Hunhu Baikal. Lake Baikal - chinoshamisa hwezvisikwa

Mukuru muvezi uye mapurani nguva dzose - mamiriro. By kwayo yakasiyana chimiro uye akasiyana, uye avo siyana inongogara achiyeuchidza kwehumunhu ukuru, runako uye simba. The ndima Russia chaizvo, chiri sei panguva yayo wakazaruka dzezvimwe pane zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa zvakasikwa zvakawanda. Nyaya dzakavapo runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo siyana rengano kuti vari kufarira ezviuru zvevanhu pasi pose. Russian chishamiso zvakasikwa - Lake Baikal - chinokwezva kuwanda revashanyi vatsvakurudzi nokuda kwayo nemamwe maitiro.

chidzoke

Nanhasi, kwakabva kugungwa ayo zera nharo masayendisiti. Baikal ndiye mukuru muviri mvura Panyika, ayo inotungamirwa kwakaitika makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 30 apfuura, aine yakafanana mhando yedzidzo glacial madhamu "mhenyu" hapana makore anopfuura chiuru 10-15. Panguva ino, pane kusingarapiki dzinotsanagura siltation kana eutrophication. Mupfungwa iyi Baikal - chinoshamisa zvakasikwa, mvura yaro vari segirazi, vane yepasisa kwevari swa Organic uye chicherwa yeimwe uye mhenderekedzo yegungwa zvishoma nezvishoma kushanduka kuti vawedzere. Stone mbiya, inova kupfuura uwandu mvura yakachena pasi pano, takapoteredzwa zvinenge zvose kumativi nevanhu dzakatenuka gomo. Izvi mwoyo chaizvo, riri panyika, ari maonero masayendisiti akawanda, anoenda kubudikidza goko kune rokumusoro akaturikidzana ari nejasi. Saka, zvinofungirwa kuti tectonic pezvakaitwa kwakaguma paumbwe dura. Kana uye sei izvi gungwa yekare, anoramba kuti kuonekwa, asi hunhu Baikal anosangana vanhu mibvunzo yakawanda.

jogirafi

In Nokuwanda kwakaita East kweSiberia kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero atambanudza ari kirisendi serin'i penzvimbo mvura. Lake Baikal iri muCentral Asia pamuganhu Zimbabwe Buryatia uye Irkutsk nharaunda. Its kureba 630 km nohupamhi anoda kubva 25 kusvika 80. Nzvimbo muviri mvura akafanana ne munharaunda dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope (Netherlands, Belgium), zviri pamusoro 32 000 sq. ? km. Nemhenderekedzo rinowanzoshandiswa kushanduka, ayo kunonyanyisa kureba ndee pana kumativi 2,200? Km. pasi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri kusiyane, pane echiShinto ose romumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye pemvura anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, asi kuti dziti ari Lake Baikal - gobvu nyanza munyika. Hydrographic kuongorora uye acoustic vachiridza pasi inoitwa nguva dzose. Maererano achangopfuura umboo akasimbisa kunonyanyisa kudzika 1642 metres, pamwe paavhareji pamusoro 700 metres. Chechipiri pakukura kwakadzika-mvura madhamu Tanganyika uye ndakabatikana reCaspian (kweGungwa reCaspian).

tsvakurudzo

Hunhu Baikal ane nguva dzose mwoyo vanhu vake primeval, kusiyana uye monumentality. mashoko okutanga pamusoro kwegungwa musi shure XVI remakore, panguva iyoyo, Siberia akakwezva vatsvakurudzi sezvo hariperi tsime furs, mabwe anokosha uye simbi ores. nevamiririri venyika Russian akatumira China kokutanga akashandisa guru "Sea Ocean" pamepu. Panguva iyoyowo N. Spafarija haareururi muviri mvura sezvo Lake Baikal, iyo miti nemhuka zvakazonaka uye nemiti yaro egungwa. Sezvo kuvambwa Russian Academy of Sciences (1723), rakanyorwa chirevo Peter 1 anotanga kwawakananga kudzidza dura, asi ehupfumi kwemvura yaro, mavambo, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Vanochera matongo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, folklorists, Vanodzidza, dzezvakatipoteredza ndiwo zvidzidzo dzinokosha Lake Baikal, izvo nhasi izere zvakavanzika.

Water uye chando

Baikalskaya mvura nomuti okisijeni, nayo unotora chidukuduku chikamu Organic uye inorganic yeimwe uye dzinogona kushandiswa kwakadonhera. Muchirimo ndiro rinonyanya segirazi, inopfuura Mwaranzi yezuva, ane zvitema tint, zvinhu zvakawanikwa nechepasi kunogona kuonekwa ari kudzika 40 mamita. The tembiricha mvura gobvu dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana udzamu: pasi akaturikidzana zhizha kujairana ⁰ C 4, pose 9 + kuti ^{0 °} C, uye kudzika bays kunonyanyisa 15 ⁰ C. Nokuda paumbwe pamusoro pemvura yakawanda mvura bioplanktona inova greenish, ayo pachena ipfupi kusvika 8 mamita. Ice musi Lake Baikal ndiyo nyaya dzokudzidza nemasayendisiti akawanda. ukobvu Its rinosvika 1-1.5 metres, sezvamakaropafadzwa zviri segirazi. In kumahombekombe nzvimbo kuumbwa isina kudzika mumapako uye kusasawo, pasi tembiricha mutswe chando ane maitiro inzwi chakatodzana kutinhira kana vapfurwa. Unique chando Baikal "zvikomo" vari Cone serin'i idzodzo ane mhango chinoumba, kukwirira yavo inogona kusvika 6 metres. Mumakomba dziri mumakomo kubva kumhenderekedzo. Zvikomo anogona kuumba pamusoro anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri mutsa kana aisa chimwe nechimwe.

zvizivikanwe nemichina

Simba kudengenyeka kwenyika (1-2 pfungwa) vari kuchengetwa Baikal dzose. Tectonic pezvakaitwa vari kuchinja pasi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho uye mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi. Vakasimba kudengenyeka kuitika zvikuru nguva dzose, avo migumisiro kuvimba nesimba zvakaramba. Muna 1862, somugumisiro mumwe wavo inokwana 10 pfungwa rakachinja Delta of Selenga, akaenda pasi guru vakawanda nzvimbo munyika. Wokupedzisira hwakanyorwa kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakakura 6 munyaya 2010. Zvimwe tectonic pezvakaitwa chokuita kukura kwegungwa. Saka, zviri kuwedzera pagore nokuda 2 cm.

Inflow uye water drainage

Bhuku mvura yakachena Lake Baikal anenge 24 000? Km ^3, ndiyo huru chete kweGungwa reCaspian, asi zviri wakawanda. Sea Siberian zvokudya achishandisa vakawanda nenzizi. nhamba yavo anofungidzirwa ndiyo 330-340 zvidimbu, zvichienderana nenguva yegore. Panguva chitubu chando uchanyangadika iri dzakapoteredza kumakomo nhamba hova inowedzerwa kwazvo. Kumukuru waterways kweLake Baikal ndivo vari Selenga River (kuunza hafu bhuku zvachose inflows), Barguzin, Upper Angara, Zimbabwe Turk, SARMA, etc. Achidzikisa vhoriyamu imhaka yepanyama basa kwemvura pachiso kwegungwa. Huru kuyerera rikaitika hanga. Zviya, rwizi urwu kunosanganisira zvakawanda ngano uye nyaya. Vanhu vanouti runako, chete mwanasikana yekare rwegungwa.

Biota

Baikal Nature ndiye siyana uye akasiyana. Rocky dzakatenuka akafukidzwa dondo mumatenhere, ayo ine vakawanda mhuka: .. Bears, nondo, makava, makondo, etc. In yose, masayendisiti panyaya 2.650 marudzi nemhuka nezvirimwa, uye 65-70% vavo haawaniki yose mararamiro, kureva . Vane endemic. Kusiyana nemhuka nyika kwegungwa nokuda kwayo okisijeni saturation yose kudzika uye kukwanisa kuchenesa pacharo. Epishura Crustacean (zooplankton), kuti Baikal chisimbiso, -mhenyu kubereka hove golomyanka, cisco, Sturgeon, grayling, pasi-yokugara chipanji zvinopa pfungwa akasiyana-siyana fauna of kwegungwa. Mukanyiwa guru mudziva kasvisto ine algae kuti kurarama zvakasiyana ezvinhu (diatoms, nendarama, nezvakarukwa zvitema-rwegirini). Bottom akaturikidzana kunyange kufadza dzakadzika vari nevakabva dzine zvakakwana, kuti makemikari nyaya iri chikafu mabviro yakadzika-gungwa vagari. By zviratidzo zvizhinji (zera, ehupfumi dzemvura, udzamu, mhuka yakasiyana uye zvinomera), gungwa iri rakasiyana mararamiro pasi pose, iri sei kudzivirira zvisikwa Baikal - mumwe zvinokosheswa wehurumende yedu.

ikoroji

Kudhumhana kuwedzera budiriro uye pristine hunhu, kazhinji anoguma richakunda nyika yakaitwa. Makore 150 adarika building vakanga kwegore risingapindiki masango, umo vafambi vaitya kuenda nokuda vakawandisa nemabheya. Nhasi, hombe kwemiti, kusvibiswa nzizi uye mhepo, uyewo poaching akava kutyisidzira kuvapo rakasiyana nemamwe mararamiro, hunhu Baikal. Kukuru kukuvadza kunokonzerwa kuti miti iri pamahombekombe nemisha makuru uye maguta. A rakakura nhano richengetedzwe mudziva raiva kuvhara ane pulp nebepa guyo uye wakashandiswa kutamisa Mapaipi kune chinhambwe ngozi kubva munharaunda. The pamwero yakasviba nemvura Organic uye inorganic yeimwe mukuru kwazvo nokuda inflow Selenga. Industrial matunhu neminisiparati wastewater, mafuta asunungurwa kubva ayo nomurwizi uye kuwira mudziva Baikal. Nature kuchengetedza uye kudzivirirwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza gadziriro iri pari kuitwa pachishandiswa ra1999 mutemo batana. It inodzora zvinhu vanobvumirwa kuita pagungwa. Zvinenge vose romumhenderekedzo yegungwa munzvimbo uye gungwa pachayo inofanira kuva kuchengeterwa hombe, chichakurukurwa akarongeka yakabudirira ezvinhu kuti zororo, tourism uye tsvakurudzo mararamiro. Muna 1996, gungwa waibatanidzwa ndandanda UNESCO World Heritage, t. E. akagashira mamiriro iri shongwe, kuchengetedzwa nevanhu.

ushanyi

The yakanaka kunoita Lake Baikal gore negore chinokwezva vazhinji. Chinonyanya dzakakurumbira rwendo ari eco kushanyirwa kungofamba uye bhiza akatasva yakachengeterwa nzvimbo pamatunhu kudiwa pavatorwa. Active siyana zvinokosha pane kudiwa (Skiing, Supreme uye catamarans musi Lake Baikal, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda vashanyi kuuya pano kutarisa chishamiso ichi zvakasikwa. Baikal anogara zvakasiyana zvinoti: akanyorova penzvimbo kwegungwa anopa nzira madutu, anoshamisa okunze uye runako masango romumhenderekedzo yegungwa anogona kuonekwa kwemaawa. Uwandu zvinokwezva wakasika pachisikirwo uye munhu mukuru matongo, tsika uye nhoroondo nzvimbo dziri munzira yacho nzvimbo pakutengeserana.