Kuverenga Donongodzo Brodsky: wongororo

List Brodsky - chii? Iyi haisi mazita mabhuku, akaberekwa ari nokuvatema chinyoreso nyanduri kunoshamisa uye munyori wenyaya. Zviri nenzira yake kudzidza mabhuku. Zvinonzi optimized kuti munhu kurarama 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Pashure pezvose, vanhu vanofanira kunge verenga yakawanda mabhuku akanaka asati ava nyanduri kana munyori. Brodsky vaiona kukosha uye rokuita aesthetes vezera rake kuti vanhu vake nokuita "vachingoshandisa kunzwisisa," rwakagadzirira nzira kwezvisikwa utsinye vanhu, pfungwa, ane utongi kwezvakatipoteredza.

Iosif Aleksandrovich - zvinoshamisa munhu. Akasiyana uye ake Biography. Hakuzi, zvinoita sokuti chinhu neimwe nzira - kuva mudetembi uye munyori wenyaya uyo pave panguva imwe chete, nokuti mbiri pakatarisana inoti, USSR uye USA, uye nokufamba Nyanduri kusvikira pakuguma, kuvigwa Venice, iyo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of Renaissance uye X nedunhu hweRoma !

Nadezhda Mandelstam, mumwe mukadzi wechikuru akanga achiedza kufanotaura zvichaitika muduku Brodsky: "Iye - zvakanaka ... duku, asi ndinotya kuti ichaguma inoshatiswa." Uye zvikaitika Iosifom Aleksandrovichem: muna USSR, rakaguma muzvizivise ipapo akanga muUnited States.

Brodsky pamutemo kunze

List Brodsky anozivikanwa kunge zvakanyorwa naye pakati manonwe remakore rapfuura, panguva kumanikidzwa kuenda kumwe kusvika kuUnited States. Over gungwa, akaramba ari mamiriro muzvinafundo mashanu American kukoreji. The basa zvedzidzo okuremekedza munhu mubasa kuzvidzora dzidzo makore 15, akanga ari muenzaniso kukudzwa kwake nenjere simba.

Mune US, Purofesa aigara vaigara mumaguta matatu: rokutanga Ann Baths, ipapo New York uye pakupedzisira - mu South Hadley.

Chokuratidza kuti kusarudzwa remabhuku ari mazita Brodsky

Mudzidzisi Haangotiudzi vakatsvaka kutsausa vadzidzi dzaro vanhu aiziva mabhuku. Akaedza kuchinja mafungiro avo kuti mutauro.

Pokutangira akava Roadmap nokuti vateveri (Brodsky Donongodzo) ndiye chitaurwa kubva detembo kubudikidza Briton William Auden kuti "Kuyeuka U. B. Yeytsa", iro rinotaura kuti chete dzakabudirira pfungwa mutauro anogona "kusvetukira mukati", "kukurudzira" murume ari enhetembo unyanzvi.

Uye kuita chiito ichi pakunamata, kwete kukurudzira kuda kuzvipira dzidzo, hazviiti. American purofesa Soviet mavambo vadzidzi akatengwa kubva pakubwinya eccentric. Akanga ari mudzidzisi akasiyana, zvinoda vadzidzi okusika kuverenga muzvizhinji zvezvimedu, mumwe nomumwe ava vechidiki vane kunzwisisa yemunyori aesthetics. Ongorora vakachenjera pedagogical mudziyo mapurofesa hazvifaniri kubva nemaonero ari nyanzvi, uye mukuona Nyanduri-tsika.

Pfungwa mutauro sezvo Arufa naOmega chokuva nyanduri

Ndiani aiva munhu enhetembo ruzivo rukuru uye refu kuchengeta sezvaaienderana tsika nyika, Iosif Aleksandrovich zvinogutsa nharo kuti paumbwe nyanduri haubvi "nyota nokuda okugadzira zvinhu" uye kwete kunzwisisa mitemo yokusikwa nhetembo zvakajeka. The chikuru chinoratidza munhu akadaro, maererano Brodsky, rinongova "pfungwa mutauro." Pasina iye, nhetembo wafa.

Mutauro wokuRussia Internet vanoshandisa dzimwe nguva kuratidza nokuvhiringidzika kuti unovapo nokuda asipo ari mazita mabasa nyanduri Pushkin, Lermontov zvazviziva sezvo enyika insinuations zvimwe mhando. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, hazvingaiti kuti vangava zvinobatanidzwa.

Zvechokwadi, ndandanda Brodsky akanyora mudzidzisi wokuAmerica vadzidzi vake. Uye vamwe vadzidzi vari chizvarwa Chirungu vakurukuri. Saka, zviri wakavhomorwa naMweya nyanduri, hachishandi akauya, gravitating kune tsika dzokuMadokero. Pakupedzisira, tine mhosva; vanyanduri, "vanofamba vasina shangu pamusoro reza kuti unopinza" uye "nokuveza muropa zvipenyu mweya," anofanira kunzwika pamba, paakaziva, akanzwisisa zvakanga vanhu vake. Ipapo ndingadai Brodsky akasungwa kuutapwa, uye iye angadai kunyorwa mazita vadzidzi mutauro wokuRussia. Uye yokupedzisira zvechokwadi pangadai Pushkin, Lermontov, uye vamwe vazhinji ...

Brodsky uye kutanga enhetembo basa

Iosif Aleksandrovich haana kuita pachivande pasi zvechizarira uye kiyi nzira yavo nhetembo. Akaudza vadzidzi kuti achiri muduku, makore 15, akanyora nhetembo pano neapo uye randomly. Kamwe, kana akanga 16, iye wechi ari Geological rwendo. Ndaishanda pedyo Chinese muganhu, kuchamhembe weruwa. Amur.

The rwendo, akaverenga bhuku nhetembo Baratynsky, mudetembi ari XIX remakore (shamwari Pushkin). Ndicho nhetembo kuti Yevgeny Abramovich ari kukanganisa kwavo pamusoro Brodsky dzinofambiswa ake "pfungwa mutauro." Maonero okugadzira zvinhu Baratynsky rwakamuita kukudziridza, akatungamirira nyanduri kunyora nhetembo here yakanaka.

Gare gare munyori Petersburg wechiduku aicherechedza zvakawanda mazano ake wechikuru wandaiziva, mudetembi Evgeniya Reyna, uyo kusvikira parufu rwake aionekwa somumwe zvakanakisisa kuRussia.

By panzira yake kubatana yokutanga ndakatumwa Iosif Aleksandrovich nekuti raiva nzvimbo chiito zvinokosha mabasa (vari kuramba vakatarira netsa Ahmatovoy, uyo mudetembi akasangana).

mudzidzisi kupfuura yepakutanga uye ake mazita

mudzidzi wake, Sven Birkerts, uyo akava nomukurumbira mabhuku mutsoropodzi, anoti vaanodzidza navo Brodsky akayeuka sezvo vose yakaipisisa mudzidzisi, kune rumwe rutivi, kupfuura simba rerunziro uye - panorumwe.

Sei yakaipisisa (kujairika kunzwa shoko kuti mashoko akapoteredza zita nyanduri akakurumbira)? Sven kwazvo anopindura mubvunzo uyu. Chokwadi kuti Joseph A. zvachose akaita chinhu afuridzire unorema mudzidzi muviri mabhuku.

Aiva omunhu oga, uye pakarongwa Brodsky kunoburitsa ake pachake kukura ose nyanzvi. Asi avo vadzidzi vachiri zvavari kuverenga bhuku, akaratidza zvinogona tichivimba mazano, kutaura Tenzi. Maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, inzwi Brodsky aiva zvisiriizvo nomuti hues. Akataura zvishoma pamusoro mhuno, uye akaudza nguva dzose dzinonakidza. Friends jokingly akadana kwaari "murume-nendarira bhendi."

Maminitsi pachena kutaura vadzidzi mutengo haana.

Pedagogies Joseph Alexandrovich, maererano Kuyeuka Sven Birkerts, akanga akasiyana. Mudzidzisi asi asina kudzidziswa mabhuku, uye akaedza kutaura mafungiro.

The fungidziro kuti kunyudza mumabhuku

Ndiye pakutanga vaviri muchidimbu akapa mumwe hunoshamisa mabasa, yaiva yakazara rinotyisa zvimwe vadzidzi simbe Donongodzo Brodsky. Zvino ndakakumbira pamusoro manzwiro zvinokonzerwa Akhmatova nhetembo kana Montale vaswedere vadzidzi kupinda munhandare, uchitaura yakakurumbira Sergeya Dyagileva quote: ". Kushamiswa ini" Zvakanga zvisiri nyore mukomana American kana musikana kutsanangura Somuenzaniso, kana akakwanisa zvinobudirira dzinoratidza Akhmatova moto Chiitiko kana kuzivisa mufananidzo "rinonzi Iliad."

Havasi vose aitaurirwa soro rumbidzo Brodsky. Shoko Single "anoshamisa" Kakawanda, avhareji mudzidzi banal fukura kusanzwisisa ake. Brodsky panguva ino kusvinwa muruoko ane unlit mudzanga ...

Asi shure zvose chiito ichi chaiva wandei mugove zvinosetsa. Pashure pokuteerera kuitwa mudzidzi, Iosif Aleksandrovich yakabereka yake yakakurumbira befu, otarira pekirasi yose uye akatanga kutaura. Akabvunza mibvunzo uye akavapindura. Iye akatungamirira vateveri vavo kuburikidza mumiti mazwi uye shamwari akazadza hwomoyo vateereri vake vazive unoshamisa simba mutauro. Sven Birkerts uye vadzidzi saiye, vakaenda kumusangano nepfungwa mauto asingaoneki rwakawanda vakavapoteredza, asi hazvina kutorwa nehama dzazvo mu zvavo upenyu.

US Humanities akaonga Pamazita

Kuverenga Pamazita Brodsky akazviratidza itsva danho pakugadzirwa vaduku vokuAmerica. Kekutanga yakadzidziswa Dzhona Dyui maitiro, vane unyanzvi kuzvimirira mafungiro, kukwanisa achitsoropodza vaongorore munzanga mananara. Asi Iosif Aleksandrovich haana kuziva ino. Pachidzidzo chokutanga akapa vadzidzi vake anoyevedza mazita muchidimbu achizivisa vateveri kuti rinotevera hwavo makore maviri anofanira rwakazvitsaurira kuna seakafuridzirwa ichi.

Zvechokwadi, kutanga kunoshamisa mazita dzakafuridzirwa ndima Brodsky kuverenga uye inoguma zvinoyevedza mabasa 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore.

Zviri pachena, mazita ichi inogona kuwedzerwa vadzidzi nhasi. Pakati gungwa mabhuku, pakuonekwa ose gore uye zvakawanda pamusoro echiShinto, unofanira kusarudza bhuku, kuva chaiyo hwokudhirowa ukoshi. Yeuka kuti huru dzekuziva kuti ichi pfungwa mutauro, nounyanzvi zvichishandurwa ne Brodsky.

Mukati Brodsky pasi. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

Iosifa Brodskogo zvakarongwa kunotanga "bhavati-Gita" (mwari rwiyo). Kukosha basa iri yacho ritaure kukura pakunamata kwevanhu. It kunomubatsira kugadzirisa chikuru mubvunzo: "? Ndini aniko", zvinoita kuti kubudirira pakati womukati ezvinhu anodiwa kuita zvinhu zvokunamata. The "bhavati Gita" kunosanganisira kuva kubva muupenyu kuti upenyu hwomudzimu, uye hunonyatsobatana chokwadi.

Basa rechipiri kuti anoreva mazita zvinokosha kuverenga Brodsky, ndiye "Mahabharata". It inobudisa yakakura, tichiratidza nematambudziko evanhu zvinoreva munhu, nhamba yaro rusununguko uye ramangwana (dambudziko). Mahabharata, neruoko rumwe, anogamuchira kusava noudyire, uye nemumwe - blames wakakwana renunciation zvikomborero pachako hunhu.

Old Testament

Iosif Aleksandrovich mu rechitatu nzvimbo pakati pamusoro mabhuku, kuvhura yakakurumbira Brodsky Pamazita inotaura Magwaro wevaKristu uye vaJudha - Yakare. Sezvaunoziva, zvakanga rakanyorwa muchiHebheru. Central kwouzivi uye pfungwa chikamu ndiyo reSinai sungano - nokubatira zvavakatemerwa naMwari kurudzi rwaIsraeri, iyo yakava hwaro Torah (Mutemo kuurayiwa).

Pane mazita inozivikanwa nyanduri uye vaburukira kwatiri munyika yokutanga Bestseller - bhuku pamusoro gamba zvenyika yose yekare, mushingi, vanobudirira uye mambo rerunziro Gilmageshe.

mabhuku yekare

List Brodsky - a voluminous mazita mabhuku anogona Classified. Mudetembi akanga asiri munhu wokutanga uyo akagadzira pasi kudaro. Dzinozivikanwa pamazita Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo nemaonero pamusoro muronga nezvainoita mirayiridzo yokuverenga. List sezvo Joseph Alexandrovich ndehwokuti kuvatsigira "achikurukura."

Just mhiri mabasa zvomudzimu, maererano pfungwa Brodsky, vanofanira kukomba chidhina mabhuku yekare: Sophocles, Homer, Herodotus, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... Iyi ndaza zvisakakwana, ine mazita anenge 20. Brodsky pachake bvunzurudzo yebasa akatsanangura kuzvipira kwake mabhuku kare nyika kukura "pfungwa nguva." Saka akadana kunzwisisa ake yezvakaita nguva yaro simba pamusoro pavanhu.

Sei saka kuteerera zvikuru akaripa Greek uye mabhuku Roman Iosif Aleksandrovich? Hapana chakavanzika mumabhuku yeChina akanzi Roman. Saka Ndinonakidzwa conceptualized uye kusunungura mabhuku chifukidzo. Nharo pamusoro Soviet Union, iye euphemistically akaritumidza "Roma".

kunzwisisa zvakadzama musimboti umambo (kunamata kunamatwa Kesari, despotic simba) akanga yaingowanikwa kwaari, achibatana yanyadziswa uye vakatapwa nyanduri Ovid.

Saka haana kudaro Soviet (Roman) Zviremera, sezvo vakadzidza, kushivirira kushaya rusununguko.

Brodsky Pamazita rine vosled kuti zvenhaka mabhuku anoverengeka akatevedzana zvinogumbura. Next - mabhuku Renaissance. Nechipiriso bhuku Fransua Rable uye Dante Alighieri, mumwe knight kuti platonic rudo.

Western uye Russian nhetembo

Akatevera nechigumbuso ari pamazita ndiwo mabhuku European West iri Bourgeois evanhu inotungamirwa uye Russian nhetembo yacho Silver Age. The Vanyori Navasanangurwa kuravira, maererano tarenda ravo uye kukosha mabhuku nhaka:

• Russian Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• British uye American Thomas Hardy, Tomas Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna MUR, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Bishop;
• German: Rainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn;
• Spanish: Federico Garcia Lorca, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Juan Ramon Himenos;
• Polish: Zbigniew Herbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold Staff, Wislawa Szymborska;
• French: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, Maks Zhakob, Anri Misho;
• Greek: Giorgos Seferis, Konstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: Harry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

mhedziso

Kusvikira zvino resonance hunokonzera mazita Brodsky. Reviews zvebhuku rino vanoda vari aibvumirana vachiti pamazita uyu zvechokwadi vakakodzera kufarirwa, kwakavakirwa shasha pakati Brodsky.

Uye kusawirirana muka. vaverengi nomumwe akapikisa feasibility kuverenga yakakura siyana mabhuku ekare. Vamwe akapindura kuti kukosha mabhuku ekare chitete (zvino saka regai kunyora) kuti elaboration hwevanhu.

Vaverengi vakawanda mashoko vari pamutemo. Mumwe anoyeuka kuti STRUCTURAL "bhavati Gita" ndiyo chikamu "Mahabharata". Asina chokwadi nderechokwadi pamazita, achitsanangura nzvimbo yake nokuvapo imomo mabasa Nikolai Klyuev, munhu Anti-oukuru uye propartiynoy dzidziso.

Aunganidze pamwe, zvinokosha kuziva chinhu chikuru; bhuku kubva pamazita Brodsky akashanda paunenge matombo kuti okugadzira zvinhu waJosefa Alexandrovich. Zviri yavo nenzira vazive kunaka nhetembo Brodsky anopa vaverengi varo mazita.

Nokuti uyo zviri kubatsira? Havasi vanhu vose vane philological uye mabhuku dzidzo chaiyo. Asi vamwe vavo yakavanzwa enhetembo kana prosaic tarenda. How kunomumutsa? Mhinduro pachena inofanira kuverenga mabhuku akanaka akawanda. Uye kubva pfungwa iyi maonero yakakwana mazita Brodsky - kwete pfungwa dzakaipa kutanga.