History zvakasikwa. "Hondo uye Rugare" - paakaita yokufungidzira LN NdiTolstoy

"Hondo uye Rugare" - guru basa. Chii nhoroondo yakakura yokufungidzira? L. N. NdiTolstoy pachake haana kazhinji nei upenyu zvinoitika, uye kwete zvimwe ... Hongu, sei, chii uye sei iyerere okusika muitiro rakasikwa chikuru mabasa nguva dzose? Pashure pezvose, kunyora kwake akatora makore manomwe refu ...

Nhoroondo yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare": uchapupu kutanga basa yokutanga

Muna September 1863 muna Yasnaya Polyana akatambira tsamba kubva baba Sofi Andreevny NdiTolstoy - kwavatumwa Bers. Iye anonyora kuti zuva zvisati vaifanira Lvom Nikolaevichem aiva kukurukura refu vanenge vanhu hondo Napoleon uye pamusoro paraiitwa rose - the count chinoenda kutanga kunyora yokufungidzira yakatsaurirwa kuna guru uye asingakanganwiki zviitiko munhoroondo Russia. The kutaurwa tsamba iyi haisi netsaona, sezvo kuonekwa "wokutanga chiratidzo yakarurama" mavambo Russian munyori mukuru yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare". Uchapupu izvi, uye mumwe gwaro yomusi chete gore, papera mwedzi: NdiTolstoy anonyora hama pamusoro pfungwa yake itsva. Akanga atova muzvirongwa basa iri yokufungidzira-yakakura pamusoro zviitiko yokutanga maviri remakore uye kusvikira 50s. simba mutsika zvikuru sei, simba rinoda kuita akaronga - anoti, uye vangani iye atova anenge, iye zvakanyorwa uye kufunga zvose sezvaakange "kumbobvira akanyorwa kana akafunga nezvazvo."

Pfungwa yokutanga

History kwezvisikwa NdiTolstoy kuti yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare" rinoratidza kuti pakutanga chinangwa chomunyori kwaiva kusika bhuku pamusoro akaoma njodzi Decembrists, vakadzoka muna 1865 (nguva abolition ose serfdom) kumusha kwavo pashure pemakore nhapwa kuSiberia. Nokukurumidza, zvisinei, Leo akazoongororazve pfungwa uye vakatendeukira nhoroondo zviitiko 1825 - nguva yacho Decembrist yemuna. Somugumisiro, uye pfungwa iyi kwakaregwa: mukomana ari protagonist kwakaitika pamusoro colour Hondo Yenyika II muna 1912, ivo vanotyisa uye rinobwinya pores yose vanhu Russian, izvo zvaizoitawo nomumwe link hochekoche zviitiko yegore 1805. Udza NdiTolstoy akasarudza kutanga kubva pakutanga - pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 - akararamazve nehafu remakore nhoroondo Russian mamiriro achibatsirwa vanopfuura mumwe hunhu chikuru uye akaisa zvifananidzo yakajeka.

Nhoroondo yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare" kana "Three Nguva"

Tinoenda ... Indisputably, zvakajeka munyori pamusoro yokufungidzira inopa ayo nyaya rezvisikwa ( "Hondo uye Rugare"). Saka, nguva uye nzvimbo yokufungidzira vanozivikanwa. Munyori anokwevera huru vatambi - the Decembrists, vatatu kare chinokosha rebei, saka zita "Nguva Three" basa yepakutanga.

Chikamu chokutanga anofukidza nguva kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 kusvikira 1812, apo magamba ouduku rakaenderana hondo pakati Russian uye Napoleonic France. Chechipiri - zviri 20s, kwete pasina kwebasa rinofanira anokosha - kumukira Decembrists muna 1825. Uye pakupedzisira, wechitatu uye chikamu chokupedzisira - makore 50 - kudzoka kubva pakutapwa vapanduki akapa ruregero parutivi mambo pamusoro pakanyorwa inosuruvarisa mapeji enhau Russian sezvo runonyadzisa kukundwa mu ari Crimean Hondo uye rufu Nicholas I.

Eya, nganonyorwa iri kugadzira uye parinoperera achazova pose uye zvinoda yakasiyana Ndiwe chimiro, uye vakawana. Mumashoko NdiTolstoy kuti "Hondo uye Rugare" - haisi nhoroondo Chronicle, uye kwete nhetembo, kana kunyange yokufungidzira uye Genre itsva mabhuku - paakaita yokufungidzira, apo zvichaitirwa vanhu vazhinji uye rudzi rwose pamwe chikuru munhau .

pamarwadzo

Basa riri chigadzirwa raiva nyore chaizvo. Nhoroondo chokusika ( "Hondo uye Rugare") inoti nguva zhinji, NdiTolstoy akatora vokutanga matanho uye pakarepo akakanda kunyora. The Archive kumunyori, pane gumi nemashanu shanduro muzvitsauko basa yokutanga. Chii chaitadzisa? Chii haunted Russian shasha? Chido zvakazara vataure zvavanofunga, dzavo dzechitendero uye dzouzivi pfungwa, tsvakurudzo, zvaakaratidzwa kare, kuti ape kuongororwa kwavo socio-enyika urongwa, guru basa kwete madzimambo, kwete vatungamiri, uye rudzi rwose munhoroondo yacho. Izvi zvaida kwazvo nesimba mauto ose pakunamata. More pane kamwe akanga arasikirwa uye pakuvazve tariro kuzadzisa zvirongwa zvedu kusvika kumugumo. Nokudaro pfungwa yacho yokufungidzira, uye mazita okutanga Shanduro "Nguva Three", "Zvose zviri Zvakanaka Kuti Kupedzisira Zvakanaka", "1805". vakachinja, inogona kuonekwa, kupfuura kamwe.

Hondo 1812

Saka, vakawanda rokusika kukanda munyori apedza kuderedza nguva puranga - NdiTolstoy rinotarisa zvose pfungwa dzavo pamusoro 1812 hondo Russia "Grand Army" French Emperor Napoleon, uye chete ari epilogue akabata pamusoro kwakabva Decembrist kufamba.

Rinofembedza uye ruzha yehondo ... Nokuti pakudzidza nokupfuuridzirwa waida guru yakawanda zvinhu. ingano ichi nguva, uye magwaro dzakaitika, netsamba uye tsamba vakararama zviitiko, kurwa zvirongwa, varayirwa nemirayiro vehondo ... In munyori uyu akaponesa kana nguva kana nesimba. Kubva pakutanga, akaramba vose zvinyorwa kuti vakatsvaka kuti rinoratidza hondo sezvo kurwisana madzimambo maviri, vachivarumbidza mumwe kana mumwe. Munyori hakuiti zvitadzise dhigirii avo kukosha, asi anopa kukoshesa vanhu vavo mweya.

Sezvazvakanyorwa kuoneka mumabasa kusimba dzinonakidza nyaya zvisikwa. "Hondo uye Rugare" Anozvirumbidza mumwe dzinonakidza chokwadi. Pakati aichengetedzwa ndeimwe diki, asi zvisinei kukosha Gwaro - bepa pamwe manotsi ari munyori, akaita paaigara pamusoro kusango Borodino. Pairi iye anofananidzirwa pedyo, zvichiratidza chaipo apo vamwe misha vaiva. Hezvinoi zvinooneka mutsetse kufamba kwezuva muhondo pachayo. izvi zvose zvinogona kunzi, Naked yokunyora nokudhirowa, mafungu drafts chii akatongerwa vakazoroorwa pasi chinyoreso imwe shasha dzokai kuva mufananidzo chaiwo unoratidza guru hondo Borodino, azere rwokufamba upenyu, kujairika mavara uye ruzha. Havanzwisisiki uye zvinoshamisa, handiti?

Chance uye shasha

NdiTolstoy pamusoro mapeji yokufungidzira ake akataura zvakawanda nezvemitemo munhoroondo. Ake mhedziso muupenyu, ikodzere zvikuru panyaya guru basa, kunyanya munhoroondo yokusika. "Hondo uye Rugare" aenda mumatanho zhinji kuva rounyanzvi chaiye.

Science inoti zvose mhaka mukana uye shasha: nyaya yakati kushandisa unyanzvi nzira kukomba hafu remakore munhoroondo Russia, uye shasha - Lev Nikolaevich NdiTolstoy - yaingoda nayo. Asi ichi chinoreva mubvunzo mutsva zvakadaro, chii ane unyanzvi. Kudivi rimwe, zviri mashoko chete zvakagadzirirwa kutsanangura zviri kutadza kunyatsonzwisiswa navanachiremba, asi pane dzimwe - hazvibviri kuramba, uye vamwe suitability dzavo uye richibatsira, kanenge, dzinomirira "mumwe mwero kunzwisisa zvinhu."

Kupi uye sei pfungwa pachayo uye nhoroondo yokufungidzira "Hondo uye Rugare" - kusvikira pakuguma kuziva hazvibviri, pamberi chete zvisina chokwadi, saka vanoti "mukana". Uyezve - zvakawanda, verenga yokufungidzira, uye isu hatigoni kufungidzira simba kuti mweya womunhu, kana zviri super-munhu, uyo aikwanisa pfeka zvakadzama pfungwa dzouzivi uye pfungwa kupinda zvinoshamisa chimiro - ". Shasha" saka kutaura

The kwenguva careening pamberi pedu dzakatevedzana "nyaya", ndipo inopenya zviso shasha ari munyori, saka zvinoita sokuti, pedyo tinowana kuti chakavanzika shasha pakati NdiTolstoy uye vamwe hazvinzwisisiki chokwadi zviri chigadzirwa. Asi ichi ndicho chinhu fungidziro. Zvokuita? NdiTolstoy vaitenda chete zvinoita kunzwisisa nyika kurongeka - the renunciation wokuziva mukuru chinangwa. Kana tikaziva kuti ndiye chaiyeiye chinangwa rakasikwa munhu yokufungidzira haana kuwanikwa kwatiri, achakushorai pachena kubva zvose zvinokonzera, zvinoonekwa nezvisingaonekwi, chakaita munyori kuti ubvume kunyorwa basa, isu kunzwisisa, kana kuti kuyemura uye vanonakidzwa, zvakagadzirirwa kushumira zvinangwa zvavo zvizere ayo husingaperi udzamu, kwete nguva dzose nyore kunzwisiswa nevanhu. Sezvo munyori akati pandaishanda pamusoro yokufungidzira, pakupedzisira chinangwa womufananidzo hakusi hunogutsa chisarudzo penhau, uye Paaipedzisa kutaura uye kukuvadza muverengi kuti rudo upenyu dzose makumi kuratidzwa, saka kuti akachema uye kuseka pamwe vanonyanya kutaurwa.