Heat Injini: kutenderera, basa kunyatsoshanda. zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri chafariz michina. Chii - dzakanakira kupisa injini?

Kudiwa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvokuimba simba mukurima zvakakonzera kwaita chafariz michina.

The chairema nokupisa injini

Heat Injini (kupisa injini), - zano nokuti rokutendeutsa womukati simba kupinda zvokuimba simba.

Chero kupisa Injini ane hita, ari kushanda Urume (gasi kana mhute), izvo anoita basa kubudikidza kudziyisa (zvichiguma vachishandisa kutenderera turbine mugodhi, ari pisitoni inofamba, uye zvichingodaro) uye firiji. The mufananidzo pazasi inoratidza dhayagiramu kupisa injini.

Basics Nhambwe kupisa injini

Mumwe kupisa injini inoshanda nokuda injini. Kuti vaite basa aifanira pamusoro kana kurutivi injini pisitoni kana turbine mashizha akanga dzvinyiriro musiyano. Musiyano uyu kunoitwa munyika yose kupisa injini sezvinotevera: riri kushanda tembiricha Urume ichiwedzerwa nemazana kana zviuru rworwendo zvichienzaniswa ambient tembiricha. In gasi turbines uye munyika combustion injini (chando) ndiko kuwedzera kupisa nokuti chokuti mafuta nokupiswa mukati muinjini. Firiji anogona kuita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kana chinokosha chinangwa mudziyo nokuda kutonhora uye condensing kuti vakapedza chiutsi.

Carnot kutenderera

Kutenderera (cyclic mutoo) - kutaridza gasi ezvinhu kuchinja, zvichiguma zviri vakadzokera pakutanga (anogona kuita basa). Muna 1824, mumwe yefizikisi French Sadi Karno kuratidzwa kuti kunobatsira kuti kupisa injini kutenderera (the Carnot kutenderera), iyo ine pezvakaitwa maviri - the isothermal uye adiabatic. The mufananidzo pazasi inoratidza girafu of Carnot kutenderera: 1-2 uye 3-4 - isotherm, 2-3 uye 4-1 - adiabatic.

Maererano nomurayiro kuchengetedza simba basa kupisa injini iyo anoita injini ndiko:

A = Q ₁ - Q _2,

₁ apo Q - yakawanda kupisa riri akagamuchira kubva hita, uye ₂ Q - chitsama kupisa kuti aderedzwa mufiriji.
Kunyatsoshanda ndiyo nhamba kupisa injini kushanda A iyo anoita injini kusvika kwazvo kupisa iro akawana kubva hita:

η = A / Q = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1.

In "Pfungwa iri vavariro simba remoto uye michina kuti anogona kuva simba rino" (1824) akarondedzera Carnot kupisa injini pasi zita "yakanaka kupisa injini ine yakanaka gasi, chinova kushanda muviri." Nokuda mitemo wethermodynamics anogona ngaaverenge kunyatsoshanda (kufadza zvichibvira) kupisa injini hita ine tembiricha T _1, uye firiji ane tembiricha T _2. Carnot kupisa injini kunyatsoshanda ndiko:

η _Max = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Sadi Karno akaratidza kuti munhu aida chafariz muchina chaiyo, iyo inoshanda pamwe hita ane tembiricha T ₁ uye condenser ari tembiricha T ₂ haasi kukwanisa kuva kunyatsoshanda iro kusapfuudza kunyatsoshanda kupisa injini (yakanaka).

Internal injini (Ice)

Four-Kurohwa rekambani injini unotora mumwe kana kupfuura sepombi, mumwe pisitoni, mumwe crank mashandiro, kudya uye pedza mavharuvhu, chimvari.

The uchishandisa kutenderera ine kurohwa zvina:

1) unomwa - combustible muvhenganiswa ichipfuura vharuvhu kupinda humburumbira;
2) Compression - vose mavharuvhu akavhara;
3) Kurohwa - the putika combustion ari combustible musanganiswa;
4) chiutsi - kusunungura chiutsi magasi mumhepo.

hwemvura turbine

The hwemvura turbine simba kutendeuka kunoitika nokuda musiyano mvura mhute nemiedzo panguva Inlet uye nzira yokubudisa.
Simba ano hwemvura turbines vanosvika 1,300 MW.

Vamwe hwokugadzira parameters ari hwemvura turbine 1,200 MW

• Mhute kumanikidzwa (yakachena) - 23.5 MPa.
• Steam tembiricha - 540 ° C.
• Steam kuyerera turbine - 3600 m / h.
• Rotor havukavu - 3000 Zvak / min.
• The mhute nevezera ari condenser - 3.6 kPa.
• turbine Length - 47,9 m.
• Misa turbine - 1900 m.

Thermal muchina ine imwe mhepo compressor, combustor uye gasi turbine. Mashandiro: adiabatically mhepo iri vakanwa kupinda compressor, saka tembiricha kwayo vanomutsirwa 200 ° C kana kupfuura. Next, compressed mhepo anopinda combustion kamuri apo mukuru kumanikidzwa panguva kusvitsa mvura mafuta - eparafini photogen mafuta mafuta. Munguva combustion dzedenga chinotsva neshungu kuti tembiricha kuti 1500-2000 ° C, izvozvo anowedzera uye anowedzera velocity kwayo. Mhepo runoita panguva kumhanya, uye combustion zvigadzirwa tinotungamirirwa kupinda turbine. Mushure kuchinja kubva pachikuva kuti Danho combustion turbine mashizha kupa zvayo kinetic simba. Part simba kwakaitwa turbine ndiye compressor kutenderera; dzasara wapera pamusoro jenareta rotor, rotor ndege kana mudziyo zvomumvura, motokari vhiri.

The gasi turbine inogona kushandiswa, kunze rotational ndege uye motokari mavhiri kana propellers muchikepe, sezvo jeti injini. Air uye combustion magasi vari vabudiswa panguva kumhanya kubva gasi turbine, saka ndege huru iyo unovapo iyi muitiro ringashandiswa kutama ndege (ndege) uye mvura (chikepe) zvikepe, njanji zvifambiso. Somuenzaniso, turboprop injini vane ndege AN-24, AN-124 ( "Ruslan"), Ru-225 ( "Dream"). Nokudaro, "Kurota" pane imwe ndege kumhanya 700-850 km / h anokwanisa kutakura matani 250 nhumbi pamusoro chinhambwe anenge 15,000 makiromita. Ndicho chikuru chokufambisa ndege munyika.

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri chafariz michina

Great kukanganisa okunze ari mumhepo ezvinhu, kunyanya pamberi carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura mhute. Saka, kuchinja carbon dioxide inobvisa kugutsikana kunotungamirira kuwedzera kana kudzikisa inokudza chaizvoizvo, umo, carbon dioxide absorbs zvimwe kupisa kuti anoratidza muvhu nzvimbo, sokunonoka mumhepo kunowedzera uye nokudaro pemvura tembiricha ezasi mhepo. Chiitiko of girinihausi maturo chinoita inokosha basa okunze zvigadziriswe. In yayo asipo, avhareji tembiricha iri nyika haana +15 ° C uye kudzika pedyo 30-40 ° C.

munyika mava mhando vanopfuura mamiriyoni 300-siyana nemotokari, izvo akasika kupfuura hafu zvose mhepo yakasviba.

Over 1 gore mumhepo kubva chafariz simba kubva combustion peturu iri dzinounzwa matani mamiriyoni 150 rwesarufa oxides, matani mamiriyoni 50 kuti senitrogen oxide, matani nemadota mamiriyoni 50, mamiriyoni 200 matani carbon monoxide, matani mamiriyoni 3 Feona.

The anoumba chadenga chinosanganisira ozone, izvo kunodzivirira upenyu hwose panyika kubva kukuvadza kunoita ultraviolet mwaranzi. . Muna 1982, John Farman, ari wokuBritain, yakawanikwa pamusoro Antarctica ozone mugomba - kwekanguva rutapudzo pamusoro ozone tigutsikane mumhepo. At yepamusoro pakati ozone mugomba 7 October 1987 uwandu ozone mairi shoma muna 2 nguva. Ozone buri zvimwe zvakabva anthropogenic zvinhu, kusanganisira kushandiswa muna indasitiri pamusoro kuiisa chlorine tubhokisi freons (CFC), izvo kuparadza ozone rukoko. Zvisinei, muna 1990 kudzidza. kwete yasimbiswa maonero ichi. Ungangove, kwakabva kwaita kuti ozone mugomba hakusi akarondedzera mabasa evanhu, uye chinhu dzinongoitika muitiro. Muna 1992, kuti ozone gomba rakanga rakawanikwa pamusoro kweArctic.

Kana kuunganidza zvose mumhepo ozone rukoko Mupasi pevhu uye thicken nayo arambe achirema mhepo pa mumhepo kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha of 0 ° C, ipapo ozone nhovo ukobvu ndiyo 2-3 chete mm! Ndicho nhovo yose.

A zvishoma nhoroondo ...

• July 1769. In Paris Meudon Park nemauto injiniya Nzmold Kyunyo kuti "moto ngoro", iro akashongedzerwa ane mbiri-humburumbira hwemvura injini, aiendesa vemakumi mashoma mamita.
• 1885. Karl Benz, mumwe injiniya German, akavaka vokutanga mana mavhiri peturu motokari Motorwagen simba 0.66 KW, izvo 29 January 1886 vakawana bvumidzwa. Machine nokukurumidza yakanga 15-18 km / h.
• 1891. Gottlieb Daimler, mumwe zvinhu yokuGermany, kugadzirwa trolley kudzinga simba 2,9 KW (4 horsepowers) mumotokari. The kunonyanyisa kumhanya motokari rinosvika 10 km / h, tinokwanisa ari akasiyana mienzaniso iri kubva 2 kusvika 5 matani.
• 1899. EBelgian K. Zhenattsi mumotokari yake, "Jamet Contant" ( "haaguti") kokutanga vakayambuka 100-kiromita mutsetse nokukurumidza.

Mienzaniso matambudziko

Problem 1. The tembiricha yacho hita yakanaka kupisa injini akaenzana 2000 K, uye firiji tembiricha - 100 ° C. Kuziva kunyatsoshanda.

mhinduro:
The yemaitiro kuti anosarudza kuti kunyatsoshanda ane kupisa injini (kunonyanyisa):

N = T ₁ T ₂ / T _1.
N = (2000K - 373K) / 2000 K = 0,81.

A: injini kunyatsoshanda - 81%.

Problem 2. Kupisa Injini 200 KJ nokupisa yakanga yaunganidzwa combustion peturu, uye kune unotonhorera 120 KJ kupisa. Chii kunyatsoshanda kuti injini?

mhinduro:
The yemaitiro nokuti Pakusarudza kunyatsoshanda ndiko chimiro:

N = Q1 - Q2 / Q1.
N = (2 × 10 ⁵ J - 1,2 x 10 ⁵ J) / 2 x 10 ⁵ J = 0,4.

A: The chafariz kunyatsoshanda the injini - 40%.

Problem 3. kunyatsoshanda kupisa injini, kana kushanda mvura kubva hita mushure mekugamuchira uwandu kupisa 1,6 MJ akaita oparesheni 400 KJ? Chii uwandu kupisa hwakatamisirwa mufiriji?

mhinduro:
Kunyatsoshanda inogona pakutsvaga nzira

N = A / Q _1.

N = 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J / 1,6 · 10 ⁶ J = 0.25.

Transmitted firiji kupisa uwandu inogona pakutsvaga nzira

Q ₁ - A = Q _2.
Q ₂ = 1,6 · 10 ⁶ J - 0,4 · 10 ⁶ J = 1,2 · 10 ⁶ J.
A: Kupisa Injini ane kunyatsoshanda 25%; kwazvo kupisa zvaitambidzwa mufiriji - 1,2 · 10 ⁶ J.