Mufundisi weConstantinople, akave akazivikanwa zvikuru sechirwi chekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakasikwa. Muchirevo ichi akazova mugadziri wezvikwata zvemarudzi akawanda. Iyo inozivikanwawo kuti tateguru ari kushingaira kubatana nemasangano akawanda ezvakatipoteredza. Nokuda kwebasa iri, Vose-vatsvene Bhatoromeo vakagamuchira zita risingazivikanwi - "The Green Patriarch".

Patriarch Bartholomew anoshamwaridzana nevamwe vakuru veChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia, avo vaakashanyira mushure mekunge agadzwa pachigaro muna 1991. Panguva yekutaurirana kwakaitika, Constantinople primate akaratidza kutsigira kwake kweROC yeMoscow Patriarchate mukurwisana kwayo neavo-vakaziviswa uye, kubva pane zvinyorwa zvemaonero, munyori wepamutemo weKyiv mukuru wehurumende. Sangano rakadaro rakaenderera mberi mumakore anotevera.

Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew Bhishopishopu weConstantinople nguva dzose ave mutemo mukugadzirisa nyaya dzose dzinokosha. Muenzaniso wakajeka weizvi unogona kuva kutaura kwake panguva yekukurukurirana muna 2004 pa-All-Russian Russian People's Council pamusoro pekucherechedza kweMoscow semamiriro eRoma yechitatu, iyo inomiririra kukosha kwayo kwechitendero uye zvematongerwe enyika. Mukutaura kwake, tateguru uyu akarambidza pfungwa iyi seisingaitiki kubva mune zvezvidzidzo zvezvidzidzo uye mune zvematongerwe enyika.