Murondedzeri weSpain Garcia Lorca: biography, zvisikwa

Uyu mukurumbira wokuSpain Federico García Lorca mune unyanzvi hwemazana emakumi maviri ave kwenguva refu ave mumwe wevanhu vanokosha zvikuru. Nhaka yake yakaenda kudarika tsika yerudzi uye yakatsanangura nzira huru dzekugadzirwa kwezvakanaka zvekugadzira kwete muzvinyorwa chete, asiwo mukupenda, mimhanzi, nhandare uye mafirimu. Ndima dzaLorca dzakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda yenyika.

Kubva kuhupenyu hwemunyori wenhetembo

Federico Garcia Lorca akaberekwa musi waJune 5, 1898 muguta duku reFuente Vaqueros, iyo mutaundi wepurovhinzi yeGranada. Uhu uye huduku hworunyararo akapfuura ipapo. Matanho akajeka uye akasiyana-siyana ejaya racho akaonekwa kare kare, izvo zvakabvumira vechidiki Federico kuti vatore chikamu muhupenyu hwehutano hwemagariro ehurumende. PaYunivhesiti yeGranada, Garcia Lorca akadzidza zvidzidzo zvakasiyana panguva imwechete: maitemo, mafiroso nemabhuku. Pazera remakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, mudetembi wechiSpanish anonyanya kuunganidza pekutanga pezvinyorwa "Impressions uye nzvimbo." Bhuku iri rakaonekwa nehukuru hwekutsoropodza ndokumuunza mukurumbira kunze kweruwa rake rwekuzvarwa.

Mumusoro

Mushure mokunge vatamira kuMadrid muna 1919, Federico Garcia Lorca anozviwana ari mune kambani yevanhu, avo vazhinji avo vachazotevera vazonzi zvikamu zvezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Mukurumbira pakati pavo ndiSalvador Dali naLuis Bunuel. Ndima dzaLorca dzaizivikanwa uye dzichitsvaga mumukuru weSpain, iyo yakamupa kugadzirisa kushanda pamwe nemitambo "Eslav". Pakukurudzirwa kwomutungamiriri weizvi, Martinez Sierra, akanyora dhidhiyo "Uroyi uye Butterflies", iyo yakabudirira kugadziriswa muna 1920. Hupenyu hwehupenyu hwechibharo hunyori huri kuedza kusanganisa nekudzidziswa mu yunivhesiti yeguta guru. Pakati pevadzidzi vake akaverengwa kusvikira muna 1928. Nguva yose iyi mudetembi anoshanda zvakaoma mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Mumhuri huru yekudhinda dzimba, vhesi yake yekuunganidza inodhindwa. Mabasa emudetembi wechidiki ane rufaro anoverengwa nehurumende yakasiyana-siyana, inokurukurwa uye inotaurwa muhurukuro.

Mufananidzo-mberi-gardist

Kune yeWestern Europe inyanzvi yenyika, makumi maviri nemakumi matatu emakore ezana remakore rechi20 yaiva nguva yekuchinja kukuru. Kuchinja kwekufunga zvakare kwekufunga uye kuparadzwa kwakaiswa pasi pemazana emakore-ekare maitiro emhando. Pamwe nevatsigiri vake uye shamwari dzake mumoyo weizvi ndedze uye Federico Garcia Lorca. Nhoroondo yake yakanyatsobatana nehuwandu hwenyanzvi avant-garde. Hazvigoneki kusaona kushamwaridzana kunoitwa nevamwe vadzidzisi vehudhi hutsva vachishandirana. Mabasa ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri - Salvador Dali, Luis Buñuel, Pablo Picasso, Federico García Lorca - zvaizotarisa zvakasiyana kana ava vanyori vakanga vashanda zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe. Nenzira, kunze kwezvinyorwa nemitambo, muSpain wezvinyorwa zvekusika inosanganisirawo mabasa ekupenda nemifananidzo.

"Romany romance"

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanyisa pane zvinyorwa zvake zvekunyora Garcia Lorca akazvipira kunyika yeRoma romance. Mune tsika dzetsika dzemapurovheji ekumaodzanyemba eSpain, chikamu cheRoma chakagara chiri panzvimbo yakakodzera. Asi mune nhetembo dzaGarcia Lorca, mifananidzo yemifananidzo yeGypsy nyika yakakwanisa kubuda mumitambo mitsva. Kuvandudzwa uye kusashamiswa kwechinyorwa chekunyora "Romany Romancero", rakabudiswa muna 1928, rinowanikwa muchokwadi chokuti munyori wenhetembo akakwanisa kubudisa mhemberero dzekufananidzira dzeGypsy nhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvemashizha anonzi avant-garde ekutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

MuNew York

Chido chekutamira kune dzimwe nyika kune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti yakawanda inowanikwa nevanhu vazhinji vezvigadzirwa zvekusika. Chimwe chikamu chikuru cheEuropean intellectual elite chaiva kune rumwe rutivi rweAtlantic mukutarisira dambudziko rinouya riripo rehondo yenyika. Asi Federico Garcia Lorca akaenda kuAmerica nguva refu zvisati zvaitika mapoka ematangi akaungana mumigwagwa yeEurope. Kune vanyori, kushanyira uku kwaiva kuedza kupfuurira kusvika kune zvitsva zvekusika. Zvakaoma kutaura kuti zvakagadzirirwa zvirongwa zvake zvaifanira kuzadzika sei, asi muNew York mudetembi anoshanda zvakawanda uye anoparadzira mabhuku matsva. Mumakore anopfuura maviri emabasa ake eAmerica, Garcia Lorca akanyora mitambo "The Public" uye "Apo Five Years Go By." Uye mazwi echiitiko ichi aive bhuku remanyoti The Poet muNew York. Asi mudetembi wechiSpain haafaniri kuverenga kubasa kwakakosha kwebasa rake munharaunda inotaura Chirungu.

Kudzokera kuSpain

Mukutanga kwemakumi matatu nematatu pane penisula yeIberia, zvematongerwe enyika zviri kuwedzera. Izvo zvaive nenzira iyi kuti kudzoka kwaFederico Garcia Lorca kubva kuAmerica kwakabatana. Asi akadzoka kumusha kune munyori anozivikanwa uye mutambi wenhau, uyo mitambo yakaramba ichibudirira mumitambo yakawanda yemitambo. Muna 1931, mudetembi akakokwa kuti atungamirire mudzidzi wechikoro "La Bakkara." Kubvuma izvi, Garcia Lorca inosanganisira mabasa ehurumende nemabasa ekunyora. Munguva iyi, akanyora mitambo miviri, yakabatanidzwa muhomwe yegoridhe yemabhuku eSpain - "Imba yaBernard Alba" ne "Bloody Wedding". Pamberi ikoko maiva nemafungiro matsva mazhinji, ayo asina kumbove akazadzika.

Rufu rwemunyori wenhetembo

Mukurwisana kwakakurumidza kwevanhu veSpain yose, Federico García Lorca haana kuratidza tsitsi chero ipi zvayo kumativi akasiyana. Zvichida aifunga kuti uchagara pamusoro pehondo, iwe unogona kunzwa wakachengeteka kumativi maviri emugariro. Asi zvakadzama zvekunyengera kwake, akakwanisa kunzwisisa chete kana zvisingakwanisi kugadzirisa chero chinhu. Garcia Lorca aiziva zvakajeka kuti Granada yakatorwa nevaSpain vanoita sangano paakaenda kumapurovhinzi ake mahara muna August 1936. Zvisinei, haana kubata chero chinhu chinokosha kune izvi. Mazuva okupedzisira omudetembi ane zvishoma zvinyorwa zvinovimbika. Inongozivikanwa chete kuti akasungwa musi waAugust 16, 1936 ndokupfura zuva rakatevera nemutongo wegavhuna weGranada Valdez Guzman. Kunyanya kupikisa mashoko pamusoro pezvakaiswa kumunyori wenhetembo. Maererano nezvimwe zvinyorwa, idzi idzi dzakawanda nhetembo dzine chimiro chechimiro chechimiro chekuzvipira. Zvinonzwisisika, ivo vakaseka manzwiro echitendero uye emufaro wehurumende yefascist. Uye mamwe magwaro anotaura kuti mudetembi wacho akadzivirirwa nekusawirirana kwepabonde.

Asi hazvibviri kuvhura zvakajeka nhasi kwete chete izvo zvaive zvipomerwa zvakakonzerwa nomunyori wenhetembo, asiwo pane nzvimbo yekuurayiwa kwake neguva. Mutumbi wemunyori wacho haana kuwanikwa muna 2008 apo vakavigwa vematatu makumi matatu vakazarurwa. Uye izvi zvinotsigira shanduro yaivepo iyo Federico García Lorca asina kupfurwa. Hazvibviri kubvisa pfungwa yokuti mudetemeri akapukunyuka rufu uye akazonyatsoparara mudutu rehondo yevagari vemo.