Fingerprinting - DNA vafambi iri ...

Zvisinei murume achasiya mucherechedzo wake chero zvinoitika: ganda masero, bvudzi, mate. Uye masero ari Epiderme e nguva dzose, kunyange munguva diki zvakawanda, kusunungura chakavanzika: ziya uye girisi. Panguva mari yavo, uye pane zveminwe vose sei nyaya. muenzaniso wavo nemamwe kuti mumwe munhu. Saka itai apo fingerprinting, uye nei izvozvo zvinogona kubatsira?

Chaizvoizvo

Fingerprinting - a nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza papillary vanodhirowa, kureva, nembariro avo pamusoro ganda kuti munhu wose ari nyore dzavo. Uyezve, vanonzi muitiro yokuzikanwa ane anodhinda mitsara izvi. Chokwadi vakasiyana nevamwe mumwe munhu uye dziri yose, chii munhu hanya. Ndokusaka chiri nzira yakanakisisa zvitupa, asi nyore uye inobudirira kushandiswa pose.

Zvaiitika

Pakutanga, pfungwa fingerprinting sechinhu trasologii chikamu vakakokwa kuti Argentine chiremba F. Lattsinoy muna 1894. Tisati yakashandiswa haisi zvachose akakodzera okuti "iknafalangometriya". Zvino fingerprinting unyanzvi uye kushandisa kwavo forensic sayenzi huri kuwedzera. Scientific kururamiswa nokuti akapa yakakurumbira Chirungu aiongorora Francis Galton, uye kufunga kwake kunokudziridzwa uye kutanga kuisa zvikuru muupenyu Juan Vucetich. Akatanga kupatsanura pakati rinodhindira, uye gare gare - rinokosha fingapurindi kunyoresa wemuTesitamende dzimwe nyika South America. Saka akaita kuti zviitike kuziva vanhu pekufa papillary vanodhirowa - mumwe inokosha zvishandiso kwemhosva ano.

Zvakaoma kutaura izvo zviri kutaurwa masayendisiti akapa mukuru zvakasimbisa sayenzi iyi, sezvo fingerprinting. Ndiyo nyaya kunowanzokonzera yakawanda makakatanwa nokuti Galton akaratidza vanhu kuti fingapurindi machisi zvakasiyana kuti mathematically zvisingabviri, uye Vucetich zvakakomba akwanise ari kuziva dambudziko pachayo. Ungangove Chokwadi, zvange zvikuru ndiye wemishonga kubudirira izvi.

DNA vafambi

Kana pasi dzose kunzwisisa fingerprinting, chii rinoshandiswa pano? Zviri pachena kuti kuongorora DNA. Zviri kuzoti akatunhidzwa uye chaiwo chiridzwa. Kana kwakajairika fingerprinting anogona kushivirira vamwe kukanganisa, kukanganisa ari anenge zvachose nokuti DNA mumwe munhu akasiyana nevamwe. genotyping nzira yakazokudziridzwa muna 1984 neboka vaongorori rinotungamirirwa Alex Dzheffresa. Akava nomukurumbira nokuti yaishandiswa zvimwe chazezesa mhosva, uyewo nezvenyaya nhabvu mutambi OJ. Simpson muna 1995.

chidobi

Ichi chiratidzo nzira rwakakwaniswa kuburikidza rinokosha maumbirwo DNA kwevanhu. Chokwadi kuti vanenge 95% of mamorekuru asiri Coding, i.e. musatakura kuvabereki mashoko, asi ane yokudzokorora. urongwa, izvo zvinogona kuparadzira kure nomumwe kana kuva pedyo. Zviri mukupera mhosva, dzinonzi satellites. Kuwanda repetitions mavari kunogona zvakasiyana chaizvo, uye kana ukawana yakasiyana vanhu, hazvina anosimbiswa kuenzana.

Pane namasumbu umo nhamba sequences iri dikisa - dzinonzi Mini-satellites. Uye pane imwe nzvimbo iri DNA mumwe munhu ane zvivako akadaro vaviri, mumwe kubva mubereki mumwe. DNA vafambi chinhu kuongorora izvi Mini-satellites. Kubudikidza zvichibvira pamwe yakakwana zvakarurama kuziva munhu, raiva pamberi DNA. Nhasi, chidobi ichi kuridza chete basa sezvo kamwe zveminwe. Asi kana rapfuura tsotsi vanokwanisa kupukuta chenjedzo, usabva chero zvisaririra ake agare panyama, kureva, tudonhwe ganda, ropa, nemate, bvudzi, uye zvichingodaro. E., Chinenge hazviiti.

kunyatsoita

DNA vafambi kwakasiyana chaizvo mukuru kuvimbwa, ndiko kuti, pasi zvimwe zvinodiwa akawanda pakuongororwa vakawana mumarabhoritari dzakasiyana havasi zvakasiyana. On dzimwe mitemo nevanhu zvose izvi mhando kutsvakurudza zvino chete kushandira.

Kana zvakarurama, ivo ndingangokuvara masanga of vakaongorora DNA zvidimbu kubva kuvanhu vakasiyana pane kunyora nezvavo. Zvinonzi mikana kwayo yakakwirira kana tiri kutaura pamusoro dzepedyo, migumisiro dzavo zvichava zvakafanana chero zvazvingava. Uyezve, kururama genotyping ane chinokosha kukanganisa kunaka zvinhu. Zviri chimwe chinhu - zvakaitika fingerprinting, kuti rinofanira kuongororwa nokuzvidira, uye ndeimwewo - kuedza kwavo DNA kubva donhwe reropa yakaomeswa kana mate.

ano chikumbiro

Panova zvakawanda ezvinhu umo hwakadaro muitiro kuti kubatsira. Chokutanga, zviri kwemhosva. fungira mhosva inogona akaratidza Somuenzaniso, kana masero ganda zvinowanikwa pasi nzara rechipfuwo, DNA enzanirana naro. For forensic DNA vafambi - chaiyo kuwana, kubatsira kuona nezvezvisikwa akakuvadza.

A vemamwe ezvinhu anoda kugadzira DNA-Profiles, gakava iri pamusoro ubaba uye nhaka. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, miedzo izvi vava nevakawanda kwazvo uye iripo.

Uyezve, genotyping rinoshandiswa vanodzidza nezvavanhu kuti kuronda nhoroondo uye ukama-siyana avanhu. Nokuongorora DNA kwevanhu ano vakaitwa dzinonakidza matongo uye zvekungofungira.

Pakupedzisira, nzira iyi rinoshandiswa mhuka dzokupfuya kuzosimbisa kuchena rudzi kana richiona kuti majini kusiyana.

Kupi uye sei kuita?

Fingerprinting enda nyore. Zviri nyore chaizvo uye zvachose nyarara muitiro. Chokutanga minwe yakafukidzwa dhayi inokosha, uye zvino kuti rinodhindira papepa. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzakawanda masangano nayo kudzidzisa kombiyuta Ongororo pamusoro papillary mapatani - zvinoita here kubvisa matambudziko, zvichiteverwa digitization.

Kubva 2015 narwo nzira iyi kunodikanwa pakuburitswa muna rokuRussia itsva chizvarwa pasipoti. Uyezve, kana kushandisa Somuenzaniso, imwe vhiza British, munofanirawo kuti zvigunwe. Asi iwe unogona kuzviita nokuzvidira - chete kuenda pedyo bazi Federal Kutama Service.

Kana paine mubvunzo pamusoro nenzvimbo apo DNA fingerprinting, pane nzira unyanzvi zvokurapa masangano. Sezvo rutapudzo rebvunzo mutengo nokuparadzirwa inodiwa ayo Kuziva michina yakadaro masangano ari kukura. Zviri Somuenzaniso, rakamirira Molecular genetics, apo zvinogona kuwanikwa mukati vanoshanda vhiki yose 10-20 zviuru rubles, uye Research Institute Kurapwa genetics, apo kuongorora achaita mari pamusoro zvakaenzana. The acho Kazhinji ropa kana buccal epithelium (zodzera, iyo inotorwa mukati pamatama). Zviri pachena kuti nzira iyi kuri chisingakuvadzi uye kushanda nyarara.

zvetsika nyaya

A zvinoverengeka magweta vanodavira kuti kusikwa nehurongwa dzine munhu fingapurindi kana majini zvinhu kwete chete matsotsi asiwo vanhuwo vanoteerera mutemo, zvinopesana inokosha dzevanhu, iri nyaya kumanikidza kuzosangana maitirwo ezvinhu izvi. Vakawanda hanya chinhu zvinobvira yokumbozorora-mune imwe chete Database, izvo zvaizoita kunotoreva kunze komutemo kuwana zvakavanzika mashoko, sezvo DNA vafambi - iri DNA pasipoti chaizvoizvo, uye mashoko akadaro haafaniri kungova pachena soumambo.

Uyezve, kuunganidza uye kugara updating ane Database yakadaro - semafaro zvinodhura chaizvo, uye mari zviri pachena kuwira pamafudzi mitero. Sezvo dzakawanda uye Russian tsika, zvine musoro kuti tizvidzore denderedzwa vanhu uyo fingerprinting vachatongerwa rokumanikidzirwa vechiuto, Vezvemitemo, vashandi vehurumende, uye, chokwadi, mhosva kana kushumira ane administrative kusungwa. Nokuti vamwe nzira pakati fingerprinting kana chokuendesa magene zvinhu zvinofanira kunyatsoteerera yokuzvidira.