Kubva izvo kurarama zvose zvinenge? The ehupfumi zvipenyu. Kusiyana zvipenyu

The zvinhu nyika yakatipoteredza, hunhu rinonzi, chinosanganisira mupenyu uye kurarama vasiri zvinenge. Funga coexistence yavo. Zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvinogona kuzivikanwa somunhu pfungwa dzakasiyana siyana: maatomu, mamorekuru, makro-miviri, megaobekty, mapoka enyeredzi, enyeredzi, uye pakupedzisira - zvose.

Asi chii chikuru maatomu akafanana? Sayenzi yemazuva ano aronga kuti duku "chivakwa kugumbura 'ndiyo quark yakaumbwa kwazviri maatomu nezvimwe zvokutanga inoramba.

Zvisinei, upenyu hunhu huripo nenzira mbiri: Zvinhu uye munda (vose vane simba). Energy of fuma kunoratidza tsanzira yokuita Einstein:

• E = mc ²

The fuma iri mina inoti: zvikukutu, mvura, gaseous uye sezvo plasma.

Kurarama uye kurarama vasiri zvinenge regai nyore sei. Tichazotaura tokurukura nezvacho. Pakutanga zvakanga chete zvisina upenyu: Pasi pachayo sezvo nyika yakaumbwa makore mabhiriyoni 4,5 akapfuura, uye kuverenga pakuonekwa zvipenyu akatanga mabhiriyoni 0,5 akapfuura. Somugumisiro kukura zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa ipapo zvine.

Kubvira ipapo, zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu kwete pamwe - vanonyatsotevera kushamwaridzana nomumwe. Pasi pokudzora zvipenyu zviri muchadenga yakawedzera chaizvo uremu uye ungaderedza okisijeni - carbon dioxide. Relief rave achinja nokuda makomo makemikari mavambo. Tusingaoneki kuziva muitiro ivhu inotungamirwa (ano ivhu yakakodzera zvokurima - rakavapo upenyu hwavo). Paiva oiri.

inoshanda zvakakodzera pamusoro biosphere hazvibviri pasina zvipenyu. Ivo nokushingaira inobatsira kuti remudunhu nokudenga zvakasikwa. Sezvaunogona kuona, kukosha zvipenyu - hwakakura kwazvo.

Kwakabva upenyu

Sei upenyu Panyika yakabuda? Pakutanga, mumatanda pamusoro makemikari nyaya vakasikwa nokuti. Academician Aleksandrom Ivanovichem Oparinym pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore kwave experimentally akaratidza kuwanikwa pasi pokudzora dzemagetsi mhosva iri vasiri kurarama makemikari hunhu, zvakakodzera kuti 'tanga roupenyu. " Uye pakati remakore iroro, musayendisiti American Stanley Miller (chokwadi, uchidzidza Russian academician) synthesized nucleic acids - nheyo maumbirwo mapurotini. Maererano Oparin, kuti chidzoke kumumvuri majemusi aigona kuva coacervates - kuzvidzora ndangariro chivako chine mafuta mumuhara.

Maererano masayendisiti akawanda vakagamuchirwa shanduro, okutanga zvipenyu vakauya kuna Earth kubva kunze, meteorites mamiriyoni 500 apfuura. Version anobata, kunyanya kubva rimwe mumapoka avo - "carbonaceous hondrid" - chaizvo achidzosa kuna Earth utachiona uye utachiona. A musayendisiti chiteshi Amundsen-Scott akakwanisa kuona uye zvichida "muparanzvongo" - utachiona of genus Deinococcus, uye anokwanisa "kufamba" uye "parachuti".

mhuka nyika

Asi shure chaichoicho. Digress nemaguta Asphalt. Ko isu, dzomumaguta vagari, uende kunyika, kuti nyika, isu vari kwose kwose - mumvura, panyika uye mudenga, muvhu - kusangana kusiyana zvipenyu.

Zvechokwadi, mhuka nyika iri pose pose. Ground-mhepo ezvinhu vagere tumbuyu, madandaude, mhuka, shiri, nezvinokambaira, vakawanda vanogara raro siyana. The aqueous dzinogarisana zvakakwana gobvu uye zvishoma Urume oxygenated vaigara rayo zvisikwa akakamurwa kutsanya zvinoyangarara (nekton) Limited dzinogarisana - pasi kana pedyo pamusoro (benthos) vakagovera pamusoro yose mvura mbiru (plankton). Ivhu - a gobvu svikiro pamwe kugadzikana tembiricha ezvinhu, chiedza asingadi kuwira Sheori inogarwa nehonye, tumbuyu, dukutu. Nokurarama mairi akachinja nhuta makonzo uye moles. Animal tupukanana (akadai nehonye) kunge dzakashandisa upenyu mitumbi nezvimwe zvisikwa.

kupatsanura

Sezvineiwo, anokurudzira vose ichi, kufema, kudya, kukura, bereka kusiyana - zvose anoburuka mamwe makirasi zvipenyu. Sei rinogona Classified? Pokutangira chinobviswa chimiro. Ndihwo hwaro (chikuru kubatana) kupatsanura zvipenyu. mukuru uwandu hwavo vanoratidza nezvipembenene. Gore negore, ane enviable pakusimba sainzi kunonyora vanenge 7 zviuru. Zvipenyu Hwavo. Mhando ine dzinogarisana kwayo. Vanhu vanoumba nayo akafanana ari mamiriro, vari akayambuka. vana vavo anokwanisa bereka. Species zvipenyu hazvigadzirisi zvakaenzana pamusoro wayo chikuva uye vanhu, mumwe nomumwe wavo - nharaunda yavo.

Mhando idzi ikashandiswa mune genus. Somuenzaniso, muna genus mapere vari mapere, Coyotes, makava, imbwa, dingoes. Similar kumarudzi pamwe mumhuri. Canines vakabatana akaberekwa mhumhi, makava, makava, raccoon imbwa, rudzi African Wild Dog. Close mhuri, akavapindurawo, akabatana ari kukupfura. Saka, canine, civet, katsi, mapere, bheya, raccoon, Cunha kuti hurongwa Carnivora. Makirasi zvipenyu kubatanidza hondo dzavo. Yokuzviparadzanisa mhuka, zvikurukuru, rinopa 25 zviumbu, vamwe vavo uchanzi: .. Carnivores, nemakonzo zviremwaremwa, marsupial, Primates, Artiodactyla, chirongo, equines, etc. Saka, akasiyana-siyana zvipenyu Classified.

The mazita makirasi mhuka

Ngatitange nehama dzedu duku, ane vamiririri - katsi nembwa - mumwe nomumwe wedu anotarisana muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. The pamusoro dzinovaraidza vari boka mhuka, saka zita nokuti nzira kudyisa vana vavo. Ane 25 varayirwa, 140 mhuri, vanenge 4,600 marudzi. Zvinosanganisira uye chihombe yebhuruu shato huru, uye nondo, uye mhumhi, uye mbeva.

Zvisinei, boka kupfuura yakawanda Tupukanana pasi. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti chitonge boka mhuka nokuda zvakawanda zvitatu mirairo zvikuru! Kirasi rezvipembenene ine vezvikwata anenge 30, 1.053.578 mhando (pakupera 2013). Zvinorayirwa pakukura vanosanganisira Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera.

Sezvaunogona kuona, makirasi siyana kuratidza ehupfumi siyana zvipenyu.

Amphibians (pamusoro zvinopesana, chinonyanya "yakamanikana" kirasi) rine zvuru 3.5 mhando goroondo - .. About 7 zviuru Izvi kirasi duku dzakashandisa zvakavapoteredza, achisarudza pevhu uye pasi pemvura upenyu.

Kirasi Birds rinobatanidza 8.6 thous. Species. Vari ne minhenga, vanobatsira panguva kutiza, uyewo kuramba kugara muviri tembiricha. Kubereka kunoitika kuburikidza nokuisa mazai. Zviya, sei muchiziva kuti shiri ndiwo mugumisiro mumwe mapazi dinosaurs? Pashure pezvose, ivo vari kuderedzwa pamanyorerwo akachengetedzwa yemadzitateguru ehupfumi rwehofori uyo kamwe akatonga munyika; mafupa refu, iyo keel mamiriro mumuviri uye pakupedzisira nzira wokuberekana.

Kirasi hove ane vanenge 20 zviuru. Species. Vari dzakashandisa upenyu mvura, izvo rusununguko gills uye zvimbi.

mhuka zvinyorwa

Zvechokwadi, munhu anofadza kusiyana zvipenyu vanogara panyika uye gungwa munyanza. Dzimwe nguva mamiriro zvinoratidza zvechokwadi mananara. Funga zvimwe vavo. The guru mhuka iri yebhuruu pamusoro shato huru, iyo rinosvika kureba mamita makumi matatu nemashanu. Kunyange achangoberekwa kitenysh vakakweverwa matani maviri. Uchitsanya shiri, noruvangu, inosvika uye mitambo yomumvura 350 km / h nokukurumidza. Kuzivikanwa vavaki, mujuru kuvaka "nhurikidzwa dzakawanda" kwavo -termitniki kusvika 15 M; beavers, dhamu vavaki, kwete muduku kwavari - inozivikanwa Somuenzaniso, zvakadai Dam (Montana) kureba 750 metres Cheetah panguva nguva nokukanda kusvika 160 km / h nokukurumidza .. Yakanakisisa "mutambi" iri mhuka nyika - Indian mantis. Vanotarira zvikuru akafanana orchid uye zvipembenene akuvara tora ichi zvipembenene chikara kuti kunobva nekita.

Chakarebesa nyoka - South American anaconda - kusvika 8 mamita. Mapuroteni vanoonekwa kuti Ultra-rakavimbika chaicho: mumaawa 10, vanonzwa kutanga dutu kuti ape maitiro avo. The guru kubhururuka shiri, mabhosvo nejichidza, anoyera 22 makirogiramu, ruduku Tsodzo - '20 loudest inzwi howler Tsoko (American dzinopisa): zviri anzwike kuti 5 makiromita. Chinonyanya nzwisisa mhuka - munhu yokuSpain, izvozvo chinosiyanisa zvakajeka ruzha nechokure mumwe kiromita. Zvawanyora anoenderera mberi - peji kubudikidza peji.

ehupfumi

The ehupfumi zvipenyu voga mukufamba tsvakurudzo sezvo Generic zviratidzo kuti kuzviziva uye kuparadzana zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu akakwanisa analytically kupfupikisa panguva ufanane zvivako zviri kusiyana nemhuka yenyika. Zvechokwadi, zvose zvipenyu vane yunifomu (Generic) ehupfumi:

• A chete mushonga akakura. Sezvo chikamu zvipenyu vakawana chete zvine maatomu akafanana sapamazuva zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa.
• The rakavhurika hunhu. Ndivo, kune rumwe rutivi, shandisa kwokunze simba panobva uye simba, uye rumwe - uye kutambisa upenyu hwavo, uye pashure rufu ivo vanova chikamu kwezvakatipoteredza.
• Exercise kuzvidzora, kuzvidzora-sangano pachinhu zvimwewo zvinoitika.
• Self-kutevedzera, uye chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe reproduces Zvivako zvipenyu, izvozvo chamuita kuti.
• Variability kuti kuchinja nani zvakatipoteredza, Kuchinja vayo zvinobudirira vapone.
• Akure. Kana kukura rinofanira kunzwisiswa se kuwedzera pakureba uye uremu, kukura - nokuchinja akasiyana chaizvo zvinoitwa chipenyu muviri.
• Excitability. pfuma iyi anosarudza mashoko samokoordinatsiyu Muviri chengetedza ayo maitiro nekuita pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza.
• Discrete. Ose muviri mhenyu inogona achimiririrwa seti nomunhu munyama, hurongwa, nhengo, masero.

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti zvose zviri pamusoro zviri zvipenyu chete maitiro avo kana kuwadzana dzakaoma. Anoendeswa oga, ivo handivo uye yaingowanikwa zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda muviri remvura ine kupanana simba uye zvinhu, kukura crystals vane pfuma, mitumbi yokudenga - nyeredzi, zvinozivikanwa kuti kubatwa shanduka.

Kubva izvo zvose zvipenyu

Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvose zvipenyu tinoberekwa cellular marongerwo. masero Animal pachavo zvidiki kubva 10 kusvika 100 microns. Masero siyana munyama dzakasiyana mune chimiro (semuenzaniso, ganda masero - wakanwa kana sandara, ropa - denderedzwa uye tsandanyama - elongated).

Sero pacharo riri takapoteredzwa Kamudzira goko "achitaura anyatsosarudza." Anoshanda sezvo nerodhibhuroku: skips zvimwe zvinhu mukati nokunze - mumwe. The mukati masero azadzwa gobvu uye granular kutamira mvura - cytoplasm. Cherechedza kuti sero mupenyu muviri anewo mumwe nemamiriro cytoplasm, asi ichakurukurwa pashure. Maererano cytoplasm unotii "rouchenjeri chokufambisa" - the vacuole kuti vatakure zvinovaka muviri uye achibvisa tsvina.

Dzakapoteredzwa cytoplasm, sero racho vakagumisa gobvu neerekitironi - the okutodza chitoro. Ivo kudzora uye mitemo kubereka uye nhodzera chinopfuudzwa kubva mai sero - a chikamu.

Chromosomal kusiyana zvipenyu

Kukurukurwa kupfuura kwokunze zviratidzo zvipenyu - kukwanisa kufamba, kuti akure, muwande - zvinogona vaisanganisa usingaonekwi akashama ziso, zvemukati. Somuenzaniso, nhamba okutodza (zvivako ane DNA vari muchitokisi musimboti). Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune masero siyana zvinenge aripo muhuwandu siyana. Munhu 46, mumwe gorira - 48, bhiza - 64, imbwa 78. rinokwanisa 380 okutodza uye svosve Myrmecia pilosula «kunyimwa» pamusoro: hadzi zvavo - 2 zvidimbu, sezvo ari munhurume - chete.

Cytoplasmic organelles sezvo kutaridza

Uchidzidza panguva cellular vanochiva chine zvose zvipenyu, tikafunga cytoplasm kubudikidza maikorosikopu. Tiri vakabata optics, tinoona kuti zviri heterogeneous uye inomiririra kutaridza wakananga sero nhengo (organelles). Endoplasmic reticulum vanoumba vakawanda Kamudzira zvapararira makwara tuduku. In ichi afoot dzikarongwa "mapuroteni mafekitari" - tsindirana woita ribosome. Mumwe organelle, mazita Italian musayendisiti Camilo Golgi Golgi midziyo. Zviri murwi mabhegi, membranes, chimiro kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi. "Lysosomes The mudumbu masero 'kuputsa makabhohaidhiretsi, mapurotini, mafuta. Ivo dzikarongwa akapoteredza fissionable okunze anoumba zvomudumbu vacuole.

Chimwe organelle anokonzera yedzinza, ndiye sero centre, nheyo iyo - vaviri elongated woita muviri.

All mupenyu Sero organelles vari kushanda zvakanaka uye kuramba, kuona kwayo anokosha. Ichi kunoomeswa zvokuti vakaparadzana davi sayenzi - inobva cytology - anodzidza chii inoitwa zvose zvipenyu.

The jira huru

Our yapfuura kufunga kuona chimiro duku "Dzinovaka" muviri - masero. Zvisinei, nemamiriro muviri kunogonawo paChidzidzo tishu pamwero.

Zvakafanana marongerwo uye functionality kwamakamuri kufukidza mitumbi yemhuka, avo zvomukati inonzi epithelial. anodzivirira masero aya zvakasimba yakabatana mumwe chisingazivi kuvatadzisa kubereka secretion, excretion uye Absorção de Água tsvina zvinhu kuwadzana navo.

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvipenyu Panyika vane asiri yakafanana maumbirwo munyama. Connective zvinyama vanoumba marangwanda, kuumbwa muviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira pfupa, shwashwa, nemarunda, nemarunda. Kusanganisira connective nyama uye ropa. It ane hunyambiri basa - mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka (kugoverwa nhengo pamwe okisijeni uye anotorera kwavari tsvina carbon dioxide inobvisa) uye hweta (nokupa "kicheni" -kishechnika zvokudya vatengi vavo - masangano - uye nekuvasuma nhengo kuti kubviswa, "kudyiwa" pamusoro cellular chechetere (mikroshlaki )).

Muscle rinenge - ndiye "muviri hydraulics." Ivo ndivo gwenya basa uyewo kudzivirira uye rutsigiro nhengo dzomukati.

Tsinga rinenge rine masero kushandiswa - Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu - unoshanda ose "yakanaka-Tuning ari mupenyu muviri": dzomukati Kufambisa uye yaunonyanya kushandisa miviri yawo uye inowirirana maonero anonzwa ambient anonongedzera. Saka, Ukuwo, rinorondedzerwa zvakawanda nedumbu, kubva izvo zvose zvipenyu, zvingadarowo kutaura kubva munyama. Vaka sainzi histology.

mhedziso

Nature chinoratidza haana anongoitika mhando anofambidzana mhuka, uye huripo mhando chepamutemo sokubika mapoto. Chero mhando dzemhuka anogara ake noruzhinji dzinongoitika munharaunda. Kazhinji zvakanangwa, asi unreasoned basa evanhu anoparadza aivapo, akadzika midzi kubatana. Unconditional rokumanikidzirwa kukuvadza kwemiti, kusvibiswa rwizi rwokugadzira. "Kubudirira" remakore rapfuura ndiyo kuparadzwa makumi ezviuru mhando dzemhuka. Science rakagadzirirwa kwete chete kurega vanhu kuburikidza nokunzwisisa kwavo kuti nako, chaizvoizvo, yepanyama zvakatipoteredza ivo pamwe, asiwo anoenderana ukama izvi. Kwete mukana kudzidza zvipenyu mhenyu muviri wechikoro zvidzidzo (Grade 6): chido kudzivirira dzinongoitika kwezvakatipoteredza vokuRussia vakaroverera kubvira pauduku.

Zvisinei, pakupera XX remakore kubata murume uye hunhu iri pakutsvaga chinhu, maererano Academician Vernadsky, kuti biosphere rave qualitatively achinja, kwakapfumisa mabasa musoro evanhu kunge wakashanduka-shanduka uye kuva noosphere (bhora, kufungisisa kusanganisira chine chokuita munhu hanya mhuka nyika ).

Uchapupu ichi ndiyo reserves uye omunyika imomo, basa nesayenzi pamusoro kudzidza uye kudzorerwa zvisingawanzoitiki mhando, kuti popularize zvipenyu. Pakati vapona kutsakatika kuchaita kwemarudzi anganzi bison, nyati, vokuAustralia marsupials mabheya, sables, mumongi nemicherechedzo. The mazita anoenderera mberi.

Achitaura muchitokisi dzidziso tinogona kutaura kuti zvipenyu ano kuitira kuti aponese pangozi yakatanga rinokosha michina kusika hunde masero kubva mhuka ganda mumasero. Zvadaro, mukuru vakawana hunde masero inogona kuva gametes - mazai uye urume nemhuka uye kuvashandisa recreate mhuka mudumbu.