Interpersonal maonero mashandiro. Omumwe murume mumwe nomumwe. mumagariro maonero

Zivo mumwe munhu kune imwe nguva dzose pamwe mupfungwa tinyatsonzwisisa kuti shamwari, kuedza kunzwisisa zvaanoita, for kuchinja maitiro ake uye Modelling zvavo maitiro. Sezvo izvi kunosanganisira vanhu dzinenge mbiri uye mumwe nomumwe wavo une ubatanidzwe rokuvaka nomumwe kuroorana urongwa anofanira kufunga kwete chete nevavariro uye zvinodiwa nevamwe, asiwo kunzwisisa kwake mafungiro zvinodiwa naye. Muitiro interpersonal maonero Anonziwo evanhu maonero.

interpersonal maonero mashandiro - imwe nzira iyo munhu anodudzira uye Anoongorora zvose. Nzira idzi inogona kunyatsonanga chaizvo. Nhasi tichatarisa inokosha zvigadziriswe pakati interpersonal maonero: zvitupa, kunzwira urombo, umbimbindoga, varaidza kukwezvana, kufungisisa, kufanana nevechiduku uye causal Attribution.

kuongorora

Wokutanga chikuru mashandiro ose interpersonal maonero ndiko kuziva womunhu munhu. Nemaonero evanhu zvepfungwa, izvozvo zvinopupurira chokwadi kuti nyore nzira kunzwisisa nemudiwa ari achizvifananidza naro.

Kazhinji, kuziva nhamba kusunda:

1. Kuva pamwe mumwe nomumwe, tinotevedzera muenzaniso kubatana mupfungwa.
2. Kuroverera tsika, mabasa uye tsika unhu mumwe munhu.
3. Kopi pfungwa, manzwiro kana zvimwe zviito zvevanhu.

Zvinemazvo tsanangudzo kuzivikanwa zviri sezvinotevera. Kuzivikanwa - ndiko kunzwisisa shamwari kuburikidza ake vanoziva kana chavanoziva kuzivikanwa nayo, vachiedza kunzwa mamiriro ake, manzwiro uye mafungiro nyika, ugozvininipisa panzvimbo yake.

tsitsi

The mashandiro pamusoro interpersonal Maonero yechipiri ine chokuita wokutanga. Tsitsi akadana chido mupfungwa kupindura hwega zvimwe zvinetso zvevanhu, tsitsi uye urombo.

Uyewo, tsitsi ari zvichishandurwa se:

1. Kunzwisiswa wehurumende imwe wacho.
2. Vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga muitiro zvainanga chinozivisa dzimwe zvakaitika.
3. Action kuti chinobatsira munhu kuvaka nechirairo munzira chaiyo.
4. Kukwanisa kupinda munzvimbo epfungwa hwomumwe munhu.

Kugona kunzwira vamwe tsitsi kunowedzera nyaya Kufanana kumadhindindi, uye kana kuwana munhu zvakaitika. The yepamusoro tsitsi, zvikuru mavara anenge kuchinjwa chete zviitiko muupenyu vanhu vakasiyana, uye zvakawanda anoziva kuvapo maonero akasiyana pamusoro upenyu.

Munhu, asingatani tsitsi, anogona kuwanika zvikonzero:

1. Kushivirira vamwe vanhu manzwiro.
2. Kugona kupinda munyika yacho interlocutor yemukati, pasina kudura maonero ake.
3. Kujairana manzwisisire ake nyika kune mumwe munhu maonero enyika kuzadzisa tinzwisisane.

Kufanana tsitsi chete mucherechedzo

In tsitsi mashandiro ane zvimwe zvakafanana nemashoko kuziva mashandiro. Vacho pane munhu anogona kutarira zvinhu nemaonero mumwe munhu. Zvisinei, kunzwira urombo, kusiyana kuzivikanwa hauna kuitirwa kuzvizivisa pamwe interlocutor ake. Achizviti ane naye, mumwe murume anotora ake wokuenzanisira maitiro uye inovakwa yakafanana. Achiratidza chete tsitsi, munhu anongoti inorangarira unhu mutsetse panobva, apo uchiwedzera maitiro avo tisingatungamirirwi.

Tsitsi ichaongororwa rimwe unyanzvi kukosha kwepfungwa, chiremba, mudzidzisi uye guide. Empathic nzeve (uchiteerera), maererano Rogers, chinokosha mafungire kuti shamwari, kunobva kwetunhu kuzivikanwa uye urombo. Inclusion mune mumwe munhu, izvo zvinoita kuti vabudirire pachena kuonana - zvitupa chaitika. Izvi "kunyudza ari interlocutor" zvayo yakachena chimiro ane zvakaipa - kwepfungwa, "runokusunganidzai" mutengi matambudziko uye otanga kukuvadza matambudziko ake. Pano anouya achitsigira empathic zvinoriumba - kukwanisa achigara kure nehurumende naye. Saka, yakatarwa kuti zvigadziriswe dzakadai kuziva yevanhu munhu uye tsitsi kunoita wepfungwa kupa rubatsiro chaicho vatengi.

Forms tsitsi

Empathic zvakaitika zvinogona yakakwana uye kukodzera. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe neimwe kuchema kushungurudzika, uye mumwe - mufaro.

Uyezve, tsitsi kunogona:

1. Emotional. Inobva mashandiro ose fungidziro uye kutevedzera inobudirira uye injini zvinoitwa interlocutor.
2. Zvishande. Kwakavakirwa zvakangwara kwendangariro.
3. Predicative. Kunoratidza kuti munhu kufanotaura zvinoitwa interlocutor pamamiriro ezvinhu.

An chinokosha chimiro tsitsi anoita tsitsi - kune mumwe munhu manzwiro, manzwiro uye rinoti vari kusangana nevamwe. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza kuzivikanwa nemunhu wake tsitsi.

egocentrism

Chechitatu mashandiro pamusoro interpersonal maonero, kusiyana rapfuura maviri, zvinoomesa zivo vane mumwe, pane aivabatsira nayo. Egocentrism - imwe pfungwa iri munhu dzavo pauzima uye zvinofarirwa, zvinoita kuti chokwadi chokuti anorasikirwa kukwanisa kunzwisisa vanhu nedzimwe maonero.

Egocentrism ndiko:

1. Inodzidzisa. It aonekwe nedanho mafungiro uye maonero.
2. Moral. Unoratidza nekusagona womunhu kunzwisisa zvikonzero unhu hwevamwe.
3. Vanotaurirana. It akaratidza kusaremekedza kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro Dzidziso yacho interlocutor.

interpersonal udo

Uchikwezvwa - a regiravhiti kana kukwezvwa mumwe munhu mumwe nokuda chamunofarira mose. The zvepfungwa pane interpersonal okutorwa ndiyo noushamwari pakati vanhu uye kutaura tsitsi kune mumwe. Kugadzirwa kuda mumwe sangano mumwe kunoitika sezvo migumisiro mupfungwa ukama, asi kunyatsoongorora iyo rinoita zvakawanda manzwiro uye vakaratidza sezvo pasocial marongero mumwe munhu.

chadzera

Tichitarisa mupfungwa zvigadziriswe pakati interpersonal maonero, tisingatauri kuratidzwa. Kufungisisa inonzi hwomunhu hana yake kufungidzira uye kunzwisisa vamwe vanhu. Ndiyo cherudo munhu pamusoro pfungwa chii nezvake akati. Ichi chinhu evanhu cognition, kune rumwe rutivi, nzira yomunhu zivo interlocutor kuburikidza zvaanofunga nezvazvo, asi rumwe - kuzvicheka-ruzivo kuburikidza nawo. Saka, vanowana zvinowanikwawo kuwanda nomumwe pakukurukurirana, yakawanda pfungwa pamusoro sei panoonekwa nevamwe, uye zvikuru munhu anoziva nezvake uye vamwe.

kufanana nevechiduku

Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo uye zvikuru vanogamuchira mashandiro ose interpersonal maonero. Kufanana nevechiduku vari akapoteredza interpersonal okutorwa - muitiro pokubatana pfungwa nezvomunhu, pamano rusaruro (pfungwa).

Mugore 1922 gore kureva kumifananidzo chokuita inaccuracy uye nhema, V. Limpan akatanga izwi akadai "munzanga kufanana nevechiduku." Kazhinji, paumbwe akatsiga mifananidzo pasocial chinhu kwakanyatsojeka kunyange nomumwe.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndiye akaita murombo kunzwisisa pfungwa akasimbisa muchimiro akatsiga mitemo uye vakawana simba pamusoro pavanhu. Kufanana nevechiduku ichibudira maererano nokushaiwa mashoko kana mugumisiro zvavo okuzvionera pamusoro wacho. Bhonasi rinowanzoshandiswa akawedzera kuti mashoko awanika kubva mabhaisikopo, mabhuku uye kumwewo.

Nokuda kufanana nevechiduku munhu nokukurumidza uye kazhinji yakavimbika anogona, ndirarame munzanga zvakatipoteredza, tongai nawo zvimwe zvinodiwa uye mhando, kuti unyatsonzwisisa oneka. Zvishande Panobva stereotyping Anoumba pezvakaitwa akadai yairambidzwa kusarudzwa uye categorization makuru chokubuda mumagariro mashoko. Nezveshoko motivational hwaro mashandiro iyi, inoumbwa nokuda dzinotsanagura iwe vachida kukurudzira imwe boka, iyo kupa vanhu pfungwa yokudiwa uye kuchengeteka.

Basa kufanana nevechiduku:

1. Rutoto ruzivo.
2. Órgãos uye kutsigira mufananidzo zvakanaka "I".
3. Creation nechitsigiso boka dzematongerwe tuzvikonzero uye achitsanangura unhu boka.
4. Órgãos uye kutsigira mufananidzo zvakanaka "isu".

Saka, pfungwa ndidzo regulators dzokusimukira ukama. Chavainyanya zvinhu ndiwo: upfumi pfungwa, kupembedza avo maitiro, kugutsikana, hasha mafungiro, kuzvidzivirira uye voltage goho neboka.

kupatsanura pakati pfungwa

Kune vakawanda vane nzvimbo kuva kupatsanura pakati pfungwa. Maererano kupatsanura V. Panferova, pfungwa dziri: zvemagariro, anthropological uye ethno-National.

Kunyatsoongorora mashoko kupatsanura pakati Rean, maererano iyo pfungwa vari:

1. Anthropological. It apo tinyatsonzwisisa mupfungwa unhu munhu uye unhu hwake kunoenderana hunhu chitarisiko, kureva anthropological maitiro.
2. Ethno-National. Relevant kuna umo mupfungwa tinyatsonzwisisa munhu kufurira ndeve yake imwe dzinza, rudzi kana nyika.
3. Social uye chinzvimbo. Iva nzvimbo kuva kana wacho tinyatsonzwisisa unhu kuitika zvichienderana zvavo munzanga.
4. Social uye basa-nokutamba. Panyaya iyi, iyo kunyatsoongorora munhu pasi evanhu basa uye mabasa uye mashandiro anoita munhu.
5. Upenyu uye aesthetic. Psychological tinyatsonzwisisa unhu iri yairevererwa kutarisana womunhu kuteterera.
6. Nemashoko uye maitiro. Chokuratidza kuti tinyatsonzwisisa unhu ayo kunze zvinhu: mime, pantomime, mutauro uye zvichingodaro.

Pane dzimwe classifications. Mavari, kuwedzera kune yapfuura vaya, vanoonekwa pfungwa dzakadaro: nyanzvi (Generic mufananidzo mumiririri ukabvuma kubvuma), physiognomic (kunze zvinhu akabatanidza munhu), kwemadzinza uye nezvimwe.

Chinonyanya adzidza vanoonekwa yenyika pfungwa. Ivo inoratidza ukama nevanhu vemadzinza akasiyana. kazhinji pfungwa yakadaro chikamu nemafungiro rudzi kwayo kuzivikanwa, uye une Link yakajeka pamwe nenyika hunhu.

The zvichiguma kushaya ruzivo nemashoko stereotyping, sezvo mashandiro ose interpersonal maonero, anogona kuita kumwe uye kunyange reactionary basa, kuumba vanhu zvakaipa pfungwa pamusoro vamwe, uye deforming dzinotsanagura interpersonal nekuita tinzwisisane. Saka, kuona chokwadi kana falsity munzanga pfungwa havafaniri kungova kwakavakirwa kuongorora mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

causal Attribution

Uchifunga zvigadziriswe munzanga maonero, hatifaniri kukanganwa inonakidza kutanga yakadai, somunhu causal Attribution. Asingazivi kana kwete zvakakwana kuziva nevavariro vechokwadi mumwe nomumwe, vanhu kuwana pachavo ane ruzivo dhefisiti anogona kupona kwaari zvikonzero maitiro kwenhema. Munzanga zvepfungwa, chiitiko ichi anonzi "causal Attribution".

Kufunga kuti vanhu kududzira maitiro evamwe, masayendisiti akawana dzinonzi dzinokosha Attribution kukanganisa. Zviri nokuti kuti vanhu kuona kukosha mamwe unhu uye kurerutsa matambudziko acho ezvinhu. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakawana Chiitiko kuti "noudyire Attribution." Zvinonzi inobva mano vanhu ndivanaMesiya pachavo kubudirira, uye vamwe - akundikana.

G. Kelly akataura nezvemarudzi matatu Attribution:

1. Unhu. Chikonzero ari anonzi munhu akaita chiito.
2. Objective. Chikonzero ari anonzi chinhu pamusoro iyo chiito rinotungamirirwa.
3. Attribution-ukama ezvinhu. Chikonzero ari anonzi ezvinhu zviri kuitika.

Kazhinji Muoni kuita pachake Attribution, uye yeboka vanowanzogara anonyora zvose ezvinhu. Nyaya iyi iri pachena kuoneka Attribution kubudirira uye kukundikana.

Nyaya zvinokosha tichifunga pamusoro causal Attribution inyaya kugadzwa munyaya ino muitiro womunhu maonero ari munhu, kunyanya mu paumbwe risingazivikanwi munhu nefemero. Izvi chakaziviswa A. Bodylevym nokuongorora umo akasiyana mapoka vanhu vakaratidza mufananidzo chete munhu, nechati Zvaakanyora "munyori" mhando "Hero", "mhosva", uye zvichingodaro. Kana vachiridzira kugadzwa kutukana Portraits zvakafanana munhu akasiyana. Chinoratidzwa kuti pane vanhu intractable stereotyping. Dzinonzi stereotyped anyatsosarudza. The zvigadziriswe munzanga maonero, ikozvino zvishoma nezvazvo zvachinokonzera.

Migumisiro interpersonal maonero

The mugumisiro interpersonal maonero anogara kuumbwa pachishandiswa pfungwa.

Kakawanda Migumisiro matatu:

1. Denderedzwa rechiedza kushanda. Ataurwa kana mumwe munhu ari kuwedzeredza kuti kufanana kwe mumwe, tama pfungwa (yakanaka kana kwete) mumwe ake sezvo vose nohumwe unhu. Munguva paumbwe kuororwa, denderedzwa rechiedza kwepasi kunoitika apo ane maonero akanaka mwoyo womunhu kunotungamirira zvakanaka kunyatsoongorora zvose unhu zvayo, uye vakutarisire.
2. Mugumisiro kuvamumwe. It akaratidza ari kunyatsoongorora komweni. Fitting muchinangwa iyi achitamba mashoko yave kukurukurwa ambotaurwa.
3. The mugumisiro utsva. Izvi mugumisiro interpersonal maonero anoita ari kunyatsoongorora waunoziva, kana mashoko azvino uno pamusoro chinova chinokosha.

Nokuumbwa inofananidza pamusoro interlocutor nguva dzose kunotanga kuongorora uye pakunzwisisa chitarisiko chake, chitarisiko uye maitiro. Mune ramangwana, mashoko aya ndiwo hwaro maonero uye kunzwisisa murume. It kungaenderana zvinoverengeka on: munhu zvinoitwa munhu, tsika pamwero ake, ayo mumagariro ruzivo, aesthetic zvaunofarira, uye zvichingodaro. An nyaya inokosha ndiko zera zvechadenga munhu uyo anogamuchira.

Somuenzaniso, mwana uyo achangobva akatanga kuenda kukireshi, mukubata nevanhu kwakavakirwa kutanga pfungwa pavo, yaakanga achiumbwa nevabereki. Zvichienderana sei mwana vaiva noukama kare, chinoratidza kushatirwa, kushaya chivimbo, kuteerera, abvume kana kuoma musoro.

mhedziso

Nokupfupikisa apa, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvigadziriswe pakati interpersonal manzwisisire inzira dudziro uye kunyatsoongorora mumwe munhu nerimwe. The zvihombe ndiwo: zvitupa, kunzwira urombo, umbimbindoga, kukwezvana, kufungisisa, kufanana nevechiduku, uye causal Attribution. zvigadziriswe siyana uye mhando interpersonal maonero, kunowanzova kushanda tandem, kureva mumwe.