"Kuenda vanhu" - sangano of echimurenga intelligentsia kuRussia

"Kuenda vanhu" - kutanga kuti risingaenzaniswi mune dzimwe nyika chero nyika. Agrarian Russia haina runozunungutswa Bourgeois chimurenga. Kuzorwa autocracy uye serfdom kukwira yakanakisisa vamiririri kwamachinda. Vanhuwo zvavo vakasunungurwa musi kuchinja zvinhu 1861, wakabereka hafu moyo hunhu, izvo zvakakonzera Kusagutsikana yavo. Revolutionary vanhuwo akatora Baton, kutenda zvinobvira kuwana gutsaruzhinji kuburikidza murimi mudiki chimurenga. Nyaya rakazvipira kufamba mberi vakadzidza kudzidzisa uye echimurenga mashoko pakati pavanhu.

prehistory

Vechiduku mukirasi yapakati vakamhanya dzidzo, asi kuwa 1861 aizivikanwa kuwedzera muripo mari. Vakanga rakarambidzwa uye dzekuno kubatsira vadzidzi varombo. Nemhirizhonga dzakatanga nechisimba woutsinye nezviremera. Vatsigiri vasiri chete kunze kubva yunivhesiti, asi wakadzinga muupenyu, nekuti havana kutora rinoitirwa. A. I. Gertsen akadana vanoitirwa "Nhapwa nesayenzi." In "Bell" magazini rakabudiswa kunze, akavabvunza kuenda "vanhu."

Saka nomuzvarirwo akatanga "kuenda kuvanhu." Bato iri rakura kuva guru pakutanga '70s, kuwana Kunyanya papi muzhizha 1874. Kudanidzira chakatsigirwa munhu echimurenga theorist P. L. Lavrovym. In ake "Tsamba Historical" akaronga kudiwa "kubhadhara chikwereti kuvanhu."

pfungwa inspirers

Pakazosvika nguva makaumba utopian pfungwa mukana mumwe murimi mudiki yechimurenga Russia, kukunda iyo ichaita kuti gutsaruzhinji. Vatsigiri vake akadana populists, nekuti vaitaura pamusoro hunokosha kukura munyika, idealizing ari murimi mudiki Tauriranai. Zvikonzero "kuenda vanhu" nhema mukutenda kusiko kuti vanhuwo zvavo vari Kururama dzidziso iyi. The echimurenga dzematongerwe kusiyanisa dzenzvimbo matatu (zano unoratidzwa zvishoma pamusoro).

Anarchist M. A. Bakunin aidavira kuti vanhu vakagadzirira kwebope uye kuteterera zvakakwana kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakatora pitchforks dzavo. P. L. Lavrov zvinganaka "dzinonetsa mafungiro" vakadzidza kutanga kubatsira vanhu (vanhuwo zvavo) kuona basa ravo, chete kuti nhoroondo pamwe chete. P. N. Tkachov chete vakati chimurenga dzinofanira chinoitwa nyanzvi kuipandukira vanhu, asi pasina ake kupindura.

"Kuenda vanhu" populists vakatanga pasi pfungwa noutungamiriri Bakunin uye Lavrov, kana shamwari vokutanga vakasikwa - Moscow uye St. Petersburg mugs N. V. Chaykovskogo uye "Kiev Tauriranai".

Huru zvitarisirwa

Zviuru vanoparadzira mashoko vakaenda mumwe musha ari achinyepera vatengesi uye mhizha, navapfuri vesimbi akapfeka. Vaidavira kuti zvokupfeka zvavo achaita kuvimba varimi. Navo vakatakura mabhuku uye promotional chikumbiro. mapurovhinzi matatu navanomwe zvaiyananiswa racho, kunyanya kushingaira - Saratov, Kiev uye Upper Volga. Vanamwari chinangwa "kuenda vanhu" zvaisanganisira zvinotevera pfungwa:

• Kudzidza murimi mudiki moods.
• Anoparadzirwa mugovanisi pfungwa.
• sangano kwazvakarerekera.

Rokutanga danho (kusvikira pakati 1874) anonzi "ichibhururuka anoparadzirwa", sezvo kuipandukira, kuvimba makumbo avo akasimba, akabva mumwe kugarwa mumwe, pasina kumbomira kwenguva refu. Muna 2 nd it hafu 70, chechipiri danho - ". Ndakagara anoparadzirwa" Populists vakagara mumisha, kushumira sezvo vanachiremba, vadzidzisi, kana mhizha, zvikuru kugona unyanzvi hunodiwa.

zvabuda

Pane kutsigira kuipandukira akasangana vasingazvidaviri. Kunyange Lower Volga, izvo kuva vapenyu tsika Emelyan Pugachev uye Stepan Razin. Varimi achida kuteerera mashoko nezvokukosha mupanda mashoko akasvika matunhu uye abolition kwemitero, asi Pazvakangomutambudza akasvika kudana nokuda kupandukira, mubereko kwakambodzikira. The chete kuedza chaiyo pa kupandukira aiva "Chigirinsky rangano" muna 1877, yaiva noutsinye kudzvinyirira kuti autocracy. Kazhinji vanhu vomumusha pachavo akapfuura vanoparadzira mashoko gendarmerie. Mumakore matanhatu 2564 kubvunza ndokukweverwazve murume.

The mufananidzo pamusoro Ilya Repin muna 1880 akabatwa nguva kusungwa ane anoparadzira mashoko ari murimi mudiki wacho dumba. The chikuru chinobatsira zvakadaro mabhuku. Nomufananidzo chii migumisiro zvakajeka "kuenda kuvanhu." Izvi zvakaita kuti muhombe udzvanyiriri. Chinonyanya vachishingaira vakabatwa nemhosva muSt Petersburg muna 1878. Dare akaburuka munhau se "Chiito chimwe namakumi mapfumbamwe nematatu", umo vanhu vanenge zana vakatongerwa kuutapwa uye zvakaoma.

Nhoroondo ukoshi

Nei kwebasa echimurenga vechidiki akagumisa kuparara? Pakati zvikonzero inogona kutaurwa:

• Unavailability miduku yokuruwa kuti echimurenga kusagadzikana.
• Kushaikwa pakukurukurirana uye zvayo utariri.
• The ferocity mapurisa.
• Kushaya vanyatsowana unyanzvi kumukira.

To mhedziso chii chakaguma imwe yezvinongoerekana "kuenda vanhu"? Inogona kunzwisiswa kubva zvinotevera munhau. Paiva hombe kubva Bakuninism uye kutsvaka zvitsva siyana enyika hondo. Paiva kudiwa rakabatana munyika sangano iri ezvinhu nedzidziso vanzurudzo. Zvichava vasikwa muna 1876 uye 2 pemakore uchaburuka munhau sezvo "Land uye Freedom".