Inokuvadza Geological mananara uye pezvakaitwa

Kubatanidzwa akasiyana kumatunhu yepasi nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye zvazvinokonzera zvinoratidza kuti vanhu kana kwete zvakakwana asi kudzidza azvaiitwa vavo zvinokonzera, kana vasiri kutevedzerwa kuchengeteka mitemo iri dzinogona ngozi munzvimbo.

Dai zvisina kudaro, kwaizova zhinji vakafa. nhamba yavo rinoratidza kuti ngozi geophysical uye Geological mananara vachiri nedanho kudzidza nemasayendisiti rose.

Pfungwa nenjodzi

Chero dzinongoitika Fani entailing pakumedura kana kuchinja zvakatipoteredza, vanokodzera sezvo dzinongoitika dzoga.

Vanogona kuva Geological, geophysical, Meteorological, hydrological, utachiona, zvipenyu, kana kunyange nzvimbo hunhu. Kuti kunokonzerwa nomumwe zvinhu mamiriro, chimiro kana okunze zvechadenga mapuraneti zvavo, uye kunyanya mudunhu. Kuwedzera dzinongoitika, pane injiniya ngozi uye Geological urongwa uye mananara, kazhinji wakaratidzwa panguva kuvakwa panguva isiri nzvimbo, kana kupindira kwevanhu mune zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza.

Pfungwa yokuti "zvakaipa" rinoshandiswa kuna guru rinoparadza mibairo dzinongoitika chinoshamisa. Shoko "rwokuzvarwa" iri nyaya zvinoreva zvashata hunhu dambudziko. kudzidza maumbirwo Nyika, ayo ekunze uye nzvimbo muchadenga, uyewo yakarurama uye anenge zvikuru midziyo refu, havasi kukwanisa "kunyevera" vanhu raiva nechokuita ngozi nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, panowanikwa tsunami zvakaoma kufungidzira, kunyange vachiziva pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuitika pamusoro penyanza pauriri.

Kuti azive kuchinja uye dzinongoitika dzoga, pane masangano chinokosha munyika yose.

Pfungwa Geological njodzi

Geological ngozi vari zvakajairika mazuva ano. Kunyange zvazvo ine nokufungidzira masayendisiti, Pasi anopfuura makore mabhiriyoni 4,5, hama vamwe zvinhu muchadenga, ndiko muduku nyika ichiri, unopfuura nzendo dzavo okukura.

Natural chinokuvadza Geological mavambo - njodzi kunokonzerwa mamiriro ari lithosphere panyika. Izvi achinyanya zvinosanganisira geophysical pezvakaitwa - kwenyika uye kuputika kwemakomo. Njodzi Geological hunhu - Madhaka uye mudflows. Vose vane simba ravo zvese, masayendisiti vakakodzera unokosha pamwero.

Kuwedzera kudzidza kwakadaro mananara, pane vakawanda mitemo nemirayiro, kupa kukurumidza kubvisa chavagari uye kubviswa nemigumisiro dzinongoitika dzoga.

kudengenyeka

Vose kwemasayendisiti kuitika mudumbu Earth, kunge akambofunga nezvechiitiko pechiso wayo dziri kwepasi. ngozi Geological mananara kwakadaro chokuita yokuti zvemukati tectonic urongwa pasi kunokanganisa rayo akaturikidzana.

Imperceptible vanhu, asi nechiteyeso vasanonoka Nzira kufamba tectonic mahwendefa chinokonzera makondinendi kuti vanongogara kufamba. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumakomo uye haagoni goko. Zvose izvi chinokonzera kwepasi. Vamwe akaturikidzana of lithosphere kusvika Dzenyika jasi, apo vamwe vanomuka, uye ichi chichiitwa basa inozivikanwa zviviri zvizivikanwe nemichina zvikamu zviri nyika - reMediterranean-Asia Pacific.

The chikuru basa seismologists masayendisiti ndeyokudzidza masimba chokuita goko paNyika, uye simba maitikiro ravo. Kuti tizive kusimba kwenyika pane tafura rinokosha umo kudzika nezvainoita simba vari wakaiswa mu pfungwa.

nokudengenyeka Vakaitirwa

Pane uchapupu hwokuti kare kwaiva Geological ngozi. Mienzaniso iyi - aenda pasi mvura kana maguta akaparadzwa. Maererano masayendisiti, kusimba uye kakawanda kwenyika 10-12 zviuru adarika vaiva yepamusoro zvikuru. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kwemasayendisiti vari zvishoma seiyi norudo Pasi.

Kunyange zvakadaro, munguva yedu tiri mienzaniso yakawanda pokudengenyeka, hwabviswa munguva pfupi zviuru hwevanhu:

• Indonesia Year 2006 - 6618 vakaurayiwa.
• Indonesia muna 2009 - vanopfuura 1,500 vanhu.
• Haiti gore 2010 - 150 000 vakaurayiwa.
• Japan 2011 - 18 000 vanhu.
• Nepal 2015 - anopfuura 4,000 akafa.

Izvi ngozi Geological mananara chakaitika pakutanga 21 fung remakore, zvichireva kuti pachivande tectonic basa panyika achiri yakakwirira zvikuru.

anoputika

Wakaumbwa magma ari chinoumba ari kugara ri- uye kana nemhaka fura mundiro tectonic kutadza uye makatsemuka kuoneka, zviri pasi kumusoro vachimanikidzwa nenhokwe kuti goko pamusoro. Saka pachena dzinongoitika ngozi - Geological dzoga sokuputika kwemakomo.

Masayendisiti patsanura zvitatu marudzi anoputika :

• An yakatotsakatika kuputika rinozivikanwa kwemakomo ayo asati yebudiriro akaonekwa uye kumhuka Panyika. Chete Chimiro dzavo uye deposits vari craters, masayendisiti anogona kutonga sei simba vaiva, uye kana vakarega kuva vanoshingaira.
• Pakazosvika Geological ngozi vari wakaderera anoputika, kunyange zvavo kuputika kuchangobva kunge emakore akapfuura. Zvisinei, ivo neapo "uya vapenyu" ne pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika pakadzika norudo Pasi. Ivo vanokwanisa kutyisidzira vanhu, sezvo vanogona 'muka "chero nguva.
• Mukuru ngozi upenyu hwevanhu vane anoputika, ane pakadzika vari kugara pezvakaitwa anokonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika uye choutsi ose magma.

Kusvika panguva Nhamba huru anoputika chikonzero Indonesian rezvitsuwa, inozivikanwa se "Ring of Fire". Rezvitsuwa kureba 40 000? Km rinoumbwa kunonyanya kubva tectonic zvikanganiso, izvo vanoumba vanenge 90% vose anoputika yose nyika.

Kwete zvinotyisa anoputika pachavo sezvo ngozi Geological mananara kuti aende navo - kusunungurwa magasi nedota mumhepo, kuputika dhaka, madhaka Rwako, kudengenyeka kwenyika uye tsunami.

Zvakaipira kuputika kwemakomo

Pakazosvika zviitiko vachifambidzana kuputika dzemabota vari:

• Lava Rwako - ine nyika idzodzo, ikanyauka kuti tembiricha kuti 1000 madhigirii kana kupfuura. mabota sangano zvinoenderana Ukobvu uye mafungiro yegomo uye Ingasiyana kubva shoma masendimita / h, uye vanosvika 100 km paawa.
• Volcanic gore - chimwe chezvinhu ngozi mananara, nokuti ine inopisa gasi nemadota inopiswa nenzira kwayo. Somuenzaniso, kuputika Mont Pelee (Martinique) muna 1902, rakafarirwawo gore yakatsvairwa panguva nokumhanya 160 km / h mumaminitsi mashomanana akauraya 40 000 vanhu.

• Madhaka Rwako uye lahars. Tsvina achiumbwa kubva kuputika dota lahars - musanganiswa yakanyauka chando, pasi uye namabwe. Under lahars muna 1985 vakauraya guta rose (25 000 vanhu) muna reArmero nhamo (Colombia).
• Volcanic gasi anoumbwa rehydrogen sulfide nesarufa oxides, ndiyo inouraya vanhu.

Izvi handizvo zvose ngozi Geological pezvakaitwa uye mananara chokuita kuputika kwemakomo. mhando iyi kunotyisa dambudziko tinoberekwa nezera redu, uyewo munhoroondo yevanhu.

Madhaka

Kana anoputika uye kudengenyeka kwenyika geophysical mananara, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzakadai Madhaka, avalanches uye mudflows - a Geological kwendangariro.

Chikonzero Madhaka (kuunganidza matombo) nhasi 80% musoro basa nevanhu. Kazhinji matombo kwenguva refu kuunganidza uye haagoni kutinzwira emakore nzvimbo, asi kuchinja yakatenuka kweGomo, zvizivikanwe nemichina ukapisa murwi, kuputsa mvura kana hova kunogona kuchinja zvose panyaya mumasekonzi.

Madhaka nokuda basa romunhu chokuita nokuveza miti, kurima kukodzera pamusoro dzakatenuka gomo uye ivhu kubviswa.

By ichi, imwe nharaunda iyo anogara, uye kudzika ivhu layer masiraidhi vari rakakamurwa diki, nomutoo uye makuru. Panguva nzvimbo idzi zvakasikwa ngozi (Geological kusuduruka kunokonzera matombo) angava gomo, yepasi pemvura, vasanganiswa uye chakagadzirwa. Ekupedzisira pamwe nemabasa evanhu - makomba, dongo nenzvimbo dzokurasira zvimbambaira, migero.

sill

Imwe ngozi kuupenyu hwomunhu njodzi yava mudslides. Inoitwa mvura, tsvina uye matombo uye kakawanda chokuita nokumutswa mvura pamwero nomunzizi gomo. Kunyange zvazvo akagara rokuunganidza zvinoda 1 kusvika 3 maawa, hwokukuvara zvinogona kukonzera zviri irreparable. Somuenzaniso, maguta akawanda pamwe uwandu vanonetswa vanopfuura 50 000 vanhu vakaparadzwa apo mudslides kuPeru muna 1970.

The chikonzero kakawanda akabatwa vari mvura kana kubvunda kwechando pagomo pamusoro. In ayo akafanana, vari anoparadzirwa mumadhaka, uye gryazekamennye vodokamennye. Kuti tidzivise yevanhu vakatambudzwa, mudflow nzvimbo tote dhamu iyo inopfuura mvura asi kumisa kuerera mabwe madhaka. Uyewo chinobatsira kuvaka waterways uye catchment inoerera.

Zvakarurama nguva madhaka Rwako hakuwaniki, asi zvinokwanisika kuverenga anenge ari ndingangokuvara kunonaya (mu nokupenya mavambo) kana kuwedzera avhareji tembiricha (glacial Sat).

aval

Zvavakanga cherechedza, pamusoro 80% kuti aval nokuda nemabasa evanhu. Mazuva ano ndiyo vashanyi state plesieroorde vanoda kugamuchira "mugove" pakati adrenaline. Aval - chaunga echando, kuumbwa sezvo rinoungana dzakatenuka gomo.

With kuunganidza chando akaturikidzana vari rinorema, asi haana kuputsa kuchangotanga jerk kana utsotso. Zvichienderana yakatenuka uye kureba ane aval materu angawana kukwira 100 km / h. Achiburuka mugomo, duku pakutanga, izvozvo kunowedzera, "prihvatyvaya" gwara chando nematombo. Kumisa aval hazviiti. Kazhinji ayo Kufanana rinomira pamwe anoburukira kusvikira megomo.

Munhoroondo iyi Geological chakajairika ane akawanda vanotambura, maererano neuwandu anogona kunzi aval nenjodzi. Somuenzaniso, muna Turkey kubva 1191 uye 1992, vanobatwa Fani iyi vaiva vanhu vanopfuura 300.

Kushandura nyika

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva pamusoro dzinongoitika urongwa, Geological ngozi - Tsanangudzo zvakawanda kupfuura chete njodzi. Earth anozivikanwa njodzi, izvo zvakakonzera pose kana dzemunharaunda kuchinja okunze uye kuzorodzwa marongerwo.

Pamienzaniso njodzi kuti vakatora nzvimbo munguva yedu, tinogona kunzi kuputika pamusoro Krakatoa (1883), kunokonzerwa nokuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuti 5 years. A shongwe gasi nemadota kubudikidza kuputika rinoputika yakwira ne anenge 70? Km kureba, uye zvimedu ayo akapararira pasi 500 km. Kubva madota, kwenguva refu mumhepo, kutonhora yose akadonha kuna 1,2 inegumi.

Zvikanganiso panyika nechepasi kunokonzerwa nokudengenyeka angaita chinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko. nzvimbo shanduko kunokonzera kuparadzwa dzinogarisana zvinomera kukura ikoko uye zvipenyu fauna of.

Engineering uye Geological mananara

Mhosva kuratidzwa dzakawanda Geological ngozi Munhu. Engineering uye kuvakwa mabasa vanhu pave okuwedzera kushushikana pamusoro tectonic kwendangariro. Panguva Rusimudzirwo Somuenzaniso, kutyora madhamu Earth vakawanda, iyo kuwa achifuridzirwa nechitarisiko mauto pamusoro pavo.

Izvi zvakaitika muzana remakore rechi19 zviri France. Zvayaiva pasi mai sandstone rukoko haana kuramba ndokunyika uremu zvivako, izvo zvakaita kuti vachinje kwenzvimbo uye kwevanhu vakatambudzwa.

Kuputika ivhu yakabereka panguva kuvakwa, miscalculation uye kushaya zivo tectonic pezvakaitwa inopfuura munzvimbo imwe neimwe yenyika nechepasi kazhinji kutungamirira kunjodzi. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, akakudziridza zvaanoda engineering Geological kuongorora.

The kupfuura nyore utano uye vakachengeteka unyanzvi hwevanhu kudzidziswa muzvikoro.

Kudzidza zvakasikwa pachikoro

School pasi, kudzidza Geological ngozi, upenyu kuchengeteka, anopa zivo inokosha zvakakodzera kuti vana kunzwisisa dzinongoitika pezvakaitwa kuitika panyika.

Nyaya "kunyatsogona Life Safety" inopa nechitarisiko munhu ari pachikoro zivo uye unyanzvi kuti vazvibate, kuti vararame uye kupa rubatsiro rwekutanga mukurapa ezvinhu ngozi kunokonzerwa zvakasikwa.