Veniamin Alexandrovich Kaverin: biography, urongwa hwemabhuku uye chokwadi chinonakidza

Makore 87 ehupenyu hwemurume uyu ave ane nguva yakazara. Akaumbwa mumitambo yemabhuku ezvinyorwa, akaedza kuratidza mumabhuku ake ma heroes emhando itsva yakaberekerwa mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu emuporofita. Pahurukuro yake huru, zvizvarwa zvakasiyana siyana zvakakwidzwa, zvichibvisa kubva kwaari zvisingaregi kurongeka, asi chokwadi chezvinangwa zvehukama, kusasimba mukuzadzisa chinangwa uye hutsika hwepamusoro, iyo iyo Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin iye pachake akatamba akatendeka mumakore akawanda ezvinyorwa uye muupenyu.

"Ndinofunga kuti ndaiva mukomana anokwanisa ..."

Akanga ari mwana muduku pane vose mumhuri huru yeimba yemutambo Alexander Abramovich Zilber, uyo akashanda muOmsk Infantry Regiment. Veniamin Alexandrovich Kaverin akazvarwa mugore ra 1902, apo mhuri huru yakagara muPhkov kwemakore anopfuura mashanu. Vose vatanhatu vevana vaZilberov vakanga vane zvipo, vachisvika pashure pechigaro chepamusoro kwete kwete mumimhanzi chete, asiwo mune sayenzi. Nokudaro, Alexander akazova muimbi akakurumbira uye mutungamiri, uyo akazotora pseudonym Ruchiev, Elena - musicologist, Lev - muvambi wesayenzi yose yechikoro cheSoviet medical virology.

Vana vaKapellmeister Zilber ndivo vainyanya kukonzera kuve kwehutano hwezvakagadziriswa uye zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu hwomunguva yemberi amai vavo, Anna Grigorievna. Akanga ari pianist, akapedza kudzidza kuMoscow Conservatory, uyo aiva nedzidzo yakanaka uye yakareba, izvo zvaiita kuti imba yake ive nzvimbo yakakurumbira yekukurukurirana pakati pevechidiki vechidiki vePeckov yepurovhinzi. Zviri pachena kuti yakanga iri pasi pesimba rayo kuti munyori weramangwana akakurumidza kupinda mukuverenga.

Munyori anofarira - Stevenson

Akazova mucheki wezvokwadi wechokwadi, achiwana zvakawanda mabhuku ezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana: nhau dzeAndersen naPerrot, mabhuku aDickens naVictor Hugo, mabasa eRussia classics, mavhidhiyo ezvinyorwa zveFenimore Cooper naEmar, nhau yaSherlock Holmes uye mabhuku ane mabhuku pamusoro pevakororo vakanaka nevashambadzi. Sezvo Veniamin Alexandrovich Kaverin akazoyeuka, akanyanya kuda Robert Stephenson, uyo akarovererwa nekwaniso yekuwana kufunga kunze kwekutsvaga, kuburikidza "nesimba rekubatana kwemashoko anounza chishamiso cheunyanzvi."

Mukuwedzera kune amai vakanyatsocherechedza kukura kwevana, mukoma mukuru Leo aiva simba rakakura kumukomana. Shamwari uye waunodzidza naye weLobert - Yury Tynyanov - akazonyora mukurumbira wezvinyorwa uye munyori, munyori we "Second Lieutenant Kizhe", "Kyukhli" uye "Rufu rweWazir Mukhtar" akava murume ane simba guru pakuumbwa kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemunyori weramangwana uye akaita kuti ave nechido chaicho chemabhuku. . Tynianov kwenguva yakareba akava shamwari yechokwadi yeKaverin. Zvinonakidza kuti akazoroora hanzvadzi yaLeo naVeni-Elena, naBenjamin Alexandrovich Kaverin iye pachake akazoroorwa nehanzvadzi yaLydia Nikolaevna Tynyanov.

Vadzidzi vake

Panguva yekudzidza kwake muSpkov chikoro chegurogiramu chegurogiramu, iyo yaakapedza makore matanhatu, dambudziko rega reKaverin raiva masvomhu. Kubva pane nguva yekuita gymnasium, ave achiedza kunyora nhetembo, iyo yakanga iri panguva iyoyo yakawanda yevarume varume vechidiki vane pfungwa dzekubatsira.

Kaverin's childhood yakaguma muna 1918 mushure mekutorwa kwaPaskov nemauto eGermany, uye akapedza chikoro chesekondari kuMoscow. Ikoko anopinda yunivhesiti. Ipapo anotamira kune guru-Petrograd. Iko, kuburikidza naTynoanov, anosvika kune vakawanda vanozivikanwa nevanyori - V. Shklovsky, E. Schwartz, Vs. Ivanov, etc. Kaverin hope dzekudzidza mabhuku, kunyanya versification. Veniamin Alexandrovich, uyo mazita ake akazopedzisira ave muenzaniso wekusabatsirana mubhuku reRussia, akagamuchira zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvakanyanya munzira. Wakaipa kwazvo maererano nezvisikwa zvake zvekunyora akaratidzwa naOsip Mandelstam: "Kubva zvakadai sauri, nhetembo dzinofanira kudzivirirwa!".

Nhetembo dzakanga dzapera, uye Kaverin anosarudza kuzvipira kune sayenzi. Anoenda kuEastphalian Yunivhesiti yePetrograd uye panguva imwe chete nebazi reArabhu reInited of Living Oriental Languages.

Chiitiko chekutanga chemuwandisi wenhoroondo

Uye zvakadaro kukunda kuda kwekunyora Kaverin kwakanga kusina kugadziriswa. Rimwe zuva mushure mekuongororwa, vakazvipira kune dzidziso yaLobachevsky, akaona mufananidzo pamusoro pekunyoresa magwaro akaitwa neThe House of Writers. Maminitsi gumi, iyo yakatora mugwagwa kuenda kumba, Kaverin akazodana vakafirwa, vakatsunga zvinhu zvikuru zvehupenyu hwake. Anosarudza kutenderera kuprose uye anofungisisa nyaya yake, iyo yaachazoita nayo mumakwikwi.

Chokutanga chiitiko cheKaverin pasi pechinyorwa chinoti "The Eleventh Axiom" chakapiwa mubayiro wechitatu chete. Nhamba yebrule 3000 yakanga yakwana chete toffee matanhatu chete-saka mari yakaderedzwa muna 1920, asi yaiva yekutanga mari yekunyora, munyori wake wokutanga kubudirira. Kaverin always remembered him. Veniamin Alexandrovich - biography, urongwa hwemabhuku akabudiswa munyika yose, hwaive huchapupu hwehupamhi hwekushanda kwebasa rake netarenda - kusvika pakuguma kwemazuva aakarangarira aya matanhatu toffee.

"Serapion Brothers"

Musi waFebruary 1, 1921, musangano wokutanga wechitenderedzwa chinyorwa, chakanzi "Serapion Brothers", chakaitwa. Vakawanda ve "sympathizers" uye vanhu vakaita semafungiro vakazobatanidzwa mumisangano, asi mhando yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa ndeyekusingaperi: Lev Luntz, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Ilya Gruzdev, Nikolai Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Konstantin Fedin. Kaverin akava mumwe wevanhu vakasingaperi vesangano. Veniamin Alexandrovich, uyo mabasa ake panguva iyoyo akatanga kuonekwa nguva dzose mumutsara, achishingaira kupinda mumisangano. Akaramba akatendeka kune "ukama" uye nheyo dzekusika dzakaparidzwa naye, kusvikira kumugumo - Kaverin uye hafu yezana remakore gare gare yakaratidza kutanga kwe "Serapion Chronology" - February 1 - sezororo rinokosha zvikuru.

Uye aya maitiro akanga asingatauriki zvachose. Zita iro rakakweretwa nababa vanovamba vendenderedzwa kubva pakusanganiswa kwezvinyorwa zvishomanana zveErnest Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, yekare yeGermany Romanticism, vakataura nezvepoliticalness yakakwana. Iyi kereke inotaura nezvevanhu vanonyora magwaro anonzi mushure mekunge muKristu wechihedheni akaparara uye achinetseka Serapion, uye kuzivisa kwehutano hwebasa rekunyora sechinhu chikuru chebasa renyora, pasina kufunga nezvemaonero enyika uye maonero ezvematongerwe enyika omunyori, zvaive zvichitsamwisa mugore rechitatu reSoviet power.

Nguva Youtsinye

Nenguva isipi, naivety yemafungiro avo akanaka akajekesa kune "hama" ivo pachavo. Kusiyana kwepfungwa pakati pavo kwakatanga kuonekwa zvakajeka. "Westernizers" - Mwenje, Kaverin, Slonimsky - kuisa pamusoro pezvakaitwa uye mapoka ezvidzidzo, "mapapiro okumabvazuva" - M. Zoshchenko, Vs. Ivanov - aida kurondedzera hupenyu pamwe nekushandiswa kwemitambo. Kusiyana kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa pakutanga pakutanga hazvina kudzivirira kuchengetedzwa kwekugadzira uye hukama hwehukama, asi pasi pematambudziko ane simba ekutsoropodzwa kwepamutemo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu, yakawawo.

Nguva yakaparadzira "hama" pamativi akasiyana, zvichiita vamwe vanopesana nevadzidzisi. Mwenje muna 1924 zvinoshungurudza pakutanga zvakapfuura; Ivanov, Slonimsky, Nikitini akatanga kushingairira kuimba zvipembenene zvekumanikidzirwa kwekuchinja; Tikhonov naFidin vakazotora nzvimbo dzekutungamira muUnited States Union Union, vachinyatsotarisana nemutambo wepakati, vasingatauri kana kupesana. Apo, shure kwegore ra1946, Zoshchenko akawana pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakasimba kwemiviri yemafungiro, mumwe chete we "Serapion Brothers" akamutsigira uye akachengetedza ushamwari hwakanaka naye-Veniamin Kaverin. Akazopedzisira aputsa ukama naFidin, apo muna 1968 haana kubvumira kushandiswa kwe "Cancer Corps" Solzhenitsyn.

Vashandi Vanesimba uye Kuvimbika kuMitemo

Mu "Serapion" nguva iyo muvambi wezvinyorwa zveproletarian Maxim Gorky akataura kuti mumwe wevanyori vane tarenda vese vechidiki ndiVeniamin Alexandrovich Kaverin. "Vatungamiri vaviri" (1940-1945) - nhau iyo zita romunyori wacho pakutanga-rakashorwa kuti raifarira Stalin zvikuru, uye akabvumira kupiwa kwa Kaverin muna 1946 kuenda kuStalin Prize, mushure mekubudiswa kwechipiri bhuku pamusoro pezviitiko zveSani Grigoriev. Kuzivikanwa kwakanyanya kwaifadzwa ne "Kuitwa kweZviso" (1935-1936) uye "The Open Book" (1953-1956). Munguva yehondo, Kaverin akashanda nesimba muNorthern Fleet, iyo yaakagamuchira Mutemo weRed Star.

Zvichida izvi zvose zvakabatsira Kaverin kuti arege kuzvidzora, zvakadai seavo vakatambura nemukoma wake mukuru Leo, vazhinji vekudzidza kwake mumunda we virology wakaitwa mumisasa. Tsamba kuna Stalin achikumbira kusunungurwa yakasimbiswa naKaverin. Kutsoropodzwa kwepamutemo kwakaramba kuchirwisana nemunyori, achipomerwa mabhuku ake eupolitical uye anofadza.

Pasinei neizvi, munyori haana kutengesa zvaakatenda. Akatora mubhuku reAlmanac "Literary Moscow" (1956), rakarambidzwa nevakuru vakuru vemapato. Kaverin akaregerera kupinda mukutambudzwa kwaBelis Pasternak muna 1958, akanyora tsamba mukudzivirira Dhanieri naSinyavsky, vakarwira kubudiswa kwemabhuku aMak Bulgakov naA. Solzhenitsyn.

Nhaka yemunyori uye munhu

Zvichida, zvaive zviri nyore kune zviremera zvepamutemo kuti vamuone semunyori wekambani asina kunyanya kukanganisa mukufungisisa kwevanhu uye pfungwa dzevamwe vevadzidzi. Asi pfungwa iyi haigone kutaridzika yakavimbika, inopa ivhu uye huwandu hwakanyorwa naKaverin.

"Vatungamiri vaviri" chete munguva yehupenyu hwomunyori yakanyorwa zvakare kanopfuura ka70, ivo ne "The Open Book" vakadzokororwa zvakare. Vanhu vanoverenga vanoziva zvinhu zvakadai se "The Scandal, kana The Evenings on the Vasilievsky Island" (1928), "Unknown Friend" (1957), "The Seven Pairs of the Unclean" (1962), "The Double Portrait" (1963), "O. Senkovsky (Baron Brambeus) "(1929, 1964)," Pamberi peMirairo "(1972), nezvimwewo.

Iye ndiye munyori wezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvevana. Imwe nzira yakasara yakasara nemashoko ake, kunyanya mubhuku rinonzi "Epilogue" (1979-1989), pamusoro pekushandura kwaakashanda kusvikira nguva yekupedzisira, kusvika pakuenda kwake, kwakaitika muna Mei 1989. Asi kunyange aya mabhuku haagoni kutaura zvose pamusoro pehupenyu hweVeniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. Chimiro chechokwadi chemunyori uyu uye murume chakachengetwa muchiyeuchidzo uye mhemberero dzevanhu vemazuva makumi mashure mushure memakumi emakore, uye chiyero chetarenda yake, sevanyori vezvinyorwa uye vaverengi vanoverengeka vakacherechedza, inofanira kuongororwa zvechokwadi.