Kudzidzisa talk dzidzo maitiro: zvinangwa uye zvinangwa

Didactic dzidzo hurongwa chinhu Integrated marongerwo dzine zvimwe zvinangwa, sangano misimboti, nzira uye mhando kurovedza.

mhando

Vatsvakurudzi Modern kusiyanisa nhatu huru didactic hurongwa kuti kunokosha kusiyana pakati pavo:

• Didactics Herbart.
• Dewey maitiro.
• Perfect pfungwa.

Ngatiedzei kuona zvinoitwa nomumwe wavo, kuti kuwana zvakafanana uye nevamwe zvinhu.

didactics Herbart

muzivi wokuGermany Gerbart I. F. anoongororwa nemamwe mashoko kirasi-chidzidzo fomu mudzidzisi Polish Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart kwakasimbiswa yayo hurongwa didactic madzidzisiro tichifunga simbi yokungotaura kubudirira wepfungwa uye tsika pane 18-19 emakore. Tuso yedzidzo muitiro mudzidzisi German dzidzo yose vaiona mweya womunhu inokwanisa simba kutsungirira chero dambudziko. Chinangwa chikuru pamusoro didactic hurongwa akaziviswa pakugadzirwa tsika unhu munhu.

pfungwa yetsika dzidzo nokuda Herbart

Pakati pfungwa huru kuti zvinganaka kushandisa iri rokudzidzisa muitiro, mira kunze:

• Kukwana munda zvinotarisirwa mwana, tsvaga mirayiridzo wetsika kukura.
• Ushamwari, izvo zvichaita nechokwadi Kufambisa pakati zvavanoda uye zvinofarirwa nevamwe.
• Kururamisira kuripa ose nokunyombwa uye nematambudziko.
• rusununguko Rwomumwoyo, zvichiita anoenderana nezvinodavirwa uye zvinodiwa nomunhu.

Ethics uye zvepfungwa mudzidzisi aiva dzisiri hunhu. Ake didactic hurongwa dzinobva German idealist uzivi. Pakati huru parameters gerbartovskoy didactics zvinokosha kucherechedza kuchengetedza chikoro ari njere inotungamirwa vana. Maererano dzidzo wacho, zvino basa iri ratakapiwa mhuri Herbart. Nokuti paumbwe simba, mutsika, unhu vadzidzi, izvozvo chinorehwa kushandisa yakaoma chirango. Kubva ake nemaonero, vadzidzisi vaifanira kuva mienzaniso chaiyo kuvimbika nokutendeseka kuti vadzidzi vavo.

The chaizvo didactics Herbart

Basa utungamiri kuchikoro kuitira zvachose basa kuti vadzidzi, kuronga kudzidzisa kwavo, vachiita kuramba richiona dzavo zvedzidzo uye kwomuviri, vadzidzi accustom arayire uye kurangwa. Kuchikoro haana mhirizhonga, Herbart zvinganaka kusuma mitemo vamwe uye inorambidza. Kana zvakakomba yokutyora mitemo kazhinji kugamuchirwa, kunyange kubvumira kushandisa koporo kurangwa. Akavapa Mhando zvidzidzo zviri didactic ino kunoreva kunonyanyisa kushandisa dzinoshanda mabasa. mudzidzisi German akabhadhara ngwariro chaiyo kwetunhu kuda, manzwiro, ruzivo, kuranga uye kurongeka.

Zvichireva didactic Pfungwa

Ndiye wokutanga zvinganaka asina kuparadzana nokudzidziswa uye dzidzo, vaiona vaviri vadzidzisi izwi chete uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.. Mupiro mukuru yake didactic kudzidziswa hurongwa yave yavaive anoverengeka zvedzidzo. Iye zvinganaka zano naro Kujeka kwakaita sangano akapfuura, ipapo hurongwa, uye ipapo kune nzira. Educational muitiro, akavaka maererano kumifananidzo, akanga zvishoma nezvishoma kupinda unyanzvi yokungotaura. On the unyanzvi hunoshanda pfungwa yakataurwa Herbart, kunze mubvunzo. Aidavira kuti zvakanga zvakakosha kupa mudzidzi yokungotaura ruzivo, asi kana iye achava kana achashandisa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, hazvina basa kuti chikoro.

vateveri Herbart

Vadzidzi uye vatsivi mudzidzisi German akatanga T. Ziller, yokungoita B., F. Dörpfeld. Vakakwanisa kutanga uye modernize zvinofungwa mudzidzisi wake, vakaedza kubvisa hurongwa hwavo didactic zvetsika uye unilateralism. Yokungoita muzvikamu zvishanu kurovedza wakatangwa, uye dzinounzwa nerimwe kugutsikana, chikuru zvinangwa, aronga nzira kugona zvinangwa. In ake zano zvakaburitswa chikwata pamwe zvinhu zvitsva, kuti Kufambisa mashoko neruzivo kuti vadzidzi vakapiwa kare, uyewo kwetunhu uye kuongorora kuti vawana unyanzvi.

Kuenzanisa didactic pfungwa dzakawanda

Vadzidzisi havafaniri kunge akanyatsokopwa kutevedza zvose wevakadzidza matanho yokudzidziswa, vakapiwa kodzero kuva nzira kuti kukura mafungiro vana, vanogashira dzidzo zvizere. Kwakadaro hurongwa didactic yekudzidza iripo kusvikira pakati rokupedzisira remakore muEurope. Modern vanachiremba chokwadi kuti pfungwa inokanganisa basa muzvikoro. Kwenguva refu nguva dzose didactic ezvinhu rinotarisa kuchinjwa vadzidzisi kuti vadzidzi vakagadzirira ruzivo. Kana izvo paumbwe ezvinhu kuti kuzviremekedza Kuzadziswa, iyo kuratidzwa okugadzira zvinhu, kubva mubvunzo. Mudzidzi aifanira kugara chinyararire mukirasi, nyatsoteerera chipangamazano wake, zvakarurama uye nokukurumidza kuita zvose mirayiridzo uye kutevedzera. The passivity vadzidzi kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti havana chido kuwana ruzivo, akawandisa vadzidzi vakanga vasingadi kuwana zivo, ndarovha chikoro, ivo kunyaradzwa kusingagutsi mavanga. Pakanga pasina vadzidzisi uye mikana nokuda kuziva uye pave matarenda uye chipo vadzidzi. Paavhareji maitiro Vanzveri uye club nomumwe nebudiriro mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe. Cherechedza kuti pasina didactics Herbart, paizova zvakanaka kuchinja yedzidzo, izvo pakupera rokupedzisira remakore kuitika uye mberi nhasi.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

American mudzidzisi uye chiremba wepfungwa Dzhon Dyui akakurukura kusiyana anomanikidza womuenzaniso Herbart vadzidzisi. mabasa ake ava counterweight chaiyo pfungwa edzidzo aripo. American mudzidzisi vaiti inokosha kudzidzisa maitiro huripo pamberi pake, akatungamirira chete kwokubatira dzidzo ine vechikoro. Nokuti kuti huru kusimbiswa kuti taifanira kuchinjwa yokungotaura ruzivo, paiva musiyano pakati chokwadi. Vadzidzi "stuffed" mashoko aisagona kushandisa ruzivo rwavo muupenyu. Uyezve, vana vanopiwa "ruzivo akagadzirira akagadzirwa", havana kuita nesimba kuti pasina kutsvaka mashoko akananga. Hazvina kupinda munyika German dzidzo maitiro uye kutaura vakanyorwa zvinodiwa uye zvinodiwa nevana, zvinofarirwa kwenzanga, kukura munhu akazvimiririra. Dewey, kuedza ake kutanga muna Chicago chikoro muna 1895. Akasika kadhi faira pakati didactic mitambo zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera basa vana. Mudzidzisi akakwanisa kuva itsva yokuti "pfungwa zvakakwana". Psychological nouzivi maonero munyori, mwana anotanga kufunga kana pane matambudziko pamberi pake. It ari mubishi yokukurira nezvipingamupinyi, mwana anotanga kufunga. "Full Chiito" nemafungiro Dewey kunosanganisira matanho:

• The chidzoke nezvinetso.
• Achicherechedza matambudziko.
• Pfungwa ine hypotheses.
• Vakatakura pfungwa ongororo yacho pfungwa pachena.
• Kuongororwa migumisiro kuedza uye zvaakacherechedza.
• Zvipingamupinyi.

The chaizvo didactics Dewey

File vakasikwa munyori didactic Mitambo inozoshandisirwa "dambudziko-kwakavakirwa kudzidza." Izvi nekukurumidza zvikuru kuwana vatsigiri pakati vanachiremba European uye rokudzidzisa. Pamusoro pokushandisa American ezvinhu muzvikoro Soviet, tinoona kuti kuedza rakanga, asi iye haana korona kubudirira. Kufarira munhu didactics yakadaro akaonekwa muRussia chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21. Kukosha pfungwa American Dewey mukana kusiyaniswa yokusvika kurovedza uye dzidzo mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe. The chidzidzo mamiriro aripo pavaipfuura nokududza dambudziko, idzidziso pakati hypotheses, tsvaga algorithm zvinoitwa, nokudzidza, kuongorora migumisiro, idzidziso pamusoro kumhedziso, kuziva zvaidiwa yakatarwa pfungwa.

Tikaenzanisa tsika ino uye pfungwa Dewey

American akava innovator pamusoro pedagogical muitiro wechokwadi. It panzvimbo "bhuku kudzidza" akapiwa pfungwa chinoshingaira pakuunganidza ruzivo uye unyanzvi. Kuoneke yakazvimirira zvishande nezvebasa vadzidzi, mudzidzisi wacho akava mubatsiri vevaanodzidzisa. The mudzidzisi anotungamirira mwana, achimubatsira kukunda matambudziko, kuisa pfungwa kuti vafunga pamusoro zvabuda yapihwa. Panzvimbo dzekare zvidzidzo akapa American mumwe urongwa, izvo unogona kuwana zivo yakasiyana siyana. Kubva nguva uyu kunotanga nyaya kusiyaniswa uye pamunhu mumwe murayiridzo, mumwe chairema zvirongwa vawane uye unyanzvi mumatunhu. Zvizhinji pfungwa inobhadharwa ayo pfungwa Dewey tsika, kuonga kuchikoro yake yakaonekwa yakazvimirira tsvakurudzo basa kuti vechikoro.

mhedziso

The chikoro Hurongwa kunoramba kuri upgraded, zvakaoma zvikuru, nemhaka itsva mapurogiramu yakataurwa vanachiremba uye rokudzidzisa. Pakati dzakawanda didactic pfungwa vakasikwa mumakore maviri emakore, zvikuru kukosha ndiwo chaiwo ezvinhu Herbart, Dewey itsva chirongwa. Zviri kuburikidza nemabasa aya aonekwa huru zvinhu dzidzo, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa muzvikoro vanhasi. Ongorora Maitiro itsva, tinoona kudzidza "kuburikidza rechitsauko" dzataurwa nokuda wokuAmerica Jerome Bruner. Zvinhu izvi yedu zvinoratidzwa zvinodiwa kuti vakapedza chikoro chikuru GEF. Vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza mitemo anokosha uye mananara hunhu, ari specificity kwemarongerwe evanhu upenyu, vachipedza tsvakurudzo yavo pachavo, kuita nomumwe uye seboka zvirongwa.

The creators itsva chizvarwa rechipiri ehurumende mitemo inoshandiswa mubasa ravo, redzidziso yedzidzo akawanda, kusarudza zvakanakisisa pfungwa idzi. Of Kunyanya kukosha yazvino didactic ezvinhu inobhadharwa kuti paumbwe Anobvumirana munhu anozvikudza pamusoro Yababa wake, anoziva uye anoremekedza zvose tsika vanhu vake. Kuitira kupedza chikoro kwave dzakashandisa mamiriro ano upenyu, kunyanya kukosha anopiwa kuzvida kukura. Mudzidzisi hakuchisiri "mutongi", iye chete anotuma vadzidzi vake, zvinobatsira kukurira zvichiitika matambudziko.