Electrotechnical zvinhu, zvivako uye mafomu

Kushanda uye mukurumari pakati dzemagetsi michina uye miti kunoenderana ezvinhu kuputira, zvemagetsi zvemhando iro zvinhu anoshandiswa. Vari dzinoratidzwa kutaridza chaiwo zvivako kana ukaiswa muimba munda ezvinhu remagetsi, uye vari kuiswa munzvimbo namano yakavakirwa zviratidzo izvi.

Kupatsanura nemagetsi zvinhu ambotirega rakakamurwa yoga mapoka insulating, semiconducting, achiitisa uye rinobva zvinhu zvokuwedzera huru zvigadzirwa: capacitors, conductors, isolators uye semiconductor zvinhu vakagadzirira.

Zvinhu ave nomumwe rinobva kana dzemagetsi kusango zvakananga zvivako, uye kupesvedzera vakawanda radiations panguva imwe chete. Magnetic zvinhu conventionally akakamurwa zvakaneta rinobva zvinhu uye rinobva zvinhu. In magetsi unyanzvi anowanzodanwa vakashandisa simba rinonzi magnetic zvinhu.

Materials sainzi

The acho anonzi akati fuma, dzinoratidzwa akasiyana nevamwe vanovengwa makemikari anoumba, zvivako uye maumbirwo mamorekuru uye maatomu. The fuma iri imwe mana inoti: gaseous, yakasimba, mvura kana plasma. Electrical uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu kuita hwokugadza zvakasiyana siyana mabasa.

Kuitisa zvinhu wokushandura maerekitironi aibuda zvinoriumba zvinopa dielectric zindoga. Pokushandisa resistor zvinhu rokutendeutsa zvemagetsi simba kupinda kupisa, zvinhu kuvakwa zvigadzirwa kuramba chimiro chavo, semuenzaniso, dzimba. Electrical uye zvokuvakisa vaifanira kuita hapana mumwe asi inechekuita mashandiro, zvakadai somunhu insulator ari magetsi mutoro nemiedzo, unounza kuna STRUCTURAL zvokuvakisa.

Electrical zvinhu sainzi - sayenzi pakubata tsanangudzo zvivako, kudzidza kwemaitiro nyaya achifuridzirwa magetsi, kupisa, kutonhora, rinobva minda nezvimwe zvidzidzo nesayenzi chaiyo unhu hunodiwa kuvaka magetsi michina, mano uye zvivako ..

Guides

Izvi zvinosanganisira magetsi, inova huru chinoratidza akaratidza conductivity kuti Magetsi. Izvi nokuti mukanyiwa ane pfuma nguva dzose maerekitironi varipo vari zvakaneta vakasungwa neerekitironi kuva akasununguka nokuchengeta vatakuri. Vanotanga chete muchadenga rimwe Morekuru mumwe uye pave kuitika. Huru conductive zvinhu vaiona mhangura, aruminiyamu.

Kune conductors ndiwo zvinhu kuti vane zvemagetsi resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, sezvamakaropafadzwa acho ane rakaisvonaka kondakita nechiidzo 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. nesimbi All kuva akanaka kuitika tafura 105 nezvinhu 25 havasi chete nesimbi, uye kubva ichi-siyana boka nezvinhu 12 mufambiro Magetsi uye vanoonekwa se semiconductors.

The Physics pamusoro nemagetsi zvinhu inobvumira kushandisa kwavo sevamiriri ari gaseous uye zvokunwa inoti. Sezvo mvura simbi panguva dzekudya tembiricha rinoshandiswa chete mekuri, idzo yepanyama mamiriro. The nedzimwe simbi inoshandiswa conductors chete mvura iri huru mamiriro. For conductors akashandiswa uye conductive mvura Somuenzaniso electrolyte. ehupfumi Kupfuura Yose conductors, vachibvumira kusiyanisa maererano noukuru magetsi conductivity, chafariz conductivity unhu vanoonekwa uye kukwanisa chafariz chizvarwa.

dielectric zvinhu

Kusiyana conductors, dielectrics gobvu rine vashomanana vakasununguka maerekitironi elongated chimiro. The chikuru pfuma nefuma kukwanisa wayo kugamuchira polarity electric munda. Fani iyi akatsanangura chokuti pasi pokudzora chokuita magetsi-mhosva vanozoona yakananga kuita mauto. The zvaizopedza kure kukuru, dzakanga yemagetsi munda simba.

Electrical insulating zvinhu ndiwo pedyo yakanaka kupfuura duku indekisi conductivity, uye zvishoma raidudzwa pane ukuru polarization, zvinopa chiratidzo yokupararira uye chafariz simba yavaive. The conductivity of dielectric inobva zvinoitwa shoma vakasununguka dipoles inochinja kuti chiito dzesango. Mushure polarization, ari dielectric nhumbi siyana nedzimwe polarity, i.e., mhosva mbiri zviratidzo zvakasiyana aumba pasi pemvura.

Application dielectrics zvikuru kwazvo mune magetsi, sezvo kushandiswa vanoshingaira uye pusa maatomu akafanana unhu.

To yezviri zvinhu, pamwe ehupfumi amenable kuti utariri, zvinosanganisira:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• zvokuvakisa emitters ari Laser.

Basic nemagetsi zvinhu - dielectric pusa ehupfumi, rinoshandiswa sezvo insulating zvinhu uye capacitors ose kwakajairika mhando. Vanokwanisa kuparadzanisa migove miviri yemagetsi wedunhu kubva mumwe uye kudzivisa nokupararira dzemagetsi mhosva. Sezvo kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe vavo rinoitwa vachishandisa magetsi-Kutakura zvikamu kuti yemagetsi simba akasiiwa pasi kana pamusoro redzimba.

vakaparadzana ne imwe insulator

In Organic uye inorganic dielectric zvokuvakisa vakakamurwa, zvichienderana makemikari anoumba. Inorganic dielectrics dzisina kabhoni iri kwayo sezvamunoita, ukuwo Organic siyana inokosha kabhoni maatomu akafanana. Inorganic zvinhu zvakadai Ceramics, Mika, yakakwirira mwero kupisa.

Electrical zvinhu pamusoro nzira hwokubereka rakakamurwa dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa dielectrics. Kushandiswa yakafara kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu inobva pakuti gadzira anobvumira kupa zvinhu zvinodiwa ehupfumi.

Maererano maumbirwo mamorekuru uye samolecular yekamuri dielectrics rakakamurwa polar uye non-polar. Wokupedzisira unonziwo kwazvakarerekera. Musiyano uri kuti maatomu uye mamorekuru vasati chiito yavo Magetsi kana vasina yemagetsi muripo. K rimwe kwazvakarerekera boka rinosanganisira Teflon, polyethylene, Mika, Goldstone, uye vamwe. The polar dielectrics ine mamorekuru uine kana kunaka nokuchengeta, muenzaniso uri polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

dielectric ehupfumi

Sezvo dielectrics rakakamurwa gaseous, mvura uye rakasimba. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa zvakasimba magetsi zvinhu. zvivako zvavo uye chikumbiro dzinoongororwa kushandisa parameters uye unhu:

• mumwe rwakapetwa resistivity;
• dielectric permittivity;
• munhu pamusoro resistivity;
• ari coefficient pamusoro chafariz permeability;
• dielectric kurasikirwa tangent ari pakona akaratidza;
• Simba zvinhu pasi pokudzora magetsi.

Volume resistivity hunobva pakugona ane zvinhu kudzivisa leakage payo rusingaperi ukoshi ano. Chakarurama Ivan Kuchin resistivity inonzi hombe conductivity.

Pamusoro resistivity vagara vandifungira mano zvinhu kurwisa dzose pari inoyerera pamusoro wayo pechiso. Pemvura conductivity ndiye itirana pakati yapfuura nhamba.

The coefficient pamusoro chafariz permeability inoratidza mwero shanduko resistivity Pashure pokukumutsirai tembiricha yacho fuma. Naizvozvo, Kazhinji, ari kurwisa shoma kuwedzera tembiricha, coefficient mutengo akaipa.

The dielectric kuramba anosarudza magetsi kushanda nezvinhu zvichienderana nekugona mashoko kusika magetsi capacitance. Nechiyero hama permittivity of dielectric yaisanganisira mu pfungwa kwakakwana permeability. Kuchinja kuputira vanokwanisa chakarurama akaratidza yapfuura chafariz permeability coefficient, izvo panguva anoratidza kuwedzera kana kudzikisa capacitance pamwe nokuchinja tembiricha.

Tangent pamusoro dielectric kurasikirwa yorusvingo inoratidza dhigirii neketani simba kurasikirwa panyaya dielectric zvinhu pasi wemagetsi rakatumbuka ano.

Ichazivikanwa Electrotechnical zvinhu zviri dielectric simba chakarurama, izvo anosarudza mukana kuparadza pfuma pasi mupfungwa. Kuona simba zvemaziso vanoverengeka nemiedzo kusimbisa indekisi muganhu compressive simba, tensile, vachikotama, torsional, zvakamubaya uye kutsemuka.

Mumuviri makemikari maitiro dielectrics

In dielectrics ane imwe nhamba akasunungura acids. Uwandu potassium hydroxide mu milligrams kunodiwa kubvisa tsvina muna 1 g yamarudzi anonzi asidhi nhamba. Acids kuparadza Organic zvinhu inokanganisa pamusoro insulating ehupfumi.

Mamirire nemagetsi zvinhu kuzadzikiswa viscosity coefficient kana kukweshera, achiratidza mwero chokubuda nyaya. Viscosity rakakamurwa zvimiso uye kinematic.

Mwero Absorção de Água akatsunga zvichienderana mukanyiwa kwemvura yokuita zvinoitwa bvunzo chinhu saizi mazuva pashure kunyudzwa mumvura panguva tembiricha zvakafanorongwa. characterization ichi inoratidza porosity kwemashoko, kuwedzera indekisi kuipa kuti insulating ehupfumi.

rinobva zvinhu

Performance Maonero of rinobva zvivako vanonzi rinobva unhu:

• Magnetic neMhedziso permeability;
• rinobva hama permeability;
• chafariz coefficient kuti rinobva permeability;
• simba kunonyanyisa remagineti.

Magnetic zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa zvakaoma uye munyoro. The zvinyoronyoro zvinhu dzinoratidzwa muduku nezvinhu lagging kukosha kwakaita magnetization muviri kuita remagineti. Vanonyanya permeable kuti rinobva mafungu duku coercive simba uye wakakwirira saturation induction. Kushandiswa ravo mudziyo transformers ose remagetsi michina uye zvenhengo nhoo rinobva kana mamwe midziyo apo zvakakodzera magnetization pamwe pasi simba dzakasiyiwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira wakachena electrolytic simbi, simbi - Armco, permalloy, zvemagetsi simbi alloys machira, nickel-simbi.

Solid zvinhu zviri dzinoratidzwa chinokosha kurasikirwa lagging mwero magnetization pamusoro kwokunze remagineti. Kugamuchira kamwe rinobva pulses, zvakadai nemagetsi zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa vari magnetized, uye kwenguva yakareba kuchengeta zvakachengetwa simba. Vane yakakwirira coercive simba uye yakakwirira residual induction chinzvimbo. Zvinhu pamwechete maitiro aya akashandiswa zvaAtemisi mira magnets a. Vamiririri zvinhu zviri alloys kwakavakirwa simbi, aruminiyamu, nickel, cobalt, nesilicon zvinoriumba.

magnetodielectrics

Izvi zvinhu zvakasiyana, 75-80% muna murwiyo chine simba rinonzi magnetic upfu, Misa Organic yakakwirira polymeric vakasara izere dielectric. Y ferrites uye ferrites vakawedzera tsika bhuku resistivity, duku Eddy ano nezvinhu, izvo anobvumira kushandiswa yavo yakakwirira-Frequency michina. Ferrites vari kugadzikana zviratidzi muminda maitikiro zvakasiyana.

MUNDA vachishandisa ferromagnets

Vari kushandiswa zvinobudirira zvikuru kuti pave chinoumba transformer Coils. Kushandiswa kwemashoko anobvumira kuti zvikuru remagineti ari transformer kuwedzera, apo haana kuchinja kuverenga kuitwa simba. kupinza hwemabasa ferrite anoponesa simba kunwa panguva nokushanda mudziyo. Electrical zvinhu uye midziyo mushure kwokunze rinobva simba ngaunyatsobata rinobva maitiro, uye anoramba ari kusango pedyo nzvimbo.

Zvokutanga dzenzvimbo musapfuura pashure Nokuchinja kubva magineti, pabude mwero zvechigarire magineti anoshanda zvinobudirira pamahedhifoni, nhare, kuyera mano, compasses, mutsindo yakarekodwa namano. Very yakakurumbira pakushandisa magnets a zvachose, kwete electrically conductive. Vakawana remubatanidzwa iron oxides nemamwe oxides siyana. Lodestone rinoreva ferrite.

semiconductor zvinhu

Ava zvinhu vane conductivity ukoshi riri penguva indekisi iri conductors uye dielectrics. The conductivity izvi zvinhu kunoenderana kuvapo nouipi kurema, zvokunze kukanganisa uye mirayiridzo yomunyika kuremara.

Zvinoitwa electrotechnical zvinhu semiconductors boka zvinoratidza Misiyano kubva mumwe zvinhu pamusoro yekamuri mamiriro, akafanana uye zvivako. Zvichienderana parameters izvi, zvinhu dzinoiswa kupinda 4 mhando:

1. Elements maatomu ine chete rudzi: nesilicon, phosphorus, Boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, uye vamwe.
2. Zvinhu ane oxides simbi anoumbwa - mhangura oxide, cadmium, zingi uye nevamwe.
3. Zvinhu zviri kubatanidzwa muboka antimonide.
4. Organic zvinhu - naphthalene, anthracene, uye vamwe.

Zvichienderana yekamuri akakamurwa polycrystalline semiconductor zvinhu uye monocrystalline okunze. Zvinoitwa nemagetsi zvinhu zvikwanise mubasa vasiri rinobva uye zvakaneta. Pakati zvinoumba simba rinonzi magnetic kusiyanisa semiconductors, conductors uye vasiri conductive okunze. Clear yavaive zvakaoma kuita, sezvo vazhinji zvinhu ingozvibatai zvakasiyana ari kuchinja ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mudzimu dzimwe semiconductors yakaderera tembiricha inogona kuenzaniswa kubata insulators. dielectrics avo kuburikidza muchidziisa basa sezvo semiconductors.

ematongerwo zvinhu

Zvinhu zvisina akakamurwa pamusoro kushanda uye kuronga rwiyo, inonzi chinoumbwa zvinhu, zviri zvakare magetsi zvinhu. zvivako zvavo uye chikumbira nokuda mubatanidzwa nezvinhu wakashandiswa gadzira. Miyenzaniso girazi internet jira zvinoriumba, Washington City Offices, wemisanganiswa ose conductive uye refractory simbi. Use wemisanganiswa noenderana zvinokwaniswa inoratidza zvinhu wodzishandisa kwadzinenge. Dzimwe ibatanidzo rinoumba zvinoriumba kunoita kuti kusikwa chinhu ichocho zvachose itsva kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

firimu zvinhu

Greater Kukura nokuti nemagetsi AKAITA uye namira matepi vakawana sezvo magetsi zvinhu. ehupfumi zvavo zvakasiyana nemamwe dielectrics mukana wokushandiswa, zvokuimba simba yakakwana uye kwazvo insulating zvivako. Pakukora chigadzirwa zvinosiyana zvichienderana acho:

• firimu Ukobvu 6-255 microns kuita, kusunungurwa tepi 0,2-3,1 mm;
• polystyrene zvigadzirwa muchimiro matepi uye mafirimu yakabereka 20-110 microns gobvu;
• gobvu polyethylene tepi akaita 35-200 m, wakafara makubhiti 250 kusvika 1500 mm;
• fluoroplastic firimu ukobvu chinoitwa 5 kusvika 40 microns, wakafara makubhiti 10-210 mm envisage.

Kupatsanura pakati nemagetsi zvinhu kubva firimu anobvumira kusiyanisa nezvemarudzi maviri: zvinangwa uye vasiri zvinangwa firimu. Mashoko okutanga rinowanzoshandiswa.

Pendi uye coatings kuti magetsi kuputira

Solutions kuti zvinhu dzichiumbwa mumakore solidification firimu vari ano zvinoshandisa magetsi. boka iri rinosanganisira asphalt, nokuomesa mafuta, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, cellulose esters kana yeimwe uye mubatanidzwa yenhengo izvi. Kutendeuka ane viscous pakuderedza mu insulator kunoitika pashure kwemvura yacho solvent guru rakachengetedzwa uye wezvamatongerwe batana firimu. By nzira kushandisa firimu rakakamurwa namira, unhani uye impregnation.

Impregnating varnishes anoshandiswa nemagetsi windings kuti kuwedzera chafariz conductivity uye kuramba unyoro. Bemhapemha varnish repamusoro kuumba rwokudzivirira unhani pamusoro mwando, chando, mafuta, pamusoro ichitenderera, epurasitiki kuputira. Namira zvinoriumba vanokwanisa guruu Mica ndiro nezvimwe zvinhu.

Compounds nokuti magetsi kuputira

zvinhu izvi kunge imvura mhinduro panguva kushandiswa, zvichiteverwa nokuomesa uye Kurapwa. Zvinhu dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti murwiyo harina zvokufembedzwa. The yeimwe uyewo nhengo boka "magetsi". Forms vari Kudzingwa dzavo uye impregnating. Chokutanga mhando rinoshandiswa kuti ichizadza in muna waya okubatanidza, uye boka rechipiri iri rakashandiswa impregnation yacho injini windings.

Compounds chokubudisa thermoplastic, ivo kunyevenutsa pashure kuwedzera tembiricha, uye thermosetting, dare kuchengetedza muchimiro solidification.

Akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya fibrous insulating zvinhu

Nokuti kugadzirwa zvakadai zvinhu vachishandisa makemikari fibers uye zvinoumba nevanhu. Natural miriwo fibers zviri nesirika, wakaisvonaka, huni remaking mune zvinhu zviri makemikari kupi (internet, jira, makadhibhokisi). Humidity pamusoro insulators akadaro anoda kubva 6-10%.

Organic zvinhu zviri chakaita zvokugadzirwa (zvinhu zvenaironi) ane mwando 3 chete 5%, akadai saturation kuti unyoro uye inorganic fibers (Washington City Offices). Inorganic zvinhu zviri ichazivikanwa noku nekusagona moto panguva yakawanda kudziyisa. Kana zvinhu soka enamels kana lacquers, kuti flammability inowedzerawo. Nerubatsiro nemagetsi zvinhu anobudiswa mune zvaAtemisi zvemagetsi michina uye midziyo yemagetsi.

Leteroid

A dzakaonda faibha anogadzirwa machira ndokukungurusira kuva rugwaro kuti chokufambisa. Richishandiswa sechinhu mashoko mukugadzira ari kuputira gaskets, akaumbwa dielectrics the washers. Paper akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya asbestos uye asbestos bhodhi yakagadzirwa chrysotile asbestos, anotsemura kuva fibers. Asbestos ane kuramba alkaline ezvinhu, asi anotanga ari acid.

Mukugumisa, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokushandiswa zvinhu ano kuti mudziye magetsi upenyu yebasa yekudyidzana ichiwedzerwa. For zvivako Zvivako vanoshandisa zvinhu pamwe ehupfumi vakasarudzwa kuti anobvumira pagadzirwe dzichipfekeka michina mitsva paine unongotaura.