Jet Injini: kushanda (zvishoma). Nheyo anoita jeti injini ndege

Under reactive kunzwisisa kufamba umo muviri akaparadzaniswa pane imwe kumhanya mumwe zvikamu zvaro. Rwaibva kwacho yakadaro ndiro simba ndikaita vayo. Mune mamwe manzwi, haisi kuchangotanga kuonana kwokunze miviri kunyange.

Jet propulsion zvakasikwa

Muchirimo zororo iri kumaodzanyemba kusvika mumwe nomumwe wedu, kushambira mugungwa, akasangana muramba. Asi vashoma vedu vanoziva kuti mhuka idzi dzinonyanya sezvinongoita ndege injini. Nheyo kushanda mune hunhu muchina uyu anogona kuonekwa kutamira mamwe marudzi zvomumvura plankton uye mazana ose dragonflies. Uyezve kushanda kwakaita invertebrates aya kazhinji kupfuura Hardware.

Ndivanaanizve anogona kuenzanisira kuti ndege injini kushanda musimboti? Squid, octopus uye cuttlefish. A yakafanana kufamba chinoenda, uye dzimwe dzemugungwa zhinji. Tora somuenzaniso, cuttlefish. It absorbs mvura yavo dakashwa mhango uye nesimba anoriposhera kuburikidza fanera inorayirwa shure kana padivi. Panyaya iyi, iyo clam anogona kufamba mugwara.

Nheyo anoita jeti injini kunogona kuonekwa kana uchifamba Salsa. mhuka iyi zvomumvura anogamuchira mvura navanopinda mhango. Pashure paizvozvo, muviri tsandanyama ake chibvumirano, kukuvadza mvura nepakaburi riri kurutivi rwemberi. Maitiro zvichiguma ndege anopa mafuta kufambira mberi.

gungwa chombo

Asi zvikuru vakakwana reactive kufamba asvika asi Squid. Kunyange chimiro chombo chinoita zvokukandwa sokuti zvakakopwa chaizvo noupenyu ichi zvomumvura. Kana uchifamba yakaderera kumhanya Squid nguva anokotama ake nedhaimani zenze. Asi kuti anokurumidza rikaposherwa ane kushandisa yayo "ndege injini". The kushanda nhungamiro tsandanyama ake ose uye muviri panguva iyoyo zvakakodzera kufunga zvizere.

Yatinayo Squid jasi mumwe mhando. Izvi tsandanyama rinenge dzinoitwa muviri wake kubva kumativi ose. Munguva kufamba mhuka vakanwa kupinda jasi hombe Vhoriyamu mvura, zvinoshamisa achikanda karwizi kuburikidza rinokosha rakamanikana kamwene. Zviito izvi kubvumira Squid kufamba achisunda shure panguva aimhanya kusvikira makumi manomwe makiromita paawa. Munguva kufamba mhuka nokuunganidza svinga ose gumi tentacles yayo kuti vanopa muviri streamlined chimiro. The kamwene ane vharafu. The mhuka unotsauka kushandisa kwake tsandanyama sunga. Izvi zvinobvumira zvomugungwa neshanduko negwara. Basa mudhiraivho munguva Squid sangano mutambo uye tentacles. It avaudza kuruboshwe kana kurudyi, Achinzvenga kana pasi nyore kudhumhana zvipingamupinyi.

Pane kuti Squid imwe mhando (stenotevtis), iyo muridzi wenyaya yakanakisisa mutyairi pakati mollusks. Rondedzera nheyo kushanda jeti injini - uye uchanzwisisa sei, nekudzingana hove, mhuka dzimwe nguva akasvetuka kubva mumvura, kuwana kunyange pamusoro shop ngarava kuenda mhiri munyanza. Izvi zvinoitika sei? Kalmar mutyairi ari mumvura chinhu, anovandudza kufadza torque maitiro ruoko pamusoro pake. Izvi zvinobvumira iye kubhururuka pamusoro mafungu nechokure makumi mashanu mamita.

Kana tikaongorora jeti injini, nheyo kushanda hwemhuka anogona kutaurwa asi? Izvi, Pakutanga, zvakakura-kura octopus. Vanoshambira havasi sezvo kutsanya sezvinoita Squid, asi pane nyaya pangozi dzichimhanya anogona shanje kunyange zvakanakisisa sprinters. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu vakambodzidza vaitamira octopus, vakawana kuti kufamba akafanana nomunhu ane ndege injini musimboti.

Animal mumwe ndege mvura vabudiswa kubva mwena, vachiita budiriro iri mamita maviri kana kunyange maviri nehafu. Muchiitiko chino, akayangarara octopus chairwo - namanhede.

Mimwe mienzaniso Jet Propulsion

Ine zvitundumuseremusere ayo uye zvirimwa munyika. Nheyo jeti injini kunogona kuonekwa kana kunyange chiedza chaizvo kubatwa "squirting wemagaka" kumhanya gwa kure gunde, panguva iyoyowo kuramba namuka zvokunwa pamwe mbeu. Saka pacharo muchero rinobhururukira pamusoro rebei (kusvika 12 m) mu negwara.

Nheyo anoita jeti injini zvinogonawo kuchengetwa paaiva muchikepe. Kana mvura kubva muna imwe mirayiridzo kukanda matombo rinorema, zvichaita kufamba negwara risiri. Chete ane chombo ndege musimboti. Chete ikoko nematombo vaishandisa magasi. Unhu maitiro simba kupa kufamba mumhepo uye pauri nzvimbo.

naka rwendo

About nzvimbo ndege vanhu akarota kwenguva refu. Izvi runoratidzwa nemabasa renyaya vanyori, uyo chinangwa ichi inopa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, gamba nyaya yacho munyori French Hercule Savinien Cyrano of Bergerac paakasvika mwedzi uri njanji ngoro, iro nguva dzose kanoita simba magineti. Asati ichi chete nyika uye akashatirwa nomukurumbira Munchausen. Ita rwendo akabatsira hofori bhinzi kwedzinde.

Jet propulsion rave richishandiswa China rokutanga chemakore BC. Chairwo zvombo zvokungonakidzwa Saka vakashumira yemishenjere sepombi, izvo vakazadzwa upfu. Sezvineiwo, nekubatwa motokari yokutanga panyika, yakatangwa Newton, akanga ane ndege injini.

History of RD

Chete muzana remakore rechi19. Kurota kwehumunhu pezvakasikwa akatanga kuwana zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo. Zviri ichi remakore Russian echimurenga N. I. Kibalchichem chirongwa chokutanga munyika akasikwa ane ndege ndege injini. bepa All Narodnaya Volya vakanga rakanyorwa mutorongo, apo akanga pashure chigaro Alexander. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa kuti 04/03/1881 Kibalchich akaurayiwa, uye pfungwa dzake haana inoshanda musimboti.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. pfungwa kushandisa zvitundumuseremusere kuti muchadenga mishoni kuitwa musayendisiti Russian K. E. Tsiolkovsky. First ake basa tsananguro dzine muviri inofamba shanduka guru muchimiro kwemasvomhu equations, yakabudiswa muna 1903 Munguva mberi dzakabudirira zano pacharo musayendisiti ndege injini kuti propulsion mura mafuta.

Tsiolkovsky yakanga yagadzirwa multistage chitundumuseremusere uye zvinganaka pfungwa pakusika yakaderera Earth muchadenga inosvika guta rino. Tsiolkovsky akaratidza pachena kuti nzira bedzi yokuti muchadenga mishoni ane chitundumuseremusere. Kureva Unit akashongedzerwa ndege, refillable mafuta uye oxidizer. mumwe chombo chete akadaro anogona kukunda simba regiravhiti uye dzibhururuke mhiri Wepasi muchadenga.

nzvimbo ubanguranyika

Article Tsiolkovsky yakabudiswa nguva nenguva "Scientific Review", mvumo nokuti musayendisiti kuti mukurumbira muroti uya. pfungwa dzake hapana aikoshesa.

pfungwa Tsiolkovsky kwakaita chinozoiswa nemasayendisiti eSoviet. Inotungamirirwa Sergeem Pavlovichem Korolevym, vakatanga kufamba wokutanga chakagadzirwa Earth Satellite. October 4, 1957, chikwata ichi muruoko muchadenga ive chitundumuseremusere ane ndege injini. Work RD kwaibva kutendeuka kwemakemikari simba, iyo vakapfuura norwizi mafuta gasi, akatendeuka kupinda kinetic simba. Panyaya iyi chombo riri kufamba mune neizvi negwara.

Jet injini, nheyo iro rave richishandiswa kwemakore akawanda, anowana kushanda kwayo kwete chete nzvimbo asi avhiyesheni. Asi kakawanda rinoshandiswa vomurova zvitundumuseremusere. Nokuti chete RD anokwanisa kufambisa mudziyo ari muchadenga, iyo isina chinhu unosvikirwa.

Liquid ndege injini

Ani naani akapfura kubva firearm kana kungoti akatarisa muitiro kubva kunze, ziva kuti pane simba kuti zvichazununguka achitsausa hunde shure. Uyezve, kana zvimwe modzokera mhosva inowedzerawo. Just kushanda uye ndege injini. Its kushanda musimboti akafanana shure sei hunde kuvenga kunoitika pasi Zvakaitwa ndege inopisa magasi.

Panyaya chombo, zvino kubata, panguva iyo kuvesa ari musanganiswa kunoitika, zviri zvishoma nezvishoma uye chinoramba. Izvi zvinonyanya nyore, yakasimba-propellant injini. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti zvose womuenzaniso chitundumuseremusere.

In nemvura ndege injini (LRE) kuti vaunze mumwe kushanda svikiro kana chebasa ndege, musanganiswa zvinosanganisira mafuta uye oxidant. Ekupedzisira, kazhinji kutaura nitric asidhi kana mvura okisijeni. The mafuta ari chitundumuseremusere injini ndiyo reparafini.

The kushanda nhungamiro jeti injini kuti yave iri ivhu zvakachengetwa kusvikira panguva ino. Chete zvino, mura rehydrogen rinoshandiswa mairi. Mune oxidation zviri pfuma chaiyo chido ichiwedzerwa zvichienzaniswa wokutanga expander pakarepo kubudikidza 30%. Kuchitaura kuti pfungwa kushandiswa rehydrogen kwave wakatangwa na Tsiolkovsky. Zvisinei, huripo panguva iyoyo, matambudziko kushanda pamwe ichi zvikuru putika fuma vaingovawo risingadzivisiki.

Chii kushanda nhungamiro jeti injini? The mafuta uye oxidant kupinda kushanda mukamuri kubva yoga matangi. Uyezve pane kutendeutsa yenhengo vari musanganiswa. It anopisa, apo nokusimbisa rakawanda kupisa pasi nevamwe pamakumi atmospheres.

The zvinoumba ari kushanda pekamuri jeti injini anouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. The oxidant kutaurwa pano zvakananga. Asi mafuta rinopfuura refu pakati yomukati uye kamwene masvingo nzira. Hezvo rinopisa uye, nechekare kuva mukuru tembiricha, unorasirwa kupinda combustion mapazi kuburikidza dzakawanda mokugezera. Uyezve, ndege yakaumbwa pedyo kamwene kunze uye anoona ndege munorwira kusunda pfungwa. Ndizvo unogona kuudza inova musimboti jeti injini mabasa (zvishoma). In rondedzero iyi haitauri vazhinji zvinoriumba, pasina iro LRE basa zvaisazobvira. Pakati compressors izvi inodiwa kusika aida kumanikidzwa kuti jekiseni vharuvhu, nerubatsiro turbine uye t. D.

ano mashandisirwo

Pasinei chokwadi kuti basa jeti injini kunoda zvakawanda mafuta chitundumuseremusere injini anopfuurira kushumira vanhu nhasi. Vari kushandiswa senzvimbo huru propulsion chitundumuseremusere Motors, uyewo zvakasiyana shunting chitundumusere-musere uye nzvimbo zvechitima. The ndege akashandisawo mamwe marudzi taxiways, idzo siyanei kuita uye magadzirirwo.

Kukura avhiyesheni

Kubva muzana remakore rechi20, kusvikira nguva Hondo Yenyika II, vanhu vakanga richibhururuka chete hwindimiri ndege. mano aya vakapakata pezviri combustion injini. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi haisi akamira. Rayo budiriro kwaidiwa kuti pave kupfuura simba uye uchitsanya ndege. Zvisinei, ndege nezvinoda raiita aripo sokuti asingagadzirisiki dambudziko. Chokwadi ndechokuti kunyange zvishomanana kuwedzera injini simba riri yekudyidzana kwakawedzera ndege uremu. Zvisinei, nzira yokubuda akawanikwa ane wokuEngland Frank Will. Aiva injini idzva, rinonzi reactive. kuvamba ichi akapa simba zvakasimbisa kukura avhiyesheni.

Nheyo anoita jeti injini ndege zvakafanana zvinoitwa moto hosipaipi. hosipaipi ake ane rakatetepa magumo. Ruchiyerera rakamanikana yokutanga, mvura zvikuru anowedzera velocity kwayo. Created nesimba musana kumanikidzwa rwakasimba chaizvo zvokuti moto zvaisagona kutsigirwa mumaoko hosipaipi. Saka mufambiro mvura inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira chokwadi, chii musimboti wenyika ndege injini.

ramjet RD

Izvi mhando ndege injini ndiyo nyore. Mupe zvinogona muchimiro nenyere pamwe wakashama mativi, iyo akatasva ari kutamira nendege. Muchikamu nechemberi kwayo muchinjikwa-chikamu anowedzera. Kuburikidza maumbirwo ichi, huri kuuya mhepo kunoderedza ayo kumhanya, uye ayo kuvafurira inowedzerawo. The widest chikamu nenyere yakadaro combustion kamuri. Pane anowanikwa ari jekiseni peturu wayo unozotevera combustion. Kwakadaro kudziyisa kwacho anobatsira aumba magasi uye simba kuwedzera. Saka pane ndege injini vaise. nezvinobvamo zvose zvakafanana magasi, kana kudhonzwa aine simba outwards kubva rakamanikana kumugumo chubhu. Zviri kuda ichi uye kunoita ndege nhunzi.

kushandisa matambudziko

Ramjet injini ine zvainovhiringidzawo. Vanokwanisa kushanda chete ndege, riri kufamba. The ndege, riri mumamiriro zororo, In-Line RD actuate asingagoni. Kuti kusimudza mumhepo ndege vanoda chimwe Starter injini.

Vachitaura

Nheyo anoita jeti injini turbojet ndege mhando, inova isina zvazvakaipira Ram RD, kubvumira ndege kuti kusika zvemberi ndege. kuvamba ichi sei?

Huru chaikosha yaiva imwe turbojet injini - gasi turbine. Achibatsirwa nemhepo mhepo compressor, achipfuura iyo compressed mhepo chinotungamirwa mune chaiyo kamuri. The zvichiguma combustion ari mafuta (yemanyorero reparafini) zvigadzirwa kuwira pamusoro turbine mashizha pane rigomutungamiriravo chiito. Zvadaro, mhepo-gasi aibuda zvinoenda kamwene, izvo Inowedzera yakakwirira velocities uye pave wakakura reactive simba vaise.

simba kuwedzera

Reactive traction aigona kuwedzera yekudyidzana munguva pfupi. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti afterburning. It is Kubayiwawo jekiseni mamwe mafuta mukati gasi rukova kupukunyuka turbine. The tsva okisijeni iri turbine kunoita kuti combustion pamusoro reparafini, iyo inowedzera chebasa injini. At dzakakwirira aimhanya nayo anowedzera kukosha kwayo kunosvika 70%, ukuwo diki - 25-30%.