Engineering geology. Engineering uye geological survey

Geology ndiyo sayenzi yenyika. Iyo inomiririra dambudziko rose rezvidzidzo zvezesayenzi uye mashizha emabhizimisi anosangana nekudzidza kwenyika yakakura uye yakawanda kwazvo. Basa re geology rinonyanya kunzwisiswa pakunzwisisa maitiro ekugadzirwa nekuiswa kweMPI (mineral deposits). Nyaya dzakawanda dzedambudziko rakagadziriswa mumagariro ezuva ranhasi, rinoreva kudzika kwechirevo chema 10-15 km, zvichienderana nekudzika kwe geological mucheka munharaunda dzekunyanya kwekare uye yezvino yepamusoro yehutano hune simba hwemigodhi nekutsvaga kwemaminerari.

General concepts

Engineering geology isazi rezvesayenzi uye teknolojia ye geology, iyo inodzidza zvinhu uye nguva dzose dzekubatana pakati pezvakatipoteredza uye zvivako zvehujini. Chinhu chekugadzira geology ndicho chepamusoro-soro uye maitiro ekudengenyeka kwepasi, maitiro ehupenyu hwekuumbwa uye kuitika, morphological, simba uye simba rakasimba maererano neunjiniya uye basa rezvemari revanhu.

Pamwe nezvinetso zvakakosha, inguva yekugadzira geology inopa kuongorora kugadzirwa kwezvisikwa, ivhu remvura uye hutano, hydrogeological conditions, kuparadza kwegadziriro yezve geological, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Nokudaro, nheyo dzeunjiniya geology dzinosanganisira kukosha kwehumwe ruzivo rwakapetwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chokuita nekugadzirisa magwaro, kusanganisira geology yakawanda, mineralogy, geomorphology, hydrogeology, petrography, tectonics, geophysics, nezvimwewo.

Zvinangwa nezvinangwa

Engineering geological surveys chinangwa kuita sarudzo yakazara uye yakazara yeiyo geological zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemabasa evanhu mukuvaka uye mune zvematongerwo enyika, pamwe chete nemasikirwo emasikirwo emagetsi.

Izvo basa guru rejinijini geology, kusanganisira kuongorora geological-tectonic, geomorphological, seismic uye technogenic factors, kuisa pfungwa pakuvandudzika kweunjiniya uye geological justification, izvo zvinotangira kuvakwa kwezvivako zvine chimiro chezvivako zveunyanzvi. Aya ndiwo zvivako zvehurumende uye zvemabhizimisi uye zvivako, migwagwa nemigwagwa, madhesheni, mabhiriji, mabhiriji emhepo, magwande ekunze, pasi pevhu, kushandiswa kwepasi pasi nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

Nokudaro, unyanzvi hwemajini hugadzirirwa kupa vanogadzira, vavaki uye mabasa ekuchengetedza kwezvivako zvehupfumi nezvose zvakakosha pakugadzirisa uye kuvaka, pamwe nekuita mabasa ane chokuita nekushanda kwavo.

Kubva pamigumisiro yeunyanzvi uye basa rekugadzirwa kwegungwa, kugumisa kunogadziriswa pamusana wekutanga wekuvaka zvivako uye zvivako kana kuti kutsanangura nzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzekuiswa kwawo. Mhedziso inofanira kunge ine mazano kune nzira inosarudzwa yekugadzira, zvigadziro zvezvivako maererano nehuwandu hwazvo hwakavimbika uye zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira kurwisa zvinogona kuipa zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemhepo zvinogona kutyisidzira kuchengeteka kwechivakwa kana sarudzo.

Zvikamu zvikuru zvejinijini geology

Kuva chikamu che geology semasayenzi, inguva yekugadzira geology, zvakare, inosanganisira maitiro akazvimiririra ekudzidzira, ayo ayo makuru ari inguva yekugadzira geodynamics, ivhu resaiti uye geological engineering geology.

Mvura yakadzika pasi, sezvinoreva zita racho, isayenzi yebazi rejinijini geology, iyo inokonzera kugadzirwa, kuumbwa uye nzvimbo yevhu, mitemo yekuumbwa kwayo uye kuunganidza, uyewo maitiro ekusiyana kwepakati-nguva nekuda kweshandisi, kuvaka uye mabasa ehupfumi evanhu.

Chinhu chekugadzira geodynamics yakasiyana-siyana yemagariro ezuva ranhasi anove nemigumisiro yakawanda pamamiriro ekugadzirwa uye kushanda kwezvivako zvezvemari zvese. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinosanganisira kudengenyeka kwenyika, kuputika kwemhepo kunobva mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kubvongodza, subsidence, kuputika, nezvimwewo. Kuenderana nekutsvakurudza nekufananidzira, vose vanoshevedza kukurudzirwa kwekuchengetedza nekudzivirira, izvo zvinoshandawo kune zvinetso zvejinijini geodynamics.

Regional engineering geology, semamwe Engineering uye geological surveys, inodzidza zvinhu uye maitiro ekusimbiswa kwezvakakwirira zvakakwirira zvepasi rose zvinoumba izvo zvinonzi lithosphere, maererano nezvino uye yakagadziriswa engineering nehumhizha hwevanhu nekuvaka mabasa. Asi chidzidzo chekugadzira geology geology ndechokuti, nedudziro, geological zvinhu zvekuda kwenharaunda.

Zvisikwa uye zvinogadzirwa nematombo nematombo

Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwemaumbirwo nemabasa ekuvakwa, kuongorora kwepanyama nemagetsi ematombo uye ivhu kunokosha zvikuru, sezvo nhamba yezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvine chokuita nechisarudzo chekugadzirwa kwemaumbirwo, ukuru hwayo, rudzi, uyewo kugadzirisa kwemawandu kunobva pane simba rakarongerwa, kuvimbika uye nekugara kwechikonzero chechivakwa chechinhu Kuvaka uye mabasa akafanana. Panyaya iyi, zvinhu zvemuviri uye zvinogadzirwa nematombo uye ivhu zvinomanikidzirwa kuongororwa pamatanho ose enjiniya uye geological survey.

Zvinyorwa zvemasikirwo ematombo uye denga zvinosanganisira zviyero zvinotevera: granulometric composition, plastiki, mashesi, hunyoro, mashizha, kupisa kwehairi, simba reiaiaal, simba rekuzorodza, petrographic kuumbwa, subsidence, kudzima uye shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, coefficient Ground rejection, deformation modulus, kuvhiringidza leaching, chikwata chePoisson, munyu wechipfuva, coefficient filtration, kunyanya mvura, kunyatswa mvura uye zvimwe zvigadziri zvimwe.

Kuongororwa kweunyanzvi uye geological nzvimbo yematombo uye ivhu zvinogara zvichiendeswa nekutsvakurudza kwemashoko nemakemikari, pamwe nekugadzirisa uye maitiro.

Kuumbwa uye zvikamu zvehujini-tsvakurudzo ye geological

Engineering uye geological survey zvinowanzobatanidza basa rekucherechedza, ingujini geological survey, ingano uye geological yekuongorora, basa rakazara panguva yekuvaka, uye kupedza kwekupedzisira pakapera.

Kuzivikanwa kunowanikwa muongororo yakazara ye geological uye geophysical zvidzidzo kuti aone kuti zvinoita sei zvekuwedzera, basa rakazara. Kana geology yenharaunda yacho yakakwana yakanyatsodzidza apo geological engineering inongororwa inorongwa, basa rinogona kutanga pakarepo neunjiniya geological survey.

Ongororo inoitwa kuti iongorore geomorphological uye hydrogeological features, engineering uye geological nzvimbo yematombo uye ivhu, zviratidzo zvekushanda kwemagariro ehurumende uye kuongorora kwakawanda kwehujini uye geological mumamiriro ezvakaitwa basa rokuvaka.

Kubva pamigumisiro yebasa rekuongorora, kugadzirwa uye kuongororwa uye magwaro ekushanda zvakagadzirirwa.

Zviri mukati mekugadzirwa kweunyanzvi-geological studies

Chinhu chakaoma chekugadzirwa kwemajini uye geological survey, sekutonga, chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvemabasa :

• Preliminary cameral kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakaunganidzwa;
• Kudzidza kwezvinhu zvekudenga zvekuveza;
• Kutsvakira nzira;
• Mabasa emagetsi;
• Kuita zvemigodhi, kubatanidza miti yekuchera;
• Kuedzwa kwematombo uye ivhu mumunda;
• Zvinyorwa zvemvura;
• Stationary research;
• Basa rekurabhura;
• Kuongororwa kwechiitiko chezvivakwa uye zvivako zviri kuvakwa;
• Kuzadza kamera yekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa;
• Kunyora komugumo wekupedzisira nekutaura kwezvinhu zvakajeka, mazano uye kugumisa.

Zvigumisiro zvekupedzisira zveujini uye geological survey

Kupfupisa zvinyorwa izvi, zvinogona kunge zvakakosha kunyora zviitiko zvakananga uye zvinonzwisisika zveunyanzvi nekutsvakurudza kwe geological.

Saka, nokuda kwehuwandu hweunyanzvi uye geological work data, zviyero zvinotevera zvinotarwa uye zvinotumirwa:

• Kutsigira kwemasvingo eheyo yegadziriro kusvika pakuchinja, izvo zvinotungamirira ku "kuputika" kubva pasi pepasi;
• Dhigirii uye nguva yekugadzikana kwematombo uye ivhu munzvimbo yepasi pezvivako uye zvivako;
• Kugadzikana kwematombo uye ivhu mumapuranga emapuranga, masvingo ekuvaka, migwagwa yemugwagwa, embankments, mabheji, migwagwa uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekuvaka;
• Kugadzikana kwemagadzirirwo emagetsi (semuenzaniso, madhamasi) kuveura misara pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemadziya emvura;
• Kufanotaura maitiro emhenderekedzo mushure mekuvakwa kwezvivako;
• Kugadzikana kwenheyo dzezvivakwa uye zvivakwa panguva yekukwira kwemvura pasi;
• Kugadzikana kweunyanzvi uye hupfumi hwezvemari hunovakirwa pahutachiona, munzvimbo dzine njodzi dzinokuvadza, munzvimbo dzekuvandudza karst mitsetse, kudengenyeka kwemvura, kupera kwemvura uye dzimwe njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

Zvinyorwa zvekare

Kwenyanzvi uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa maererano nehutano hunotarisirwa mumutsara (code) yemitemo yekugadzirwa kweongororo yekururamisa purojekiti yekugadzirira matanho vasati vatanga kuvaka, pamwe nekuenderera mberi kweongororo yakaitwa mukugadzirwa nekushanda kwezvivako kusvika pakupera kwavo.

Zvinyorwa zvinorayirirwa zvinorayirirwa zvekugadzirwa kweunyanzvi uye kugadziriswa kwemagariro evanhu zvinosanganisira mazita emitemo yekuvakwa uye mitemo (SNiP) inotungamirira kushanda kwebasa maererano nemitemo yakagadzwa nemitemo yehurumende yekutonga uye yepamutemo.