History uye mhando chinoda

Munyika yanhasi iri Republican chehurumende, zvichida ndiyo rakakurumbira mamiriro ezvinhu munyika yacho yose. Asi chii chaizvoizvo here rinomiririrei? mhando chinoda chii? Edza kunzwisisa.

Types chinoda zvenhoroondo

Izwi pacharo rinobva muchiLatin shoko res (chinhu) uye publica (general). ndiko chaizvoizvo zvinoreva nhamba (pachena) nyaya. MuGirisi yekare uye Roma, pane imwe padanho chokuvapo yavo yakanga yakajairika inzira hurumende. Kutaura zvazviri, kare muna tsika yakaratidza kuti Republican pfungwa vanogona zvitarisiko zvakasiyana, yakashongedzwa mune marudzi chaiwo chinoda. Saka, pakanga kwayo democratic musiyano wezvinyorwa nechiGiriki guta. Izvi zvaireva kuti vagari vose zvizere polis (varume zvasvika pakunamata uye kurarama kubva pakuzvarwa mundima yayo) vakodzera kuvhota rudzi-kwazvo misangano (ekklesia), izvo akataura nyaya dzinokosha kukosha uye akasarudzwa rinodzora - the Board archons.

MuRoma chete nehurumende iripo inonzi revatongi zvokuvhoterwa umo chete vakakwirira (patricians) aitonga bhora. Pashure kuwa ekare uye paumbwe fuza ushe chimiro ichi kwesimba mano haina akabva padariro nhoroondo, kunyange zvazvo yakanga kure yaisunda feudal, uye gare gare - Mhedziso umambo.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana chinoda hwaivapo muna Venice, kuGenoa, vamwe inoti German. Muna Novgorod Rus zvinokosha levers simba vaiva boyars, unopinda chibvumirano nemachinda. Sich chiri anowanzonzi Cossack Republic. Asi kumutsidzirwa here azere Republican chehurumende kwakaitika pashure Renaissance.

Modern maonero dzakaumbwa pasi pokudzora vakakurumbira vadzidzisi: Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes. An nzvimbo inokosha inogarwa pfungwa anonzi evanhu chibvumirano, iyo inotaura pfungwa yokuti kamwe pamusoro nguva vanhu nokuzvidira akapa vamwe kodzero dzavo achitsigira hurumende. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoreva chinhu zvinosungirwa ehurumende kuvanhu uye kodzero ekupedzisira vamukire kana hurumende inopfuura pamutemo framework. XIX XX remakore uye yaiva nguva kuwa monarchical hwoudzvinyiriri uye kugadzwa democratic kurongeka - kutanga Europe uye ipapo pose.

The ano zvokuvhoterwa: pfungwa, features, mhando

Munyika yanhasi, zano yakadaro inosanganisira ehupfumi anotevera unokosha:

• Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba anotora kusikwa dzakawanda mapazi (vasingatungamirirwi nemumwe uye masimba zvakasiyana). This musimboti zvinodiwa sezvi- nechiyero kudzivirira zvichibvira usurpation nesimba mumwe munhu kana boka dzakafanana vanhu. Kakawanda, pane mapazi matatu: kwemitemo (paramende), varikutonga (President uye Cabinet vashumiri) nezvakatongwa (chaizvoizvo, negadziriro matare), asi pane zvimwewo (akatarisira, ongororo, etc.) mune dzimwe nyika.
• Fanira dzose Kusarudzwa zviremera mukuru wenyika uye Paramende (muzvimwe zviitiko purezidhendi anogona kusarudzwa zvisina kunanga kuburikidza paramende).
• Ukuru reMitemo iri pamutemo hurongwa ehurumende. Legal basa pamberi mutemo vakuru.

Republic angava reparamende uye weNyika, zvichienderana pakuenzanisa kwemasimba pakati masangano. Somuenzaniso, United States ndiyo chaiwo wenyika, apo paumbwe hurumende danho ndohwaJehovha President. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa rinomiririrwa munyika Latin America uye Africa zhinji. In Italy (uye akapotsa kwose kwose muEurope), Ukuwo, purezidhendi akasarudzwa neParamende, izvo zvinoreva kuti rokupedzisira mukuru zvireruke.