Krakatoa: akafa uye akamutswa

Krakatau - rinoputika pakati Java uye Sumatra, kupfuura vakakurumbira Malay Archipelago (Indonesia). Izvi yemanyorero stratovidnoy, gomo moto-kufema zvinonyatsoda volcanology, uye vari vadzingwa kwete mubereko yesayenzi, asiwo anotya upenyu zviuru zvizhinji zvevanhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuputika kwayo muna 1883 chainyanya simba munhoroondo nhoroondo yevanhu zvakanyorwa. Asi ngationei kutanga kubva pakutanga. Masayendisiti akawana kuti Java uye Sumatra kamwe yaiva chitsuwa, uye Sunda Strait hariko. In 535 AD paiva kuputika rinoputika, izvo zvakaita kuti weboka chitsuwa, uye kwazara shanduko iri yemapuraneti pamwero hombe.

Nepo kwokuputsika haina inorondedzerwa yenhau, muti nezvindori, vakadzidza Dendrochronologists kubvumira mutongi kuti "auknulos" munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Krakatau rinoputika uye havana kufunga ipapo kuenda kunorara, uye hasha dzake nguva dzose richiratidzwa kuputika simba uye nemadota choutsi. Zvakanga yakakwirira zvikuru uye chitsuwa guru (9 kusvika 5 km), chirefu pamusoro chiuru metres pamusoro pegungwa. Pamwe chete nemamwe zvitsuwa zviduku zvakanga dzasara prehistoric kuputika mwena, kukwirira iyo, maererano nokufungidzira dzezvokuputika kwemakomo, aigona kuva metrov.Istoricheskie yaMakoronike zviuru zviviri nezvokuparara gore runotyisa 1680, asi chii chakaitika chakaita kupfuura kumboadya kumiririrwa yose vanhu pamusoro pokudengenyeka August 1883 simba pasi magma.

Kuputika dzemabota Krakatau yakatanga muna May. Pakutanga, ava vakanga vari kugara kubhombiwa, kwete kukuvadza munhu. Zvisinei, cottons izvi gomo chakabvutwa hombe guru dombo uye subsoil vakaumba voids. Mambakwedza August 27 kutinhira nzeve boomed. Nenguva 150? Km muna kuBatavia (yava Jakarta) Nokufema akatema padenga uye akabvarura mukova kure zvamagonhi ayo, uye inzwi rikanzwika muMadagascar (nezviuru 4 km kubva kwacho). Chikamu chakakura chitsuwa rakabhuroka rakatevera zuva. Munguva anoshayiwa gungwa nayo nemafashamo. Magma kubva kuonana uye mvura gidromagmatichesky kuputika kwakaitika uye mvura akasangana mbiru amuka mumhepo madota, kwakaita kuti paumbwe pyroclastic chokubuda 900 metres. Ari nokumhanya kunoita achitaura chitima yakabonderana Sumatra, kuunza rufu vanhu zviuru zviviri.

Asi handizvo zvose. Splinters wamatombo pasi pa 500 km kubva kwacho, uye kuputika dota ragara riri kumabvazuva Indian Ocean. A marongera guruva ndokumuka kunyange rarefied akaturikidzana pamusoro mesosphere ari kukwirira 70? Km. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti simba kuputika kune 10,000 nguva kupfuura wavanozvisunga mabhomba bhomba paHiroshima. The kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa rakapararira kumativi kakawanda pose. Giant, kusvika 30 m, kuti Tsunami yakakukura vanenge 300 nemisha, achiuraya vanhu 36,000. Tsunami iri nani simba chimiro, paiva kunyange Atlantic kumhenderekedzo France! rinoputika Krakatoa pacharo akadonha, uye akaenda pasi mumvura.

tinogona kutaura kuti izvi ndizvo zvose pamusoro? Muna 1927, nezvirwere kwakaitika pasi pemvura uye pamusoro pegungwa yakaratidza zvishomanana kukwirira 9 metres, kubva chakaderedzwa mutengo. Mwana anonzi Krakatoa rinoputika, vaAnaki (Mwana Krakatoa). Asi mbudzana iyi yakawedzera kusvetuka uye miganhu. It vakaparadza mafungu egungwa, zvisinei, akakunda pachake kuwedzera mhenyu nzvimbo. Muna 1930, kwakanga kare pano kuputika, mabota Rwako uye zvakasimbisa madziro chitsuwa itsva, nokuvaita husingakwanisi yomugungwa Kuparara. Muna 1933, iye asvika kukwirira 67 m, uye muna 1950 -. 138 gungwa M pfupi nguva vakakwanisa huchakunda uye usapfuura chitsuwa.

Asi rinoputika Krakatau haana kurega: muna 1960 pachitsuwa itsva zvakare akamuka pamusoro mvura pamusoro kuti mamita 30 muna 1968. kukwirira arimo 160 metres kare zvino ari kuwedzera pamwero 13 masendimita pavhiki ... nzvimbo Its ichiri kure yaimbovapo, asi rinoputika atova pedyo nayo - 813 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Kubvira 1994, Anak Krakatau, rave kuva nezvinyamusi. kwemakomo Small kuitika anenge ose vhiki. Kukosha izvi chakatangwa muna 2008 uye dzakaguma muna 2009. Pachitsuwa Vakasimwa chete dzezvokuputika kwemakomo. Hurumende Indonesian vakarambidza vagari kugadzirisa makiromita pedyo kupfuura vatatu kubva kumakomo ngozi.