History of kuwanikwa pakukudza mano. The mudziyo magnification

sei unonyatsovaziva rinokudza namano? 5 kirasi chesekondari - nguva ino, patakatanga kusangana navo. At zvidzidzo vana kudzidza zvikuru inokosha mudziyo wavo uye creators. Unoda kudzamisa zivo yavo kwavari? Kana zvimwe uri kugadzirira chidzidzo "Magnifiers" (Grade 5)? Chero zvazvingava, tine chekutaura kwauri.

yekare gogorosi

History yakawanikwa magnification kunotanga kure kare. Kusvikira tasvika hombe paneeli-convex izvo - mumwe mukuru. dhayamita Its - 55 mm uye ainyanya kukoshesa kureba - vanenge 150 mm. Rakaitwa nedombo sekristaro nokuda 2,5 zviuru. BC. e. It chakawanikwa 1890 Pavaichera pamusoro Schliemann kuna Troy. Anenge 600-400 makore. BC. e. Takatanga kubereka girazi lenses. Vakanga akawanikwa Sagoni (Mesopotamia ichi). In Sweden, miviri izvo dhayamita 5 masendimita yakawanikwa 1877, ndiyo convex kumativi ose. Rinoreva gore 500 BC. e. Munogona kuenda uye pandandanda mukuru lenses, izvo vanotsvakurudza vakaona. History of Kuwanikwa magnification ane zvakawanda chokwadi. Pasinei neizvi, pamusoro sei aishandiswa mumazuva iwayo, tinogona chete zvokufungidzira.

The mupiro Roger Bacon

Modern Nyanzvi kuzivana kurondedzera kwazvo pakati lenses zvakaitwa Roger Bacon, mumongi of Franciscan kurongeka (Makore oupenyu -. 1214-1294 gg). Akanga kudzidza Oxford University uye akava nomukurumbira somunhu akakurumbira anofunga uye nyanzvi. Gogorosi, maererano nebasa rake, akashandisa vakurise mufananidzo. Shanduro chaenga mabasa zvinoreva kuti Bacon akakwanisa zvakarurama kutsanangura Zvakaitwa izvo, waimira sezvo neizvi telephoto izvo (ndiko kurondedzera kutarisana rimwe chezvinonhuwira nomutopota).

Kukosha Galileo Galilei

History of kuwanikwa pakukudza mano hazvifungiki pasina zita iroro wacho. Anenge makore 300 pashure pokufa Bacon, Galileo Galilei, yakakurumbira musayendisiti wokuItaly akasika yakafanana chubhu. Zvakanga matatu, uye vaviri-chikamu. Munenge "Vezera" mumwe teresikopu chinhu maikorosikopu. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti chikwereti chacho chitarisiko kuGarirea. Galileo yaisunda teresikopu uye akaona kuti zvinhu zviduku zvakadai zvinogona kuva kuwedzera akanaka. D. Viviani inosimbisa kuti maikorosikopu akanga afunga Galileo. Viviani, panzira, vakanyora Biography of Italian musayendisiti.

Chimwe chiitiko chinokosha sayenzi nyaya zvakawanikwa magnification yakanga paakavapa muna 1625. Panguva iyoyo Faber, nhengo Roman Academy, rokuti "maikorosikopu" pachinhu nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Galileo.

We akasika Drebel uye Alkmar, budiriro Torah uye Hooke

History of kuwanikwa maikorosikopu kuramba kushanda uye K. Drebelya Alkmara. Izvi Dutch masayendisiti akagadzira zano kuti raiva vaviri convex lenses. With chifananidzo ichi chinhu, iyo yainzi pasi pake, zvakanzi akapa zvachose pasi. Izvi remubatanidzwa maikorosikopu, wakange nemhosva mbiri kana paneeli eyepiece uye lenticular izvo kunoonekwa sechinhu aizotangira remubatanidzwa nemaikorosikopu Kwapera nguva (mumwe wavo akapa pazasi ari mufananidzo).

Italian Torah kumativi 1660 yakabereka idenderedzwa rinokudza girazi regirazi nechando madonhwe. History of kuwanikwa maikorosikopu hazvifungiki pasina zita iroro, sezvo kubudikidza Italian magnifier kukudza zvinhu vanobvumidzwa mune nehafu chiuru nguva.

Uri kutaura chinhu chimwe zita - Robert guk? musayendisiti ichi British akaita mupiro mukuru kuwanikwa rokukudza mano. Robert guk nani kwavari zvokuti zvava chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha munhoroondo optics. Scheme Hooke maikorosikopu photos kunoratidzwa pazasi.

Nemhaka kuvamba ichi, muna 1665, Robert akakwanisa kuona sero rokutanga riri chikamu chivhariso. Saka, unokosha hwokugadzira zvinoreva kuti kuwana sayenzi akadai zvipenyu. Rinokudza mano akaramba kuvandudza Leeuwenhoek. Uye nezvazvo.

Leeuwenhoek vake nokubudirira

rakakura nhoroondo magnification akasuma A. V. Levenguk, mumwe Dutchman vaigara muguta akafanana Delft. Makore ake upenyu - 1632-1723 gg. Iye pasina yakagadzirwa uye yakashandiswa muna nyore maikorosikopu zvidzidzo (rimwe yokutevedzera mano izvi zvinoratidzwa pazasi) kuti anogona ngazviwedzerwe kusvika nguva mazana matatu.

It Leeuwenhoek aiva tsanangudzo nemaziso zvinenge (kusanganisira utachiona uye unicellular) chokutanga, yakavakirwa zvezvavakacherechedza. Muna 1698, Peter I, Russian chamber, aibhadhara kushanya yakakurumbira aiongorora. Petro akanga panguva iyoyo muNetherlands uye anozivikanwa kuti kufarira zvose zvitsva. Nokuti Kunstkammer, anovhura muSt Petersburg, akatenga kunzwisisa uye iri nyore nemaikorosikopu wandei. Uye pave paya, pashure pakuvhurwa Academy of Sciences, vakanga akaiswa pana dzinoshandiswa sangano.

Mabasa masayendisiti Russian kubva Academy of Sciences

Chidzidzo "Magnifiers" kunofanira kusanganisira nyaya nokubudirira mune optics vamiriri nyika yedu. Kuvimbisa masayendisiti Russian ane basa rinotungamirirwa MV Lomonosov, akatanga kushandiswa chaivo tsvakurudzo waakatenga Peter I nemaikorosikopu. Zvino vakatora Zvinoshingaira nani yavo.

Kuvhura magnification akaramba muna 1747. Panguva iyoyo Euler, nhengo Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg (Makore oupenyu -. 1707-1783 gg), zvinganaka kushandisa maikorosikopu achromatic izvo. Chinokosha basa musayendisiti ichi mumunda geometrical optics - "Dioptrics". Inoitwa mavhoriyamu matatu, iyo dzakabudiswa muna 1769-1771 gg. The maikorosikopu itsva achromatic, yakabudiswa muna 1802, pashure basa rakabudiswa Elinusa (uyewo nhengo Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg).

Akadaro maikorosikopu panguva iyoyo akanga akakwana zvokuti masayendisiti kunyange kubvumira pfungwa kuti raigona kunatsiridzwa. Izvi zvakawanikwa yakanetsa panguva. The mudziyo magnification Elinusa akanga sezvinotevera. Vakanga inopiwa lenses nhanhatu, zvaigoneka kuwedzera kuchinja zvakanaka achinja chinhambwe kubva chinhu kusvika mufananidzo. Zviri munyika yedu akaberekwa, uye akava chaiyoiyo inokosha yesayenzi pfungwa achromatic maikorosikopu chete shanduka magnification. Zvisinei, ichi chirongwa zvimwe zviitiko asina kubatwa. Zvisinei, kushandura kuwedzera mudziyo ane mudende kureba murau, yakanga inokosha yokuti akaita rakakura nhoroondo kukura kwezvinhu Manyiminya mano. Nhasi ari mumwe nemaikorosikopu akasika Elinusom, unogona kuonekwa panguva Polytechnic Museum muMoscow, raiva pamberi Institute of History, Natural Sciences uye Technology. The Photo pazasi inoratidza rinokudza mano enzvimbo remakore rechi18.

Humwe kuvandudzika pakati nemaikorosikopu

I. G. Tideman, mumwe chiremba wemaziso German kubva muguta Stuttgart, mukuvamba remakore rechi19 vakatanga kuti kusikwa maviri achromatic maikorosikopu. Dorpat University (zvino Tartu zita) vakamupa mari kuti vaite basa. Muna 1808 zvakanzi wakabudiswa namano izvi.

Muna 1807, rimwe gore pamberi pakasikwa achromatic maikorosikopu, Van Dale Dutch chiremba wemaziso, rakabudiswa basa rake. Yakanga rondedzero pamasikiro achromatic maikorosikopu, akasikwa kubudikidza naye. Western dzekare European vanodavira kuti wokutanga Chishandiso kwakadaro unhu dzinogutsa yave vakasikwa ichi musayendisiti maikorosikopu. Zvisinei, zviri muzvinhu zvose akaderera kuvaka Elinusom. Zviya, achromatic nemaikorosikopu J. Fraunhofer, yakabudiswa muna 1811, mamwe kukwana kugadzira kunyange, kana iwe enzanisa navo nemaikorosikopu Elinusa.

nemaikorosikopu Russian muzana remakore rechi19

Muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19, rinokudza mano kare kubudiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda panyika. MuRussia, kugadzirwa yavo zvisinei kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi18,, zvikanyarara pakutanga remakore rechi19. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kumativi 1820 imwe kumbonyanya yepamusoro nemaikorosikopu pave musangano kuti mukugadzira pamusoro optics, riri paYunivhesiti Kazan. Zvisinei, achiri asina kumboona nokukurumidza kuvandudzika maindasitiri kuRussia, sezvo hurumende iyoyo akatenda kuti yakanaka nezvechisarudzo iri kutenga rinokudza mano kunze.

Mipiro optics uye Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (Makore oupenyu -. 1786-1863 gg) - akakurumbira Italian musayendisiti chiremba wemaziso, muongorori wenyeredzi uye nyanzvi. Makore akawanda hwake chose kuti kukura microscopy. Muna 1827 Amici pachake akagadzira uye akaita achromatic izvo waiva aperture pamusoro 0.60 uye yakanaka aberration kururamiswa. Izvi musayendisiti chete muna 1844 akatanga kuona ari kushanda aqueous uye mafuta rwaiva. Pamusana kwavari, kwakatangwa izvo ane nhamba aperture pamusoro 1.30 uye mumvura.

nemaikorosikopu Abbe

Mano namafuta kunyudza ane aperture pamusoro 1.50 (izvo anoshandiswa nhasi) chakatangwa kuburikidza nebasa naErnst Abbe, mumwe optics eGermany. Iye akazogadzira sine wave mutemo, iyo yakanga yakapedza chaanoziva kuchengetwa duku Linear minda. E. Abbe akaramba kutanga dzidziso yacho kuri magnification. Iye akajekesa nyaya uye kugadzirisa simba namano izvi. Abbe aiva mutungamiri anoshanda kuumba akatevedzana yepamusoro achromatic maikorosikopu. Vakazosvika kusanganiswa aperture pamusoro 1.50. Zviridzwa izvi kunge nekanzuru kambani Jena "Karl Zeiss" (1872). Chete boka achitungamirirwa E. Abbe akaita 8 Apo. Uye muna 1888, vashandi vayo zvave apo waiva aperture kuti 1.60 uye akanga monobromnaftalinovuyu kunyudza.

Recent Kubudirira mune optics

Masayendisiti Russian D. S. Rozhdestvensky uye L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst yakatanga dzidziso muzvinyorwa ake. An chinokosha chakanakira Krisimasi yakanga kuti akatanga pfungwa nekaupenyu incoherent chiedza. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" mushandi wekambani, kwakasimbiswa uye akagamuchira bvumidzwa rinokosha chiedza mudziyo wakashandiswa maikorosikopu. Zvisinei, kusvikira nhasi kukurumidza dambudziko Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri reshiyo kusarudza pakati kuchinjaniswa lenses uye okuvimba enyika. Domestic nemaikorosikopu nhasi savakadzingiswa pamusoro hwokugadzira magadzirirwo uye Manyiminya parameters ari mudziyo, vakasikwa akakurumbira nemakambani kunze.

Saka, tine akapfupikisa nhoroondo kwakatangira nemaikorosikopu ano. Kukudziridza chidzidzo "Magnifiers" (class 5), unogona kushandisa mashoko ari munyaya.