Cathedral of Santa Maria Del it fiore (Duomo), Florence: Description

Chechi Santa Maria Del it fiore ndeimwe chikuru zvinokwezva Florence. Izvi yose Architectural ensemble, rinosanganisira baptistery (baptistery) uye Campanile (bhero shongwe). Ekupedzisira anoshanda senhungamiro akarasikirwa vashanyi, sezvo unomutswa kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe mamita. A piriviri rising Santa Maria Del it fiore ndiye kuzivikanwa pamusoro Tuscan guru. Achitaura rokuti. Churches vakazvitsaurira kuna wemhandara Mariya, muna Florence vashoma. Kwete kure chiteshi ndiye Santa Maria Novella. Anotarisa sezvinoita bhokisi inlaid rayo France dema uye chena. Asi kamwe iye inouyisa Florentines chinokatyamadza, sezvo aiva kukereke Republic uye Raibvunzurudza. Asi "Madonna ari Flower" yaiva nzvimbo musangano nokuda vomuguta, chiratidzo ukuru Florence. Cathedral ichi, kana sezvo anowanzonzi kuItaly, pakati Duomo. Munyaya ino tichashandisa kupa ruzivo kupfuura rakakwana pamusoro chechi.

Zvaiitika okuvaka

Yakanga kuguma namatatu remakore, kana pashure pokukundwa pakati Ghibellines simba yeRoma Pope yakanga yabatanidza. Uye kuratidza yakunda yeKaturike pamusoro "patarenskoy (Albigensian) manyepo" akatanga kuti akavaka machechi makuru. Vaifanira hwokukurira muguta sechiratidzo kutonga pamusoro papa simba. Uyewo usakanganwa pamusoro feudal kusabatana, iro zvino akanga achipfuura Italy. Duomo pamusoro Florence aifanira "inodarika" saka kare aikwikwidza maguta akaita Pisa uye Siena. The guta zvakare vanoda temberi zvokuti aizokwanisa anobvumawo yose kwevanhu. A rakakura nguva idzodzo Florence Munopfuura maererano nokuwanda London vagari. vanhu zviuru zvina makumi matatu - ndizvozvo vachikwanisa pamusoro Cathedral of guru Tuscany. Zvinonzi pamuviri sezvo ezvivako aifanira akafukidzwa Forum kwavaigona kuungana zvose vagari chitendero chechiKristu kubva kumuduku kusvikira huru. Chokwadi, uwandu kuvakwa zvaida dzenyeredzi. Asi Florence emakore nematatu raibudirira. Värjäys mvere vagotengeseranamo vakauya vachiwana mari guta. Uye nekuti mari yokuvaka yakanga.

History of Duomo

A nzvimbo pakuvaka Church akasarudzwa kare chakasakara kwemazana emakore anoverengeka Kereke St. Reparata. Chisarudzo ari kuparadzwa yakavakwa muzana remakore rechina, chechi yakaitwa muna 1289. Sezvo akakurumbira nhasi, mumwe makwikwi kwaziviswa, asi tsitsi akanga akunda neDare Florentine neboka revanhu vaipfura Arts, izvo akakumbira nhengo yaro, murongedzeri Arnolfo od change, kutanga basa racho. Hurongwa hwacho kuti Duomo (Florence) kuva dzakakura uye mupfumi yakashongedzwa pane machechi ose Siena uye Pisa. ibwe yakatanga kuiswa pakuvaka papa wokuSiriya, Cardinal Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra muna September 1296. Arnolfo dari change pachake akatungamirira basa. Asi pashure tenzi afa muna 1302, chokuvaka amira pedyo zvakawanda maviri namasere. Zvichida vanoti kushaya mari kuti Implementation iyi huru dzinotambudza chirongwa. Asi zvino akapindira pakuvaka kwemiviri yokudenga. In yepasi yekare chechi Santa Reparata akanga "zvinoshamisa kufukidzwa" simba Zinovy Florence. Nhau chishamiso akaendeswa vaparidzi vechiKristu evanhu nzeve, uye nezvipo vaizviita vechitendero zvakabatsira kuramba kuvakwa.

Unhu of Church

The purojekiti Arnolfo od change, kuvakwa ichi chinofanira aumbwa pezvakaita ane muchinjikwa Latin. Petemberi Santa Reparata akanga vaisanganisa nomumwe mberi nokudzoka shure maviri kurutivi rumwe norumwe. Panoperera rising yakagadzirwa octagonal yakaita. Semicircular apse uye vaviri divi transept paakapedza marongerwo of Duomo. Florence muna 1330, akagadzwa mukuru mapurani Giotto - kupfuura mufashoni uye zvikuru akabhadhara vemifananidzo nguva. Asi ane chinzvimbo mapurani pane kuramba basa nowakautangira rake, mubasa rokuvaka bhero shongwe. Giotto akafa muna 1337, apo chete wokutanga weDanho kampanilly yakavakwa. Uye muna 1347 muna Florence akauya dambudziko dema, uye zvose haana kusvikira Church. Pashure kuguma denda basa tatangazve. Nokuti anoda kusvika manomwe makore kuvakwa zvave ezvivako makuru matanhatu. Vaiva Francesco Talenti uye Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini, Alberto Arnoldi, d'Ambrodzho Giovanni waZerubhabheri Di fioravanti uye Andrea Orkanya.

Dome Duomo (Florence)

By 1418 mokupera kuvakwa. Aigona chete kuvarayira rising. Asi pano uchinetseka ouinjiniya hunhu. Area aida rising akanga akawanda zvikuru zvokuti ezvivako vakatya kwaangave richaparara. Uyezve, kwakanga kujeka sei kusunungura zvokuvakisa kuti urefu zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe mamita. Mabasa akange kuvhiringidzwa kwemakore makumi mana. Florence Council yakazivisa inotevera makwikwi. Kuvaka nzvimbo akatora Filippo Brunelleschi. Kudzikamisa mamiriro Pazvinhu injiniya rakamiswa pamusoro octagonal hwaro makumi maviri nezvina kutwasuka matanhatu zvido zvevanhu rumbabvu zvindori. Kwakadaro framework nokuda inopfuura hafu mireniyumu akabata tridtsatisemitonny rising Santa Maria Del it fiore. All rakagadzirirwa zvizere. Kunyange Lanterna (Lantern turret) harisi chinhu mapurani chishongo. Anowedzera mutoro pakuvaka dhiramu, zvichiita rising akatsiga zvikuru.

parameters Cathedral

Kunyange asati Brunelleschi dome akanga apera, Florentine Duomo vatsvene. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1436. Nokuti mhemberero iyi, Florence rakasvika Roman papa pachake, Eugene chechina. Izvi zvakapa Santa Maria Del it fiore, imwe kurema iri pamberi pevamwe uye nevafundisi. Chivako hombe kuti achirova miganhu. The zvachose nzvimbo Church ndiyo 8300 sq.m. Temberi kunosvika mazana mashanu nezvitatu metres kureba 90 mamita pahupamhi. Zvisinei, temberi haapi pfungwa hombe, unorema. Nemhaka unyanzvi ezvivako achazvitorerwa sechaiyangarara. Madziro simuka kusvika mana nemashanu mamita. yokupedzisira rising zvavo dhayamita 42 M zvachose pakakwirira petemberi (kubva pasi kusvikira pamuchinjikwa panguva pamusoro.) - zana gumi mamita. Asi zvakaoma kudavira kuti Church rakapera zvakakwana chete muna 1887.

Exterior pedza

Hongu, akanaka France, akava nomukurumbira Duomo (Florence), harisi inogadzirwa Renaissance vatenzi trecento kana kvadrochento. Chokwadi kuti nenhanhatu remakore vakaridza mumwe kuvakwa wokupomera. Pane zvakawanda machinda eguta kanzuru akaedza kuita uswa pamusoro tenders. Somugumisiro, Francis I, Grand Duke, kuti varege basa iri runako of France. Chete muna 1876 chikonzero aibvumirwa kutora murongedzeri uye muvezi Emilio De Fabrice. Akauya naye mutambo uyu mavara machena, pamusoro palette nowenyika rokuItari mureza. Akagadzira akashandisa ibwe kubva Prato (rwegirini), Maremma (blue) uye Carrara (chena). polychrome ichi pedza runosimbisa Church. Pamusoro zvakajeka namaberere , unogona kuona murals anoratidza yepanyika upenyu wemhandara Mariya. Huru wokupinda iri yakashongedzwa chifananidzo Mhandara uye Kristu mwana mumaoko. Masvingo kusunungurwa akapoteredzwa gumi navaviri. Pamusoro ndiko kusimba Gothic rosette. Next pazviri vanoonekwa medallions nemifananidzo vakakurumbira nemifananidzo Florence.

mukati

Duomo hakuna zvishoma kwoumbozha pane kunze. Asi pane imwe chaicho Musiyano resi ligature panze kushongedzwa, Hwakarongeka mukati kushongedzwa iri. Kuendeswa kutarisirwa munguva yakafanira imwe Dominican muparidzi Savonarola, nokuzvidza floreniytsev vasingachadi kufunga Gloss pane ari divi yechitendero pakunamata. Asi asati Pamifananidzo remakore rechigumi nemashanu, rakamiswa pamusoro pedenga reimba Church, dzemo nevaPuritan haana akariita (zvikafadza zvizvarwa). Mifananidzo iyi inoratidza Florentines akakurumbira - Dante Aligeri, Giotto, Niccolo mambo Tollentino Giovanni Acuto nevamwe. The chikuru Catholic yokunamatira temberi, zvino kukwezva kwete chete Mapilgrim sezvo vashanyi, muri zvisaririra Zinovy Florence, uyo, sezvatinorangarira, akapa mamwe zvakasimbisa pakuvaka Duomo. Chimwe kushongedzwa of church - Clock, chakagadzirirwa muna 1443 na Paolo Uchchelo. Miseve iri timepiece ufambe negwara, kuyera kunze yasara nguva vasati rokutongwa.

Stained Glass

Hatigoni kufuratira akanaka mifananidzo iri girazi. Stained girazi mahwindo mana vashongedze transepts uye petemberi maberere pamusoro Cathedral Santa Maria Del it fiore. Vanogona kuona kuti maawa. Okumusoro girazi mahwindo - rising - zvinoratidza basa raKristu uye upenyu Madonna. A repasi Mifananidzo vakazvipira kuvaporofita Testamende yakare New vatsvene. Rising pacharo, pakutanga chena (Brunelleschi akafunga kuti zvaakasika zvakadaro yakanaka, kuti hakudi mimwe yakarongedzwa), akanga pakupera navatanhatu remakore ainyorwa ne Federiko Tsukkari uye Dzhordzhio Vazari. Izvi tuore paakaita hunorondedzera humwe upenyu. Rezasi weDanho - vatadzi muhero ndechokuti kutendeuka hakusi kuwanika. Pamwe chete naKristu, vacharwadziswa nokusingaperi. Kumusoro inoratidza mweya iri mupurigatori. Uye chete pamusoro, ari Arch of rising, paungano vatumwa vokudenga vanogona kuona Jesu Kristu, neMhandara Maria, mufananidzo pamusoro Apocalypse uye vatsvene.

Mapurani kunzwisisa

Duomo (Florence) kunosanganisira zvinopfuura chimwe church Santa Maria Del it fiore, uye dzimba mashoma. Baptistery, ainzi kuremekedza Ioanna Krestitelya, akura zvikuru kupfuura Church. It yaivapo mumazuva vekereke duku Santa Reparata (4 remakore), asi ayo ano chimiro regumi namaviri remakore. Next kune rechishanu kupfuura Church bhero shongwe rinobuda munyika. hwaro dzaro wakaradzikwa huru mapurani pamusoro Cathedral kubudikidza Arnolfo von change. Basa ndiye akasika Giotto. Akamisa poMutongi weDanho pamusoro vosmidesyatipyatimetrovoy Campanile yokutanga. Uyezve, magadzirirwo ayo mudzidziso muupenyu Andrea Pisano uye Francesco Talenti akapedza chisikwa. Kufanana Cathedral, bhero shongwe akatarisana mhando nhatu anokosha namatema. Zvino munhu anogona achikwira akataurwa uriri iri pamusoro bhero shongwe. Rinopa kwazvo maonero Florence uye akapoteredza zvikomo. Sezvineiwo, yakafanana pakakwirira pane rising Church.

miziyamu

Pane chimwe chivako ari kunzwisisa zviri Duomo. Chinhu miziyamu. Chivako ichi, kunyange rokunyika, zvinoshamisawo chaizvo. Pamusoro pazvo, raiva workshop Brunelleschi. Muna 1891 iri miziyamu yakavhurwa chivakwa ichi, icho zvechokwadi vanofanira kushanyira. Handiti Duomo muFlorence rinogara achiudza. Chikamu yekare, anomirira chihombe nhoroondo netsika kukosha, zvaitambidzwa miziyamu. Ikoko unogona kuona kwete kwaya, waimira sezvo chorister remakore rechigumi nemashanu, asi zvakawanda mukati kwekereke baptistery uye bhero neshongwe. Gem ekisiposha ichi vari Layouts uye ainge akamonererwa vanodhirowa akasikwa Filippo Brunelleschi. Chinofanira kucherechedzwa zvakare dzakaunganidzwa zvivezwa zvokuti kamwe akashongedza France uye mukati temberi. Pakati pavo ndiro konekwa basa Michelangelo - "Madonna Vanochema waKristu" (Piette).

Temple Museum

Enda Duomo uye kuyemura Pamifananidzo uye yakasvibiswa magirazi mahwindo anogona kuva munhu. Wokupinda kukereke iri zvamazvirokwazvo vakasununguka. Regai kubvisa kubudikidza tungamidzana pagedhi guru, chinofamba nokukurumidza. Asi kutarira nzvimbo kumusoro pedyo, uyewo achikwira pakuongorora uriri, kana kuburukira crypt, izvo zvinoratidza Zvisaririra muchechi wekare Santa Reparata, unofanira kubhadhara mari. Kana uchida kuti ndinozivana mapurani zvakaoma pamusoro Duomo, zviri nani kuti kutenga chimwe (kunzwisisa) tikiti.

Mari kushanya uye maawa oparesheni

Duomo Cathedral rakazaruka roga zuva. Asi nguva apo vashanyi vanogona kupinda, dzinosiyana zvichienderana mazuva vhiki. Monday kutembere Wednesday yakazaruka ne hafu apfuura gumi mashanu. On neChina neChishanu nayo avhara panguva hafu apfuura matatu yeMugovera - pa 16:45. Musi weSvondo, Santa Maria Del it fiore riri kutanga kune yechipiri hafu uye kumhanya kusvika matanhatu. Pamukova pakuongorora uriri uye miziyamu iripo kubva 10:30 kusvikira nomwe ose zuva, kusvikira Mugovera 16:40 kuenda navo. Chinyorwa pamwe matongo Santa Reparata anowanikwa kuti mwero muripo weUS euros matatu. Kuwedzera rising kana bhero shongwe kuti akataurwa pachikuva kunodyira 6 Je Zviri nani kuti kutenga tikiti chete. Tinorasikirwa zvizhinji - euros matatu. Asi iye anoita zuva rose pashure rokutanga kuzvidzora uye inoitawo kuti miziyamu, ivo Baptistery, kwacho uriri Campanile uye nzvimbo yacho crypt uye kumakuva pedyo.