Ionosphere - chii ichi? ionospheric akaturikidzana

chadenga The Earth raMwari rinoumbwa wandei zvikamu vane nziyo zvakasiyana. The stratosphere, exosphere, troposphere, ionosphere, uye dzimwe akaturikidzana kudzivirira zvose upenyu panyika kubva rakaoma yepasi pose nemwaranzi. Havasi vose akaumbwa okisijeni iri mari yakakwana kufema. Asi mumwe nomumwe anoita mabasa ayo. Somuenzaniso, kuti ionosphere - ndiyo okumusoro rukoko zvomumhepo rakamiswa pamusoro 50 km. Zvinonzi saka zita nokuda vakawanda ions vakaumba somugumisiro yokuwana rezuva nemwaranzi. Vane zvakawanda yepasi pose mwaranzi.

Ionosphere: sezvamunoita

Izvi marongera zvomumhepo rine musanganiswa magasi. Kune vashoma kwazvo, saka kutaura nhete chaizvo mhepo pa kukwira ichi. Ndokusaka Vols nzvimbo iyi hazvibviri. Vazhinji ionosphere paNyika ine kwazvakarerekera emaatomu ezvinhu senitrogen uye okisijeni. Asi ayo chikuru Chimiro - iri quasineutral plasma, umo nhamba chokwadi mhosva inoramba iri anenge kuenzana nokuwanda okusafarira mhosva. ions vakadaro vari kuwedzera pamwe kure Pasi. Naizvozvo, kuti ionosphere unowanzonzi plasma mumuhara Pasi.

The chikuru nemamiriro ionosphere kubva 50 kusvika 100 makiromita pamusoro pepasi - ndiko okisijeni, senitrogen, uye yavaibvisa. Asi pashure 100 km vanotanga zvakazadza hydrogen nehelium.

Tsanangudzo zita

The ionosphere - marongera zvomumhepo, saka zita nekuda mukuru mwero ionization. Ndicho panobva ayo X-ray uye ultraviolet chezuva. Ions - iri nhingi mhosva maerekitironi. Muna ionosphere, wevasungwa wavo chaizvo. The pamwero ions sei magnetosphere paNyika zvishoma. Asi uwandu ionized maerekitironi kazhinji kunowedzera panguva hadzitani, uyewo nokuda ndima apfuura Pasi miviri Somuenzaniso, meteorite nezvimedu-siyana yokudenga. Usiku, kana pasina gwenya nemwaranzi panguva ionization nenhanho simba Galactic yepasi pose mwaranzi.

Hadzitani kukonzera kuti kuerera rinotungamirirwa kurutivi Earth zvokutanga nezvimedu - protons, maerekitironi. Ivo kukanganisa akaturikidzana zvose pasi muchadenga. Asi vazhinji zvakaoma mwaranzi iri kunonoka mune ionosphere. Izvi zvinoshamisa anowedzera ionization kwayo.

The kudzidza ionosphere

rukoko urwu zvomumhepo yakanga dzakaonekwa mukutanga masayendisiti remakore rechi20 E. Appleton, Barnet M., uye M. G. Breit Tuve. Vakawana kuti pane imwe kukwira 50 makiromita kubva pane paiva magasi kuratidza redhiyo mafungu. Iye akatanga kuchengeta. Zvakaonekwa kuti ionosphere dzose dzinosiyana. Kunyange mumazuva ayo sezvamunoita uye mamwe maitiro chinja. rakawandisa akasiyana magasi pakukwirira zavsimosti. Naizvozvo, kuti ionosphere rakakamurwa zvitatu akaturikidzana.

Asi kunzwisisa hunhu chikamu ichi zvomumhepo revanhu zvizere zvaigona kutengwa chete yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20. Taidzidza pamwe pano ionospheric zvechitima. Zvadaro akatanga kuongorora kubva mukati. First chitundumuseremusere, ipapo satellites vakakwira muimba mhepo. Zvino vanhu vaigona kunzwisisa ionosphere. sezvamunoita Its icho nokushandisa zvombo pamwe vakawanda spectrometer. Zvinogonekawo kuti kuyera dzimwe parameters:

• tembiricha;
• Ion wevasungwa;
• magetsi conductivity;
• ionization matura;
• kunyanya zvakaoma chiedza chezuva.

Wekudzidza ionosphere riri kushandisa redhiyo nzira - kudzidzwa kunooneka redhiyo mafungu. Uye ichangobva vakatanga kushandisa satellites mungarava zvine nhepfenyuro uye Yatanga Kuongorora famba ionosphere kubva kumusoro. Izvi akabvumira pfungwa dzayo zvakakwirira layer hazvigoni kudzidza kubva Earth.

ionospheric akaturikidzana

Ndicho chimwe zvomumhepo ndiyewo kwete yunifomu. Mariri kune zvitatu akaturikidzana vane madhigirii siyana pamusoro ionization uye gasi arambe achirema.

• In rezasi layer kuvakoka kusvika 90 makiromita, rakadzika ionization. Mhepo iri ionized nokupesvedzera rinobva madutu, nyika, uyewo nokuda maekisirei kwezuva. Naizvozvo usiku ionization iri zvakatowanda ipfupi.
• The rukoko wechipiri kubva 90 kusvika 120 makiromita. Zvinonzi dzinoratidzwa Zvichakadaro arambe achirema pakati ions, izvo kwazvo masikati ne zuva nemwaranzi. In rukoko urwu, izvozvo zvinoratidzwa pakati uye pfupi redhiyo mafungu. Chikamu ichi anonzi ionosphere rukoko Kennelly-Heaviside, uyo kutanga kudzidza nayo.
• The vamwe ionosphere kupfuura 130 makiromita wechitatu rukoko. The kunonyanyisa pamwero ionization iri kuchengetwa panzvimbo kukwira vanenge 200 makiromita. rukoko Izvi zvinoita wokushandura pfupi-wave redhiyo mafungu pamusoro madaro marefu. Ini akazarura Chirungu yefizikisi Appleton rukoko.

Chii ozone rukoko

Pasi ionosphere ndiyo ozone. Inochengetedza Earth pashamwari nemigumisiro UV mwaranzi uye kubva pakupisa kurasikirwa. Masayendisiti kuratidzwa kuti ozone kunobetsera zvose zvipenyu zvose. Rutapudzo kwayo uwandu kana kwete inokanganisa utano vanhu. mumakomba Ozone, dzakanga yakawanikwa mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20, kukonzera nokuwedzera kwenhamba kenza. Mamwe masayendisiti chokuita pezvakaitwa dzakadaro gasi choutsi panyika huri, uye nokuparadzwa ionized yokumusoro ratinoona akaturikidzana, izvo kuva kunokuvadza ultraviolet nemwaranzi kupfuura.

Kubata ionosphere muredhiyo

A mukuru mwero ionization dzekudenga muna rukoko urwu zvomumhepo kunogona kukanganisa redhiyo. Isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu ichifambira randomly kungachinja kutungamirirwa redhiyo mafungu uye kunyange kupinza kwavo simba. Somugumisiro, pane ruzha, kwenguva kunyangarika redhiyo kana nekusiyana, ikawanda slishimosti kure nhepfenyuro.

Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti ionosphere - ndicho zvakaturikidzaniswa zvomumhepo, inoita zvibvire Mashoko redhiyo mafungu. Zvakangoitikawo kuti nokuda izvi radoivolnam uye rukoko urwu 20s remakore rechi20 yakavhurwa.

Nokuti yakarurama kupararira redhiyo mafungu pamusoro refu madaro vanofanira kuwana pfungwa iri ionosphere refraction, kufungisisa kubva yavachauya kuwana nayo kunzvimbo chaunoda. Chimwe chinetso ndechokuti vamwe simba wefodya nokuda nhingi mhosva ions. Zvakafananawo ichi ndicho Chiitiko apo wavelength unokurumidza damped muna ionosphere, ndokupfuura pfupi nani. Uyezve, redhiyo kutaurirana kuipa munguva rinobva madutu, umo ionization ipfupi.

Kuparadzwa ionosphere

Munhu wose anoziva kuti nyika inoda mumhepo. The ionosphere ndiro - ndiro rukoko iyo anodzivirira vamwe akaturikidzana ari rakaoma chokunze nemwaranzi. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti ayo sezvamunoita anodzokororwa panguva dzose pamwero. Asi zvinhu zvevanhu mumakore achangopfuura kunotungamirira kuti rukoko urwu zvomumhepo anotanga kuputsa. Somuenzaniso, apo achimhanya nzvimbo rabhoritari "Skayleb" iri ionosphere iri vabudiswa hombe yakawanda rehydrogen.

Other boosters haidereri simba pamusoro anoumba chadenga. Space "Shuttle" runodzingira panguva combustion yakawanda kuiisa chlorine, carbon monoxide, aruminiyamu oxide, rehydrogen. A "puhti" - senitrogen zvikuru oxide. izvi zvose anoparadza zvinoshingaira akaturikidzana ari ionosphere, uye kunoderedza uwandu ozone. residual mafuta kwenguva refu kuunganidza chokumusoro mhepo. Kunyanya yakawanda navo ane stratosphere. The ionosphere zvikuru nehanya nokuchinja ayo akafanana, saka ions vari kukurumidza kuparadzwa.

Zvakaratidza kuti kana iwe mhanya chitundumusere-musere achitevedza yose nzira yacho kutiza mukoridho aumbwa, vanonzi ionospheric gomba. Panguva iyi, yepasi pose mwaranzi anogona kupinda mumhepo uye anosvika panyika, kwakakanganisa bata zvose zvipenyu.

chokuchamhembe

Ionosphere - nzvimbo rinoumbwa yakadaro chinoshamisa pamusoro Aurora borealis. It kunoitika pasi pokudzora nemwaranzi kubva muchadenga. Kana nzvimbo mhosva nezvimedu kutamira pasi vari mukati okumusoro akaturikidzana ari ionosphere, iyo perturbation pakati ions ichaitika, iyo pasi kunonzwisiswa akanaka Iridescent Naiwo mufaro. Kutaura zvazviri izvi ari neutralizing ari ionosphere vortices akarayira nezvimedu kuuya kubva zuva. Kana kwete rukoko urwu "mhepo rezuva" vaparadze upenyu zvose Panyika.