Mughals. Mughal Empire

India - imwe nyika kupfuura munyika, ane yakasiyana mutsika uye nhoroondo dzinonakidza. Zvikurukuru, kusvikira nhasi vatsvakurudzi ndiyo mubvunzo sei mwanakomana ishe pamusoro Ferghana, Babur, akasiyiwa asina baba ava makore 12, kwete chete haana kuva nedambudziko enyika chivande uye akafa, asi rakapinda kuIndia uye zvakasikwa mumwe mukuru umambo Asian .

prehistory

Asati mune yava India uye dzimwe inoti yakavakidzana simba Mughal Empire hwagadzwa, nyika rwakakamukana zhinji zvemisoro diki. Vaigara vachingopa pasi vachirwisa nevavakidzani-muArabhu. Zvikurukuru muna 5th remakore ari mundima Gupta mamiriro inoremekedzwa kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero chikamu reIndia uye yakabatana kunyika yokumusoro, kwemadzinza Huns kupinda. Kunyange 528-fung gore vakadzingwa, vapedza asiya muIndia anoramba chikuru mamiriro idzodzo. A remakore gare gare, vanoverengeka zvemisoro duku vakabatana vachitungamirirwa mutongi yemweya uye muoni vaHarishaa Zvisinei, pashure porufu rwake, mutsva umambo Zvaparara, uye muzana remakore rechi11 riri munharaunda Hindustan infiltrated kuti vaMuslim achitungamirirwa Mahmud pakati Ghazni uye akasimbisa Delhi Sultanate. Muzana remakore rechi13, mamiriro ichi aigona kuramba nechisimba eMongolia, asi pakazopera rechi14 dzakawira kunze nemhaka nechisimba zviuru gurusvusvu Katya. Pasinei neizvi, chikuru hugota Delhi Sultanate kusvikira 1526, gore. vakundi avo vakava Mughal inotungamirirwa Babur - Timurid akauya India ane hondo huru dzakawanda. hondo yake panguva iyoyo yakanga yakasimba mudunhu, uye varwi Indian Raja vaisagona kumutadzisa kuwana reIndia.

Biography pamusoro Babur

Wokutanga Great Mogul India akaberekwa muna 1483, gore munharaunda Uzbekistan ano, mune yakakurumbira yezvokutengeserana guta Andijan. baba vake aiva ishe pamusoro Fergana, uyo aiva muzukuru chibvi Tamerlane uye mai vake vaibva kwemarudzi Genghis. Apo Babnuru aiva nemakore 12, akanga asiya nherera, asi pashure 2 years yava akakwanisa kubata Samarkand. Kazhinji, vatsvakurudzi Biography wendarama of Mughal Empire, achiratidza achiri muduku aiva chete kutsvaka simba, uye kunyange ipapo ndaviga hope kuva musoro rakakura wehurumende. Mukukunda pashure wekutanga kukunda haana kugara kwenguva refu, uye pashure 4 mwedzi Babur wakadzingwa pakati Samarkand Sheibani Khan, uyo aiva mukuru kupfuura iye katatu. enyika ruzivo pamusoro payo haana vadzikama uye akava nechokwadi kuti vechiduku Timurid akamanikidzwa kutiza nemauto ake kuna Afghanistan. Pane rombo akanyemwerera panguva jaya, iye akakunda Kabul. Asi pfundepfunde pamusoro kuti fiefdom ake - Samarkand mitemo vauya mutongi Uzbek, akamupa zororo, uye aita akadzokorora kuedza kudzokera kuguta rino. Vose dzakaguma kukundikana, uye, tichiziva kuti hapana akatendeuka shure, Babur akasarudza kukunda India uye nheyo mutsva mamiriro.

Sezvo Mughal mamiriro yakatangwa

Muna 1519, gore Babur akatungamirira pakundopambara kuti North-West India, uye 7 Makore akazotevera akasarudza kubata Delhi. Uyezve, iye akakunda Rajput muchinda uye nheyo mamiriro pamwe nechepakati muna Agra. Saka, nokuda 1529, rechipfumbamwe gore Eastern Empire zvaisanganisira nharaunda Afghanistan, muPunjab uye Ganges mupata kusvika kumiganhu Bengal.

rufu Babur

Rufu vakatevera muvambi Mughal Empire muna 1530. Mushure accession pachigaro Hamayuna, Mughal Empire mu India kusvikira 1539, gore apo Pashtun mutungamiri Sher Shah akadzinga naye kubva nyika. Zvisinei, makore 16 gare gare Mughals vakakwanisa vawanezve zvavo uye kudzokera Delhi. Ruchifanoona ake nokukurumidza kwaitika, President akakamura umambo pakati vake vana, akagadza mukuru wavo Hamayuna izvo zvinofanira kudzora Hindustani. Three dzimwe Babur paakasvika Kandahar, Kabul uye Punjab, asi vakanga vachisungirwa kuteerera mukuru mukoma.

Akbar Guru

Muna 1542, gore iri Hamayuna mwanakomana. Akanzi Akbar, uye kuti muzukuru uyu Babur aifanira kuita umambo yakavambwa Mughals, akaburuka munhau sezvo muenzaniso mamiriro, pakanga pasina zvechitendero uye nyika rusaruro. Iye akakwira choumambo, rinenge zvakafanana mangwanani zera, kufanana sekuru vake, uye anoda kusvika 20 makore oupenyu kupedzerwa mubasa kudzvinyirira kuti mhirizhonga uye nokusimbaradza nechepakati simba. Somugumisiro, muna 1574, negore repfumbamwe kunyorwa paumbwe imwe kusaroora ine hurongwa omunzvimbo utungamiriri uye mitero zvakajeka. Ndiye zvikuru akangwara murume, Akbar Guru govera nyika uye nemari kuvakwa kwete chete mosques, asiwo temberi dzechiHindu uye machechi echiKristu, izvo mamishinari akabvumirwa kuvhura muna Goa.

Jahangir

Inotevera mutongi umambo mwanakomana Akbar Mukuru wechitatu - Selim. Akakwira chigaro pashure pokufa kwababa vake, akarayira kuti vanozviti Jahangir, iro rinoshandurudzwa rinoreva "mukundi wenyika." Waiva mutongi pfupi VANOONA uyo chokutanga kuti bvisa mutemo pamusoro zvitendero pane makaparadzaniswa maHindu uye vanhu vemamwe marudzi vasiri vaMuslim. Saka Mughals asisiri kunakidzwa kutsigirwa nevanhu munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye dzakamanikidzwa dzimwe nguva kudzvinyirira kumukira evatsigiri-Raja wavo.

Shah Jahan

Mumakore okupedzisira rokutonga Jahangir, uyo akava muropa kusvika kumagumo hwake, aiva chinorwadza nguva yokuti umambo, yakavambwa Mughals. Chokwadi kuti mumuzinda kurwira simba ari kutora mukana huru mudzimai Sultan nezita on Jahan. Panguva iyi, wechitatu mwanakomana Jahangir, uyo akaroora muzukuru pakati naamainini vake, akasarudza kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye akaita kuziviswa pachake mugari wenhaka yokunzvenga vakoma. Pakafa baba vake, akaenda choumambo uye akatonga kwemakore 31. Panguva ino guta guru Mughals - Agra razova rimwe remaguta yakaisvonaka kwazvo Asia. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ndiye akasarudza, muna 1648, gore kuti guta guru renyika Delhi, Red Fort akavakira. Saka, guta rakava guta guru roumambo wechipiri, uye ikoko muna 1858, gore British mauto akabatwa wokupedzisira Great Mogul, pamwe chete nehama yepedyo. Saka akagumisa nyaya umambo akasiya nhaka yakakura.

Guta guru Mughal

Sezvambotaurwa, chikuru guta hwacho muna 1528, gore Babur akaita Agra. Nhasi ndiyo imwe yakakurumbira nzvimbo nzvimbo Asia, sezvo pane zvakawanda Monuments of mavakirwo Mughal kumwedzi. Zvikurukuru, zvose rinozivikanwa yakakurumbira Taj Mahal, yakavakwa Shah Jahan kuti mudzimai wake waaida. Chivako ichi nedzimwe anonzi mumwe zvinoshamisa munyika uye zvinokanganisa vakakwana uye nokubwinya.

Zvikuru mumwe mugumo Delhi kwakasimbiswa. Muna 1911, yakava nguva yakagara Viceroy kweIndia, uye ikoko kubva Calcutta vakatamira zvose huru madhipatimendi ehurumende yaitonga yeBritain. Anotevera makore 36 guta kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza, uye pakanga nzvimbo European kuvakwa. Zvikurukuru, muna 1931 kuvhurika kwayo itsva dunhu New Delhi, zvachose rikagadzirwa yeBritain. Muna 1947, akanga akaparidza guru yakazvimirira Republic of India uye anoramba saka nanhasi.

Mughal Empire kubvira pakutanga yezana remakore rechi16 kusvikira gore 1858 uye akabatanidzwa inokosha basa kutapwa dzavanhu India.