Science History nokuti mavambo, inotungamirwa, budiriro

Statistics, nhoroondo iyo ichakurukurwa nesu nhasi - iri sainzi, ine kare. Rine nemidzi yawo kare. Statistical tsika akazviratidza nokuda paumbwe hurumende. Kuti nokuti akasimuka, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti mashoko panyika, nhamba yevanhu vanogara maari, pamusoro dzavo dzemari, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Zvino raiva muunganidzwa uye Kuongororwa nhamba zvinobatanidzwa. Nhoroondo chidzoke uye kukura kwayo akurukurwa munyaya zvinoshanda vose nyika mudzimba nesayenzi. Ngatitange nezvavatorwa, uye ipapo ita Russian nenhamba tsananguro.

A Brief History of Development of Statistics

Just chiuru mashoma apfuura, zvinyorwa nyika uye vakawanda, uyewo siyana mashoko nezvake rakaitirwa muIjipiti yekare, Rome uye China. Kubvira kare vakatanga kuunganidza mashoko chokuita munda uyu ruzivo, sezvo nhamba. Nhoroondo yacho kukura, saka kugamuchira Millennium. Panguva imwe nguva gare gare, Data akatanga kupatsanurwa uye vakaongorora, uye kwete kuzosangana, kureva, paiva chidzoke nhamba somunhu sainzi.

The chikoro enyika svomhu, uye vaviri mirayiridzo nhamba mubasa ravo

political svomhu mu England School anomiririrwa havaoni akadai D. Graunt (Makore oupenyu - 1620-1674), E. Halley, uyo akararama kubva 1656 kusvika 1742, W. Petty (1623-1687). Maitiro maviri vangazivikanwa namabasa nyanzvi idzi. Wokutanga wavo - wevanotungamirira (Halley uye Graunt) kuva kutsvetera kune nyaya chokuita inishuwarenzi. Chechipiri mirayiridzo - Statistical uye zvoupfumi, uko kunomiririrwa W. Petty. D. Graunt ndiye akatanga kuona mitemo kuti zviripo vakawanda mananara vanhu. Akaratidza sei kuongorora uye dzinoona zvikuru zvinhu. Graunt akaita kuedza kutanga kusika tafura huno.

Chirungu zvomuchadenga E. Halley (asian wake akauya pamusoro) akataura kuti mutemo vazhinji. Akashandisawo nzira yokuparadza zvarakasiya (asingashumbi). B. Petty - musayendisiti uyo akaita nhamba nemabasa zvinokosha nesayenzi kuti zvave nhoroondo Statistical kukura. Mumabasa aya akatsvaka kuongorora chaizvo ichi kana kuti Chiitiko, kunyange kana paine kushayikwa kusanganiswa mashoko.

Masayendisiti kushanda mumunda enyika svomhu, vakaedza kurondedzera dziwande mamiriro kwenzanga uye ayo kukura, kunzwisisa mifananidzo siyana mananara mairi, anoonekwa ari vakawanda zvinhu. Zvinangwa uye zvinangwa vanotevedza, pedyo kunzwisisa mamiriro nesayenzi akadai nhamba. Nhoroondo yacho pakuzadzisa kunoratidzwa zviitiko itsva. We mberi kuongororwa yavo.

Statistical uye akarongeka mirayiridzo

Muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19, mumwe mirayiridzo wechitatu - Statistical uye akarongeka. Scientist A. Quetelet (Makore oupenyu - 1796-1874, mufananidzo wataurwa pamusoro apa) akaita mupiro chaiwo ayo budiriro. Statistics akadana evanhu wefizikisi, kureva, sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mitemo nzanga nokushandiswa quantitative nzira. Ketle dzatinogona pfungwa kwokushandisa mapatani vakawana kubva vakawanda nguva sechinhu chinokosha chokushandisa izvo munhu anogona kuziva ane chinangwa chaichoicho.

Pakuzadzisa of West Stats

Statistics History kwose remakore rechi19 rave vaisanganisa nemazita matsva uye zvayakawana. F. Galton (Makore oupenyu - 1822-1911) uye K. Pirsons, uyo akararama kubva 1857 kusvika 1936 - British masayendisiti vakaita rakakura pakuzadzisa munda uyu zivo. Wokutanga vavo zvakakomba akagadzirisa dambudziko yedzinza. Galton (asian ake anopiwa pamusoro) akanga nokukurumidza kureva ayo Kuongororwa nzira nhamba, zvaakapiwa nemigumisiro yakanaka.

R. Fisher (Makore oupenyu - 1890-1962) ndiyo yakanakisisa kuvazivisa nyanzvi Western munzvimbo kufarira remakore rechi20. Akashanda kwemakore 50. ongororo dzakawanda Fisher chinokosha nezvainoita pakuzadzisa munda uyu zivo, sezvo nhamba.

History of Ancient Rus Statistics

Kana nyika yedu, kuRussia, kunyange 10-12 emakore, mashoko ikaunganidzwa chokuita mitero. Panguva kuchinja Peter I dzakatambura zvinenge zvose zvatinoita vanhu. Izvi zvaida boka mashoko yakarurama Statistical chokuita yokunyoresa mafekitari zvinomera, zviyo mitengo, uwandu maguta uye kwevanhu avo, bhuku yokumwe wezvokutengeserana uye nevamwe.

anorondedzera chikoro

In nyika yedu, imwe rairatidza kuitika iri kukura nokukurumidza, uye nokuda kwaizvozvi vakaumba nhoroondo nhamba muRussia. Vamiririri pakukura rairatidza chikoro - masayendisiti akadai MV Lomonosov (Makore oupenyu - 1711-1765), Ik Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. German (1767-1838), uyewo VN . Tatischev (asian ake anopiwa pamusoro), aigara nguva kubva 1686 kusvika 1750.

Shanda Kirillov - mumwe wokutanga yedu nyika zveupfumi uye nenzvimbo Rondedzero akapa systemically. Nhau dzairamba pakukura nhamba chokuita nezita musayendisiti sezvo Tatishchev, uyo akaita mupiro mukuru munda uyu ruzivo. Akatanga hwakadzama chirongwa unokubvumira kuwana mashoko zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti muunganidzwa mamiriro nzvimbo ine rondedzero yacho zvoupfumi zvizere.

Mupiro University mu Statistics

Nhoroondo pokumuka nhamba munyika yedu dzinongoita chokuita nezita musayendisiti mukuru Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. Muna 1755 akanyora bhuku rinonzi "The shoko rumbidzo kuna Kesari Peter Mukuru." It vakafunga chinozoiswa nguva pfupi asati Petro odhita. Mikhail akabata mune zvaakanyora zvinoverengeka nyaya vakasonganira mari, vanogara, zviwanikwa, uye vamwe.

Improvement nezvenzira rokugadzirira uye muongororo Data kurondedzera vakawanda, jogirafi uye upfumi neHurumende kutengeserana, kurima, zvekufambisa, bhizimisi uye nevamwe. Kukurukurwa rinokosha makodzero University. chirongwa ichi yakazokudziridzwa yokutanga V. N. Tatischev. Rakanga rakagadzirirwa "Russian Atlas". Maererano nechirongwa ichi, mumaruwa, uye maguta akanga akatumirwa anokosha siyana bvunzo. Kwenguva refu zvinhu akasvika chikoro. Vanokwanisa ribude pashure pokufa Mikhail Vasilyevich.

Pokumuka nhamba muRussia muzana remakore rechi19

Nhoroondo nesayenzi Nhamba munyika yedu aizivikanwa anoverengeka kubudirira muzana remakore rechi19. A nhamba mikuru mabasa pamusoro dzidziso munda uyu ruzivo, akazviratidza pakutanga ichi remakore. K. F. German mubhuku rake rinonzi vanoda "The Universal dzidziso Statistics" akataura dzinokosha mirayiridzo, izvo zvaizobatsira sainzi ichi. Chinhu chikuru basa munhoroondo kukura mubereko kwatiri zivo indasitiri ndohwaJehovha mabasa K. I. Arseneva (Makore oupenyu - 1789-1856). Nyanzvi iyi vaitenda kuti Statistical sayenzi inogona kutsanangura zvakakwana zvinhu rehurumende.

Scientist D. P. Zhuravskomu, aigara nguva kubva 1810 kusvika 1856, imwe kubudirira inokosha - mashoko nheyo Nhamba wegadziriro yokungotaura. Akazarura musimboti kuti Qualitative uye quantitative pachisara dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa somunhu.

A maitiro chepfungwa vamiririri zvedzidzo chikoro sayenzi chinokunakidza isu akanga chavo chido kuitira kuti adzidze ehurumende kutsiva kudzidza kwenzanga. For havaoni ayo anosanganisira E. Yu Janson (1835-93), AI Chuprov (Makore oupenyu - 1842-1908), NA Kablukov AA Kaufman. Masayendisiti kushanda mumunda zvedzidzo uwandu, maita zvikuru kukura sayenzi mubereko nesu Russia. mabasa avo aiva akanaka kwakabatsira basa Statistical masangano akasiyana-siyana. Pamusoro pokumuka sayenzi kwemasvomhu munyika yedu, guru kukanganisa yakabereka mabasa akadai mathematicians Russian sezvo PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov uye A. M. Lyapunov.

Modern matambudziko uye Statistical vehurumende munyika

In mabasa V. I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, Leviticus Nekrasha uye dzimwe nhamba nhoroondo akanga muchidimbu zvishoma. Vaiunganidza zvakaitika masayendisiti Russian mumunda uyu. Nhasi munyika yedu iri kushanda kuvandudza hurongwa, uyewo kuchinjwa maitiro dzemitemo chizvidavirire vakagamuchirwa mune tsika dzakawanda maererano zvinodiwa mitemo musika upfumi.

State Statistics Committee kweRussia nhasi ndiyo musimboti mutumbi ehurumende nhamba maitiro munyika yedu. Zviri yeUnited muviri Executive simba. mamiriro nenhamba maitiro munyika yedu zvinomiririra mamwe masangano. Izvi nhengo yake mune chinoda, nendima, zvionera nharaunda uye enyika, kumatunhu uye maguta, uyewo masangano avo pasi.

The kuitika zviri "Statistics" pfungwa

Kukura sayenzi iyi, kuwedzera nzvimbo yaro kushanda kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti zviri pfungwa dzayo vachinja. Nhasi, mashoko okuti "nhamba" rinoshandiswa zvinotevera tsika matatu.

1. Rinoreva kuti indasitiri tsika mabasa evanhu, iro rine chinangwa kuungana uye kubudiswa vakawanda mashoko pamusoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu munzanga, uyewo kwavakazoita kuongorora uye bhuku. "Statistics" iri mupfungwa iyi kwakafanana akadai seokuti "Statistical zvinyorwa."
2. Akatevera ukoshi --digital zvinhu rinoshandiswa kurondedzera rimwe kana imwe nzvimbo kuti mumagariro mananara kana akashandisa pavanofunga pakugoverwa mamwe zviratidzi tichitarisa kwenharaunda.
3. Statistics vari kunzi davi zivo, imwe yoga kuranga nesayenzi, uyewo ane zvedzidzo pasi, iyo inodzidziswa chesekondari uye yakakwirira nemasangano edzidzo.

Saka, isu anozotsanangura nepaduku zivo indasitiri akadai nhamba. Nhoroondo chidzoke uye kukura kwayo kwave munyaya iyi. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti sayenzi iyi richiri kukura. History nhamba, akapfupikisa munyaya, achabviswa vaisanganisa ne zviitiko itsva.