Chirungu zvinhu muzivi Thomas Hobbes: A Biography (Photos)

Thomas Hobbes, pikicha iyo chinopiwa munyaya, akaberekwa muna Malmesbury muna 1588, musi 5 April. Ndiye ane Chirungu anofunga-zvinhu. pfungwa dzake dzinowanda mu minda zvakadai sayenzi sezvo nhoroondo, wefizikisi uye geometry, dzidziso uye magariro. Funga zvakare pane Thomas Hobbes pakuzivikanwa. Brief Biography maumbirwo zvicharehwawo kurondedzerwa munyaya.

nhoroondo mashoko

Thomas Hobbes, ane Biography yakazara kunyanya basa iri basa rake uye idzidziso kuti pfungwa, akaberekwa nguva isati yakwana. Izvi zvakanga nokuda kuvhundutsa amai vake pedyo Spanish armáda kuEngland. Kunyange zvakadaro, iye akakwanisa kurarama makore 91, achiponesa kwemakore avo ose pfungwa zvakajeka. Education nhamba iyi yaiva Oxford. Iye aifarira mepu, yokufamba navigators. pfungwa Thomas Hobbes kwakaita vaifurirwa nevafungi zvinokosha nguva yake. Zvikurukuru, aiziva Descartes, Gassendi, Mersenne. Pane imwe nguva akanga aishanda somunyori muna Bacon. Kukurukurirana naye akanga asina mudukusa simba pamusoro maonero Thomas Hobbes. Akanga kufarira mabasa Kepler uye Galileo. With ekupedzisira akasangana muItaly muna 1637-m.

Thomas Hobbes: A Biography

Maererano nemaonero aiva monarchist. Kubva ra1640 kusvikira 1651 ndipo. Thomas Hobbes ari nhapwa France. Pfungwa dzacho dzinokosha yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora ari Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland. Paakadzokera kunyika iyi mushure Civil War, akaputsa pamwe Cavaliers. In London, Hobbes akaedza ideologically kupembedza zvematongerwo enyika Cromwell, ane udzvinyiriri yakavhurwa mushure chimurenga.

munhu nyaya

Thomas Hobbes aiva pedyo chaizvo kune zviitiko nguva yake. pfungwa Ainyanya chaiva rugare nokuchengeteka vemunyika. vanhu nyaya zvazova nechepakati chinhu basa rakatanga Thomas Hobbes. Pfungwa huru imwe anofunga pamusoro dzevanhu nyaya. Pakutanga kwake basa raakanga aronga kubudisa trilogy. Chikamu chokutanga chaiva kutsanangura muviri, wechipiri - murume, ari wechitatu - mugari. Vhoriyamu rokutanga, zvisinei, waiva wokupedzisira pamuviri. The yekutanga "On the mugari" yakabudiswa muna 1642. Shanda "Muviri" rakabudiswa muna 1655-m, uye makore matatu gare gare rikabuda "Oh murume." Muna 1651 zvakanzi rakabudiswa "Revhiatani" - kupfuura voluminous uye chinokosha basa kuti akasika Tomas Gobbs. Philosophy (zvishoma uye zvavo nemashoko) zvakanzi inorondedzerwa kutanga zvikamu basa. Vamwe mibvunzo vaibata magariro uye nehurumende gadziriro.

Thomas Hobbes: zvishoma pfungwa pamusoro

Anofunga vakagunun'una pamusoro kushaya mberi kwavo vamutangira. basa rake raiva kururamisa kusingagutsi mamiriro ezvinhu. Iye akaratidza basa kuziva zvinhu kuti ichava maberekero pasi kuti kukura "wechokwadi" uye "wakachena" sayenzi, akapa kushandiswa richaitirwa nzira. Saka, akaronga kudzivisa panowanikwa yakakanganiswa pfungwa. Thomas Hobbes akasimbisa kukosha nzira mumunda ruzivo yesayenzi. Pfungwa idzi anoshandawo pamwe muuzivi Bacon, vaishora scholasticism. Zvinofanira akati kuti kufarira nzira yakanga dzinoratidzwa vatungamiriri rechi17 vakawanda.

Specificity pfungwa

Zvakaoma kudana vamwe kunyanya bazi sayenzi, iyo yave mutsigiri Thomas Hobbes. Uzivi anofunga pamusoro ruoko rumwe, yakavakirwa empirical tsvakurudzo. Ukuwo, aiva mutsigiri kushandiswa kwemasvomhu nzira. Akahushandisa kwete chete zvakananga kuti sayenzi chaiyo, asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo ruzivo. Yokutanga kwemasvomhu nzira yaanoshandisa musayenzi enyika. Chirango ichi akaitira muviri ruzivo pamusoro evanhu mamiriro, izvo rinobvumira hurumende kumisa uye kuchengetedza rugare. Specificity akanga achifunga panzvimbo yokutanga kushandisa nzira Rinobva Galileo kuti wefizikisi. Last akashandisa hurongwa uye geometry panguva Kuongororwa uye Kufembera mananara uye zviitiko munyika chaiyo. Zvose izvi zviri Thomas Hobbes akatambudzika kudzidza mabasa evanhu. Aidavira kuti pakagadzwa zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro hunhu kwevanhu, izvo vangazivikanwa maitiro evanhu mune zvakananga ezvinhu. Vanhu, yake mafungiro, anofanira kudzidzwa somumwe zvinoumba zvinhu zvenyika. Panyaya zvido zvevanhu uye kuchiva, vanogona kuva vakadzidza maererano mumuviri kufamba vavo dzenharo. Dzidziso Thomas Hobbes chaienderana, saka, papfungwa kuti Galileo abudisa. Akataura kuti zvose kuti ariko - iri nyaya kufamba.

Musimboti pfungwa

Nyika yakatipoteredza, hunhu, Hobbes anoonekwa somunhu iine unoratidzwa mitumbi. Zvinhu zvinochinja kwavari, mune zvaanofunga kuitika nekuti kutamira zvinhu okunze. Fani iyi inotaura kwavari sezvo zvokuimba kufamba. Movement iri ichiparadzirwa Via kusunda. It chinokurwadzai muviri simba. It, akavapindurawo, achienda inofamba. Saizvozvowo Hobbes anodudzira upenyu kwavanhu nezvipfuwo zvomudzimu, iine nezvekufadza. Urongwa uhwu uye airatidza zvokuimba yokuti Thomas Hobbes.

cognition

Hobbes aidavira kuti voitakura nenzira "pfungwa." Dzinorwadza chinhu nyama chaizvo maonero enyika. No pfungwa, ndakafunga Hobbes haangavi chokuziva. Panyaya iyi, iyo zvokunze pfungwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akashumira cognition zvavo. Zviri pfungwa havagoni kuvimba pfungwa dzevanhu. The pfungwa rinoshanda uye achifunga pezvakaitwa nokuenzanisa, kuparadzana, kubatana. pfungwa iyi akaumba hwaro zivo dzidziso. Saizvozvowo, Bacon, Hobbes rinotarisa empirical dudziro, chaizvoizvo kubatana sensualistic nzvimbo. Aidavira kuti pfungwa dzevanhu haisi imwe pfungwa, izvo pakutanga akazviratidza zvishomanana kana zvachose mupfungwa dzomuviri. Hobbes aidavira kuti kutsvaka ruzivo kubva zvakaitika. Of nezvekufadza, yake mafungiro, kwakavakirwa zvose nesayenzi. Pfungwa ruzivo akafunga kuti pfungwa, venhema kana wechokwadi, chinoratidzwa nemashoko uye mutauro. Kutongwa inoumbwa wemishonga mitauro zvinhu zvinoratidza manzwiro, mhiri uko hapana.

kwemasvomhu chokwadi

Hobbes aidavira kuti kufunga mumamiriro ezvinhu ose, zvingava ruzivo nyore zvakakwana chokwadi. Zvisinei, izvi zvishoma zivo yesayenzi. Nokuti zvezvinotaurwa ichi waiti kudiwa uye yose sezvakaita. Ivowo, kuvimba chete pamusoro masvomhu. Kuti Hobbes vanozivikanwa naye ruzivo nesayenzi. Asi pachavo Rationalist zvinzvimbo zvavo, izvo zvakafanana Descartes, iye pamwe chete empirical pfungwa. Maererano naye, kubudirira kwechokwadi muna masvomhu zvinoitwa nemashoko, asi hapana zvakananga zvakaitika pfungwa.

Kukosha mutauro

Hobbes vaishingaira kutanga pfungwa iyi. Aidavira kuti chero mutauro anoita somugumisiro chibvumirano kwevanhu. Zvichienderana nzvimbo nominalism, mashoko vainzi mazita, izvo maitire pagungano. Ivo vakataura kwaari chakafanana zvemasanga chiratidzo pakureva zvimwe zvinhu. Kana kutenga zvinhu izvi vakawanda kukosha kune yakasimba nzira imwe kana mumwe mwero boka revanhu, vanoenda muchikwata-zita zviratidzo. The "Revhiatani" Hobbes akati kuti munhu ndichitsvaka chokwadi chaiwo, tinofanira kuyeuka pakunzi zita nerimwe anoshandisa. Zvikasadaro, achawira nomusungo mashoko. The zvakawanda munhu vachapedza simba kubuda mariri, zvikuru achawana vavhiringidzika. Kururama kwemashoko Hobbes tsanangudzo tinofanira kutsunga iyo kubviswa unoreva zvakawanda kunoitika, asi kwete kunzwisisa sezvo Descartes akatenda. Maererano nominalist pamuviri zvinhu kana pfungwa kunogona voga. Words, akavapindurawo, kungava uye Generic. Zvisinei, "mukuru" kuti nominalism hapana pfungwa.

motokari mabviro

Hwedzidziso yekurarama zvitendero, kuburikidza rinotsanangura nyika, akamhanyira zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Zvikurukuru, zvinetso zvakamuka panyaya kokushambadzira kunobva. Se ake "Revhiatani" uye bhuku "On the mugari" Mwari pakaziviswa. Zvakazoitwa kufamba kwezvinhu, maererano Hobbes, kuitika zvisinei payo. Saka Views anofunga diverged richikunda panguva zvechitendero.

Nezvinetso zvokuimba pfuma

Somumwe wavo waitsigira anonzwisisa murume. Hobbes akazviona achimhanya sezvo evasingatombonamati zvokuimba kwacho. It akaita se chitubu mwoyo, manzwiro - the shinda, majoini - sezvo mavhiri. zvinhu izvi zviri kushumwa kwebasa rose muchina. The psyche kwevanhu zvinotsanangurwa zvizere mechanistically. Nyaya yechipiri yakanga rusununguko kuda. Hobbes mune zvaakanyora re pamusoro zviri pachena zvikuru uye kururamiswa, chienderane mitemo yavo. Akati kuti zvose zvakafanira kuti zvakakodzera. Part of causal mamiriro ndivo vanhu. Panguva iyoyowo rusununguko munhu haagoni kunzwisisa sezvo akazvimirira sezvo kunodiwa. Akati kuti chipe aida munhu haagoni kuva zvipingamupinyi. Pakadaro, mugumisiro anoonekwa kusununguka. Kana pane chero zvipingamupinyi, rakaramba ishoma. Speech muchiitiko ichi rinoitwa pasi kwokunze matambudziko. Kana iwe kuzadzisa zvinodiwa kunotadzisa chimwe chinhu chiri mumunhu, haisi anoonekwa somunhu akavarambidza rusununguko, uye chinopiwa somunhu dzinongoitika kushayikwa wacho.

mumagariro kuchengetedzwa

Zvinotora yakawanda nzvimbo muna Hobbes kuti uzivi. Akazvipira evanhu nezvemamwe "Revhiatani" uye bhuku "On the mugari." Zvichitevera zvimwe kwevanhu, iye akasimbisa basa wacho munzanga. Chapter 13, "Revhiatani" anotsanangura "rwokuzvarwa mamiriro" vanhu. Mariri, kuti zviri nezvinotendwa chaiye, vanhu vanosiyana shoma maererano nokugona kwake mumwe. Muchiitiko chino, Hobbes aidavira kuti vanhu uye chisikigo pachacho kana zvakaipa kana zvakanaka. In wakasununguka hurumende vanhu vose vanotenda yepanyama kodzero kuchengetedza upenyu uye kudzivisa rufu. "Kufara ariko" ndiyo kuramba kubudirira chido kuzadzika. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona kuva nguva dzose wakagadzikana kugutsikana, nekuti, maererano Hobbes, upenyu hakuwaniki pasina nemanzwiro uye zvinodiwa. Chaiwo ezvinhu vanhu ndechokuti chinoita kuti zvandinenge munhu wose anosangana mumwe nomumwe. Kudzingana rugare uye kuchengeteka, vanhu vari kuramba kubatanidzwa mukurwisana. In yayo dzinongoitika mamiriro, vanhu vanofanira kuva mitemo zvaichengetedza zvakasikwa. Munhu wose pano ane kodzero zvose kuti unogona kuwana kubva pakushandisa simba. Izvi Hobbes anobata somunhu hondo yose kuti "murume yepamwoyo shamwari mhumhi."

mamiriro inotungamirwa

Kureva, maererano Hobbes, kunogona kubatsira kuti kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Kuti tipone munhu wose anofanira kupfuura zvose zvayo kutanga rusununguko yacho. Iye ari kudzoka munyika ichapa simba risingagumi. Vanhu vanoramba chikamu rusununguko mune nyasha namambo. Iyewo, pachako nechokwadi zvavo mumagariro cohesion. Zvinoguma Revhiatani mamiriro. Ichi simba, vanozvikudza, asi unofa, inova soro munyika uye iri pasi mitemo yaMwari.

simba

Zvinonzi zvakasikwa pachishandiswa pasocial chibvumirano pakati peavo vari kutora chikamu. Centralized simba zvifambe ari munzanga uye kunovimbisa kupona kwevanhu. The Treaty anopa rugare kuvapo nenzira imwe chete. Chinotaurwa sokuti wevasungwa simba rose uye simba mune musangano vamwe vanhu kana chete munhu, ndiani aigona kuuya nazvo zvose kuva chete kuda vagari. Panguva iyoyo pane zvakasikwa mitemo kushomeka matambudziko wamambo. Vose, maererano Hobbes, 12. Zvisinei, ivo vose vakabatanidzwa imwe pfungwa yokuti munhu haafaniri kuita vamwe havana dai chii imi vanhu kunge rakatangwa muna ukama naye. Izvi wokuyera mutsika runoonekwa kuva rinokosha kuzvipira vakaomerwa nomazviri zvachose kwevanhu noudyire, kumanikidzwa kuverenga pamwe pamberi mumwe kune mumwe.

mhedziso

Social pfungwa Hobbes akatsoropodza vomunguva kwakasiyana-siyana. Zvikurukuru vaishora Kukurukura vanhu sechikamu nyaya kufamba. Backlash kwakakonzera kwetarisiro muenzaniso wake evanhu uye kuvapo vanhu zvavo dzinongoitika ezvinhu. It akatsoropodza nenzvimbo yaro hama paMhedziso simba, nokumunyima pamusoro naMwari simba amambo, uye zvichingodaro. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhoroondo kukosha Hobbes kuti pfungwa nezvazvinoreva upenyu vazukuru hombe zvechokwadi.