Mvura yegungwa

Sangano reUnited Resolution rakagadzira Gore reMvura reNyika, iro rinopembererwa mune dzimwe nyika musi waMarch 22. Nezuva rino, mabasa anoitwa ane chinangwa chekuchengetedza uye kukudziridza midziyo yemvura iri muhova, makungwa, mumvura, mumvura, mhepo, makungwa nemakungwa, mune zvisikwa zvepasi pasi nenzira yevhu ivhu, huvhu hwema polar uye mhepo kana mhepo mumhepo. Zvose zvinosanganisira pasi pevhu uye nzvimbo uye zvinogona kushandiswa kana kushandiswa nekuda kwevanhu. Izvo zviyero zvavo (mumvura, gaseous kana kuti yakasimba) pasi pano mamiriyoni 1390 mamiriyoni emamita, uye zvishoma zvishoma kune 3% yezvinhu zvose zvinowanikwa kune zvitsva zvitsva.

Mumakungwa nemakungwa mune mvura yakawanda (inenge 98%) yezvose zvitubu. Kemikari yaro inosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye nguva. Mvura yegungwa ine ions yakawanda yakawanda kupfuura chero rudzi rwemvura yakachena. Uyewo zvakanyanyisa zvakasiyana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoputika mairi. Semuenzaniso, mumakungwa nemakungwa, kune zvikamu zvinokwana 2.8 dzimwe bicarbonates kupfuura munzizi, asi chikamu chavo chemukati nechepamusoro nezvose zvinoputika ions (0.14%) kupfuura mumvura (48%). Izvi zvinokonzerwa nedzimwe nguva dzekugara dzesarudzo. Sodium uye chlorine ions zviri muhurumende yakasvibiswa, apo calcium inotanga se carbonate. Mukutaura kwezvakagadzirwa mumakirogiramu emvura yegungwa, inonyanya kuve ions ndeiyi:

• Chlorine (0.546 mol);
• Sodium (0.469 mol);
• Magnesium (0.0528 mol);
• Sulfate (0.0282 mol);
• Calcium (0.0103 moles);
• Potassium (0.0102 moles).

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvinoratidza marungwa emvura is salinity. Inoyerwa mu ppm (‰) uye yakasiyana nemakungwa nemakungwa. Ivhareji yehutatu ine 35 ‰, iyo ndiyo, mu 1 litre, 35 g yemashizha iri muhurumende yakasvibiswa, kunyanya sterodium chloride. Neyero yega yega salin, kuumbwa kwepakutanga kwemvura kwakafanana:

• Oxygen 85.84%;
• Hydrogen 10.82%;
• Chlorine 1.94%;
• Magnesium 1.1292%;
• Sodium 1.08%;
• Sulfure 0.091%;
• Calcium 0.04%;
• Potassium 0,04%;
• Bromine 0.0067%;
• Carbon 0.0028%.

Mvura yegungwa pamusoro pepasi pa 25C ine usingaverengeki hwehuwandu hwe 1,025 g / cm3 - izvi zvinopfuura zvitsvene, zvine simba pa25C zvakaenzana ne1003 g / cm3. Uwandu hwemhando yehuwandu hune huwandu hune simba hunotarisana zvakananga pamusana wekumunyu uye kutonhora kunopisa. Iyo yakanyanya kupwanyika mararita, iyo yakakura zvikuru. Icho chiri pasi kudenga kwemahombekombe emvura, iyo yakakura zvikuru. Kupisa pahupamhi hwepamusoro kupfuura 3.52C yegungwa uye pamwe 3.98C yekuchenesa. Asi izvi zvakawanda hazviparadzanisi kubva kune zvisikwa chete, asiwo zvinoenderana nekudzika kwavanoita. Pakudzika kwakadzika, uwandu hunogona kusvika kuhuwandu hwe 1,050 g / cm3 uye kunyange hupamhi. Kuchinja kwehutano uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwakanyatsotarisana nehuwandu hunokosha hwepH, hunosiyana mukati me7,5-8.4 (mashizha haisi zvinyorwa zvishoma) uye hunokonzerwa nehupenyu hwei ion yakanyungudutswa uye inongororwa. Iyo pH yepamusoro yakakwirira kudarika pakadzika. Iyo isina kutakura uye isina simba acidic inogona kunge iri nzvimbo yakatsvaira nzvimbo. Ipamusoro-pf pf value (iyo yakadzika pasi yehydrogen ions) inogara ichionekwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.

Nzvimbo inotonhora yemvura yegungwa inoderera nehuwandu hunoita (kunyanya kweyeta yakanyungudutswa). Nenguva yakawanda salinini, inosunungura pachitonho chiri pedyo kusvika kune 2C. Muna 2010, kupisa kwakanyanya kudarika mumvura iri pasi peAntarctic glacier kwakanyorwa munhoroondo, apo yakayerwa kudarika 2.6C. Kune dzimwe humwe hunoita hunoratidza musiyano pakati pezvinhu, pamwe nekusiyana kwavo zvichienderana nemamwe maparamende. Semuenzaniso, kumhanya kwezwi pa 0С. Inopfuura nharaunda yegungwa mumushure wechipiri 1450 m, uye kuburikidza nechenesheni - 1407 m. Mvura yegungwa pa25C ine simba rinoshandiswa ne 9.02 mPO. Kana iri yakasvibirira yakachena, ichi chimiro chekushisa kwakafanana chinokwana 8.09 millipoise.

Mvura yegungwa haisati yashandiswa kunwa nekuda kwehuwandu hwemaminiti emunyu. Paunenge uchishandisa, iwe unoda kunwa mvura yakachena yakawanda kuti uwane wose munyu kubva mumuviri nawo. Nokudaro, mvura chete yakachena inopedzwa, iyo inenge isingapfuuri 0.001 g / cm3 yemunyu inopedzwa. Nemhaka yekushaiwa kwayo, mashizha akavakwa uye nzira dzakashandiswa dzinoshandiswa kuderedza huwandu hwemaswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusviba, distillation, electrolysis, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, kupatsanurwa (hydrodynamic separation). Somuenzaniso, muKazakhstan, guta reAktau (rainzi kare Shevchenko) rakavakwa muna 1972 uye nyika yakasikwa yenyika yenyu chete yealtyalination yakashanda kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu.