History of Civil Defence. Civil Kutsigira USSR: nhoroondo yokusika

Kana ukanyatsoongorora pfupi munhoroondo yevanhu, somuenzaniso, chete pamakore okupedzisira zviuru zvishanu, zvinova pachena kuti imwe runyararo nyika akatonga uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. emakore dzinenge nhatu.

Zvinotyisa kuti upenyu hwevanhu

Zviuru gumi vakapona hondo kwevanhu, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo akafa kushinga kwete chete (kana kwete) masoja, asi vanhuwo zvavo vane kumbobvira akabata chombo mumaoko evana, vakadzi uye vakwegura. Uyezve, nzufu aya zvikurukuru asingashumbi, kunze Muzviitiko mazvokuda kwevanhu. Kunze kwehondo, pakanga kudengenyeka kwepasi, mafashamo, zvirwere, vakawanda nzara matambudziko uye dzimwe zvomunyama. Zvadaro, sezvo pave nesayenzi, engineering zvigadzirwa, zviri dzoro uye njodzi nevanhu.

Pamwe chete, njodzi zvikonzero nokuti nguva kwakauraya bhiriyoni 3.5 hwevanhu. Pashure kuonekwa zvombo zvinoparadza (pakutanga namakemikari chete), zvakava pachena kuti budiriro iri zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo uchifamba munzira yakaratidzwa Thomas Malthus, zvinobudirira pakudzivirira nyika kubva overpopulation kubudikidza kwataisvika.

nyika imwe neimwe kunoita kuti kudzivirira vanhu vayo pashamwari zvinoita, uye ichi ndicho kwayo chikuru chaitika. Muna 1932 vakatanga nhoroondo kukura yevagari kudzivirira yokumusha kwedu. mamiriro uyu akagadzirirwa kurerutsa zvakaipira kurwiswa noutsinye nyika pamusoro USSR.

Mugari, iwe chepfu!

Dzidziso nokudzivirirwa pakuona kwemakemikari zvombo inoitwa kusvikira 1932. Mumwe wavo, akabatsira kunzvenga pevhu shoroma, chinorondedzerwa yake yakakurumbira rinonzi "The Golden Mhuru" Writers I. Ilf uye Petrov. muvengi fungidzira Soviet Union panguva iyoyo vose capitalist nyika, ane zvimwe makemikari zvombo zvenyukireya, saka vanopfeka masiki vakadzidza nokukurumidza vose, kubva kuvana kuvanhu vakwegura, uye wekuvamba navo nenzira dzakasiyana, kunyange mhuka. Munguva thirties, ari zvokunze kutyisidzira concretized, anowanikwa kongiri chimiro mukutarisana nevaNazi. Nhoroondo yevagari kudzivirirwa yakatanga kuna October 4, 1932, apo vaNazi muGermany akanga achigere kuuya simba. Zvaiva pachena kuti huru ngozi rehurumende yevagari dzinomirira Air Force weuto muvengi, izvo, chokwadi, iri chiitiko vehondo vachaitwa anobhomba guta. The hondo muna Spain, iro rakatanga makore mana gare gare, akasimbisa kutya izvi.

Pre MoEHE chikwata

Civil Defense mabasa mumakore okutanga parutivi mitumbi, akadana vepo mhepo kudzivirira (MoEHE). Mashandiro anoita sangano, inozviisa pasi vanhu Commissariat Kudzivirira, yaisanganisira kukura uye Implementation zviyero zvakagadzirirwa kuderedza kukuvadzwa ne Air Force of muvengi ari chiitiko rehondo. Anopa mairi vashandi uye michina zviwanikwa, mamiriro ichi chaiva azivise voruzhinji pamusoro mhepo kunopamba, kuti ape mumwe shure, kupa yakachengeteka Pakanaka, kubvisa migumisiro kudenha ndege muvengi uye vanobatsira vakatambudzwa. The nhengo simba guru (SNK), zvaiva pachena kuti chete hondo muchiuto mabasa izvi hazvigoni kuitwa, uye kana utsinye zvikaitika, Red Army achava mumwe chinangwa chikuru - kukundwa nomuvengi. Kwerunyararo maindasitiri uye upfumi zvinogona uye kuponesa upenyu reSoviet vanhu vanofanira kuva nenyika chikonzero. Saka, maererano yevagari kudzivirira kwaiva kushandisa zvose anokwana zviyero zvechiuto MoEHE, akaisa kuna District Command of Red Army uye vakazvipira dzakabatana. Panguva emakambani zvakagadzirwa zvikwata kuchengetedza zvinhu nechimwe zhilupravlenii vakavhura kuzvidzivirira boka vayo.

The kuzviisa pasi pamusoro NKVD

The zvakawanda kunzwisisa international mamiriro, zvikuru nokungwarira vakatakura Civil Defense Organization. Mamiriyoni Vagari eSoviet dzaibatanidzwa chivako, nokuti mumwe chikuru kugadzirwa chikwata kana vagari mazana mashanu reruwa iri mumaguta kana mumaruwa zvawanikwa vazvipiri 15. Vaidzidzisa unyanzvi ose anodiwa, airspace zvokuongorora okurapwa, uyewo nomazvo sangano dzinochengeterwa uye runyararo.

Just sei kukosha mubvunzo chaiva Soviet utungamiriri Civil Defense Organization, anotaura kunonyatsopupurira chokwadi chokuti State MoEHE kubva 1940 omurume Vanhu-simba vose Commissariat pamusoro Internal Affairs of USSR. Zvinoitwa bato uye hurumende wabereka results. Pakazosvika 1941, zvebhizimisi ose kana purazi Soviet Union, maguta uye kunzvimbo vane chaiyo urongwa yevagari kudzivirira, maererano izvo kana hondo aifanira kuita. Pane dzakawanda sevhiriyeni muviri. Created dzakawanda mabasa yakagadzirwa vachishanda pamwe zviremera kupa dzokurapa kubatsira vakakuvadzwa, ishande chokufambisa, zvokutengeserana uye zvokudya chavagari, kukurukurirana uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

Nokukurumidza, unyanzvi izvi kupinda batsira ...

hondo

Sezvo June 1941 mberi yakaitwa kwete chete pane kutungamirira mucheto. Rear kubata vanoedza nepavanogona napo kupa Red Army zvose zvaunoda. murayiro German ainzwisisa kukosha nomumwe fekitari, chirimwa chimwe nechimwe kuti Kutsigira USSR. Uye anotumira dzechikwata Ndege, achitsvaka konzera zvikuru kukuvara kugadzirwa.

Nhoroondo vehurumende kudzivirira muHondo Yenyika II anokodzerwa imwevo kudzidza senzira rakasiyana mukana vanounganidzira munzanga masimba ose kudzivirira nyika yavo. Incendiary mabhomba pedzimba ukadzimwa nevanhu vemazera ose, pamwe kudzima magetsi, somuenzaniso vakatevera ose mugari weimba, uye zviitiko kutya vaiva apo neapo, kunyange pazvakanga mazuva. varwi MoEHE aigona kudzivirira zvinopfuura 30.000 tsaona nenjodzi National upfumi emakambani, kuti neutralize mazana ezviuru mabhomba, kudzima moto 90 zviuru, zviuru makumi matatu pakudengenyeka mhepo vachirwisa. Izvi nokuedza, yakaenzana vakawanda heroism, akaita mupiro inokosha zvavo kukunda. Civil Kutsigira USSR akaratidza mukuru chaitwa, akakodzera ichichiyemura.

The post-hondo yevagari kudzivirira

zvombo zvenyukireya akazviratidza muna 1945. Zvino pakarepo rakaiswa. The Soviet Union haina kugadzirira nokutyisidzirwa itsva uye haana kuva zvakafanira kuwanda dzinochengeterwa kuti angakudzivisai pakuputika yenyukireya. upfumi munyika yakanga iri kutarisana nematambudziko zvakakomba chokuita kuzoita kuti maindasitiri aikwanisa hwokurima uye pashure matambudziko anokonzerwa kurwisana uye basa hombe chikamu ndima. Zvisinei, chinetso itsva aita mhinduro. History of Civil Defence makore pashure pehondo akaramba tsika hwakasimbiswa 30s.

Chinonyanya rokukurumidzira dambudziko iri kudzivirira yevagari kwakatanga pakati XX remakore, pashure pakuwedzera kuwanda pakukurukura nemotokari. zvombo zvenyukireya vava kukwanisa kutakura kwete chete Ndege, asi zvombo, vose pasi nemabhuku uye famba. History of Civil Defence iri USSR pamutemo inotanga muna 1961, zvakanga ipapo kuti basa akagamuchira zita iri pachinzvimbo MoEHE. Rename yaiva zvikuru zvakakodzera nokuda pakuwedzera pamazita mamiriro mabasa. Nyaya "FAMBA" anodzidziswa muzvikoro chesekondari uye anokosha, zvikoro vadzidzi kuwana zivo zvakafanira mukirasi kuti NVP (zvinhu zvechiuto). Muna 70-ies kuumbwa Mobile dzakabatana kuita mabasa kudzivirira vanhu. In Balashikha anovhura chikoro chinodzidzisa sevhiriyeni vatariri.

Civil Defense muUnited States

Munguva vamakumi mashanu, sayenzi wedu akaita nokukurumidza budiriro, mberi dzimwe nyika, avo vaiona pachavo advance yemazuva ano. Izvi runoratidzwa kwete chete muchadenga nebudiriro USSR, asiwo mupomerwi nzvimbo. The Soviet Air Force akazviratidza ndege uye turboprop Tu-95 Tu-16, akakwanisa kusvika kure kwazvo vanonangwa panguva kumhanya. Asi chombo chakaipa kupfuura akanga intercontinental ballistic zvombo, uye utungamiriri Soviet iri nyaya kuvakwa panguva haana pasi kupokana. America akarasikirwa kwayo transatlantic chinomuwana pamusoro nhurikidzwa dzakawanda uye mumapurazi loomed ari specter ane "howa" zvenyukireya. History of United States Civil Defence akatanga chaiyo iri mashanu, uye nokukurumidza awana munyika hunhu. The nyika yakakamurwa kupinda mumatunhu gumi, mumwe nomumwe aine vanoverengeka inoti. Above taundi sirens okuzvidzivirira kudzidzisa, kudzidza nokukurumidza kuvanda pasi desks dzavo okutizira pokuvanda. Paiva indasitiri yose, iyo inobereka silos akashongedzerwa nokutsigira upenyu enyika nokuda vakundi zvose. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa chido "nevamwe" American kuti vanoshingaira kudzidza kubva Soviet ruzivo, zvose kwesangano uye michina. Panguva yacho Cuban chombo dambudziko nhamba dzinochengeterwa muUnited States kupfuura kuti muna USSR, kana hondo, kuti aponese vanhu ikoko aigona kuva, asi matambudziko anokonzerwa Ranwa yenyukireya, achiri zvachose isingagamuchiriki.

Israel

Hapana wechipiri munyika, iyo yaizova nhoroondo saka kunoshamisa of Civil Defence. Muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa nemashoko maviri: "kuponesa zvose". Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi hazvirevi nguva dzose kushanda, asi kupfuurira kurwisa pazuva mundima State waIsiraeri zvombo "Scud" uye kwakajairika zvombo "Grad" uye vakawanda nemagandanga mabasa anogona kukonzera yakakura dzinoverengeka vanhuwo zvavo, kana asina inobudirira matanho zvainanga zvavo kudzivirirwa. Kunyatsoshanda GO basa achabvumira Gurukota Civil Defence muna 2012, kunyange mashoko pamusoro Zvinofungidzirwa nhamba yevanhu pakati nevanhu vari chiitiko renguva pamwero hondo pamwe Iran uye Hamas panguva imwe chete. Maererano naye, nhamba vakafa haapfuuri vanhu mazana mashanu. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Matan Vilnai mashoko tichiwedzeredza zvinoita Ushumiri dzinotungamirirwa naye, asi kuti kwokudzivirira rehurumende vakawanda muIsraeri rinorongwa zvakanaka, pachena. Muchiitiko chino, hapana munyika kuMiddle East haadi apikise kushandiswa Soviet ruzivo pakatangwa yose rehurumende kwezvivako.

In nevanhu Russia

Nhoroondo Russian yevagari kudzivirira rakatanga muna 1991, panguva imwe chete pakasikwa zvechechi, hurumende uye kuchengeteka mauto itsva wehurumende. GO Management vakapinda aumba State Committee kunjodzi uye kubviswa Migumisiro Dzinongoitika Dzoga (EMERCOM), makore matatu gare gare tinoshandurirwa Bazi Emergency Zvinozivikanwa (mês). Civil kudzivirira wava chikamu mabasa akatumirwa chacho. Avo akasiyana-siyana vakadzokera.

Kunosanganisira zvikurukuru kubata zvezvakatipoteredza dzoga dzoga uye nevanhu uye tsaona uye mufambiro navreno (nechimbichimbi kununura uye kupora kushandiswa). Uyewo, Moe ari kugadzirira mafashamo kana kusvibiswa kuti nokutumwa specialized munzvimbo nemapoka, utsanana vanhu, midziyo, zvivako uye zvivako, pyrotechnic mabasa, urongwa matanho tizai kubva munyika dzine ngozi nenharaunda, kudzorerwa anetseke kukurukurirana (migwagwa, dzendege, simba mitsetse uye kukurukurirana uye zvichingodaro pamusoro. ). Kune dzimwe zviyero yevagari kudzivirira. mabasa avo, kana zvakakodzera, Bazi Kunoda Kukurumidzirwa anoita pamwechete vezvikwata zviri Armed Forces of Russian Federation.

Muna September 2011 rakasvika Presidential Mutemo, maererano izvo Bazi Defence akarayira kusikwa emauto anokosha dzakabatana kubatsira vanhu vari nenjodzi munzvimbo.

Pari, Bazi Emergency Zvinozivikanwa ane sangano simba panguva yeUnited vanochiva ine panguva yayo achigona kupfuura ano michina. Technical rutsigiro ndiye siyana, ushumiri hune kunyange yayo ndege, vanopfuura makumi mashanu ndege, kusanganisira helicopters, pane diki uye makuru ndege vakagadzirira ukabvisa pamwero mukuru dondo moto uye zvinobhururuka zvipatara.

Mumakondinendi ose uye kumba

Nhoroondo kuchangobva pamusoro Civil Kutsigira Russia kunoramba achiudza pamwe mapeji mbiri. Rescuers nenyanzvi ishande kwete chete mukati nyika asiwo kwose. Emergency Zvinozivikanwa Ministry ndege akanunura rubatsiro kune siyana kumatunhu panyika. Kununura akagadzirira mitoro kukanganiswa nokudengenyeka kwenyika, madutu, mafashamo, uye dzimwe dzinongoitika dzoga. rubatsiro runokosha akanga yakabva vanunuri uye vaya vakatambura kubva kushandiswa zvechiuto. Pashure zvinotyisa "Katrina" dutu kwakaita dambudziko muna 2005, nhoroondo Civil Defence akawana mutsva akasiyana chokwadi. Kokutanga munhoroondo vanunuri Russian akaita munharaunda United States, rubatsiro yevagari. Zvokuyamura zvakakumikidzwa kuna US uye kana aitambudza "Sandy" (2012), uye panguva dutu kuti akarova Oklahoma (2013).

Zvechokwadi, dzimwe nyika vanogona kuverenga pamusoro vanunuri Russian. Asi chikuru pokutanga dzedu vehurumende kudzivirira gadziriro - kudzivirira upenyu uye utano vomuUmambo zvaro. Pakati akavhiyiwa kunze mumakore okupedzisira maviri emakore, zvinokwanisika kuti uchatamisa uye zviito muBosnia, muChechnya, uye kushanda chokubvisa denda vokuTuva, uye pakurwisa ugandanga muMoscow uye mamwe maguta. Uye pakanga pane ikatsva uye moto Ostankino uye Karmadon Gorge, uye kuputika muna pevhu. Uye mafashamo Krymsk uye kuFar East. Mazana vanachiremba yakapedza nemigumisiro njodzi panguva Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric simba yeredhiyo 2009. Nhasi, zvokuyamura convoys achienda Luhansk uye Donetsk kumatunhu.

All akaoma yokuverenga. Uye kwose kwose pamberi - kununura vakuru, vadyi venhaka kubwinya MoEHE uye vehurumende kudzivirira nemauto.