Mushandi weSt. Isaac's Cathedral muSt. Petersburg

St. Isaac's Cathedral imwe yezvivakwa zvakanakisisa muSt. Petersburg. Kunyanya kufemerwa, unyanzvi nebasa zvakasimwa mukusika kwayo! Yakavakwa yaro inokwezva ziso, kupembera kwemukati kunofadza, mhepo yegoridhe inowanikwa kubva kumativi ese eguta, uye kubva pavharoni inopa maonero anoshamisa eguta racho. Chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira chinoshamisa hachikwanisi kuregererwa, iyo inzvimbo inofarira kune vose vatashanyi uye vagari vomuguta paRwizi rwaNeva. Uye vashanyi vakawanda vane mubvunzo: "Muumbi wekuvaka akavaka St. Cathedral's St. Isaac - ndiani aive?". Mhinduro yacho inowanika munyaya ino.

Dzidzo uye unyanzvi

Muumbi weSt. Isaac's Cathedral haana kuberekerwa muRussia, asi mudunhu reParis. Uhu hwake hwakabatana nehondo dzeNapoleonic dzekupedzisira XVIII - kutanga kwezana remakore XIX. Murume uyu wechidiki akadzidziswa muRoy Academy of Architecture muParis (mumakore iwayo yainzi yeChikoro Chakanaka cheIt Architecture). Kaviri aifanira kuvhara kudzidzisa nekuenda kune mauto akashinga, kurwisa mumauto eNapoleon muItaly neGermany.

Asi, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvose izvi, mugadziri wemangwana weSt. Isaac's Cathedral akakwanisa kudzidza basa rake raakada kubva kune vakanakisisa vatenzi veFrance munguva iyoyo. Munguva yemasangano ehondo, akakwanisa kuona mienzaniso yakawanda yemaitiro ekirasi, uye shure kwekuzvipira kwaNapoleon - kuwana ruzivo rwekutanga rwekuParis, kwaakaona basa rokuvaka.

Zvisinei, chivako chetarenda uye chido chekuda kuziva kuti mune imwe nhamo yehondo shure kwehondo muFrance, haazove nechero kushandisa ruzivo rwake. Saka, iwe unoda kutarisa nzvimbo yakakodzera yakakwana yekuzadzisa kweunyanzvi hwako. Uyezve muvakirisi wemangwana weSt. Isaac's Cathedral muSt. Petersburg akasarudza kuedza kushandisa zvayo. Nei kuripo? Guta guru reMambo weRussia rakanga risina mari, raive rakavakwa uye raida vadzidzisi vane ruzivo.

Kusvika muRussia

Muzhizha ra1816, murume wechiFrench anouya muSt. Petersburg, kwaanogamuchira nzvimbo yehairi muKomiti Yekuvaka uye Hydraulic Work. Kutenda kumano ake, kushingaira uye kuzvimirira, nokukurumidza anowana ruzivo rutsva, zvakakosha kuti ashande mumamiriro matsva. Unyanzvi uye mano ekugadzira kunaka kwevanhu vane simba vanomubatsira pakufambira mberi kune chinangwa chake.

Nokukurumidza mukana unofadza uri kutendeuka zvakare: mukuru weKomiti anokurudzira mumwe muFrench anetari kuna Emperor Alexander I semuongorori anokwanisa kugadzirisa kutanga kereke yaSt. Isaac's iyo isina kubudirira.

Muumbi wezvigadziri, kunyange asina kunyanya kuzivikanwa, anongopfuurira nyore vamwe vose vakakumbira. Akakwanisa kuita chimiro chisingakanganwiki kuna mambo, achitaura iyo yakaisvonaka yakagadzirwa album ne 24 mifananidzo mienzaniso yakatarisana nematemberi akawanda eEurope. Iyi ndiyo chaiyo inogona kuwirirana zvakajeka pakuonekwa kukuru kweguta pane Neva. Muna December 1817, gore nehafu mushure mokunge asvika, mumwe murume ane makore makumi matatu nemashanu wekuFrance akazova muumbi wematare. Iyi ndiyo kutanga kwebasa guru rinopfuurira makumi mana makumi mana - iyo ndiyo nguva iyo kereke yakakurumbira yatinoziva iye zvino yakavakwa.

Master's style

Unyanzvi hwake hunobatanidza maitiro maviri makuru: high classicism (zvisiri izvo zvinonzi umambo hweRussia) uye eclecticism - kusanganiswa kwezvinhu kubva kumagadzirirwo akasiyana emapuraneti. Nenzira iyi, muumbi weSt. Isaac's Cathedral ndeyekuti nguva yake ive itsva. Kunyanya kakawanda akashandisa zvikamu zve medieval Gothic, izvo zvakapa zvivako zvakasiyana.

Muna 1840, muumbi wekugadzirira akaita rwendo rwokuenda kuEngland, France, Italy neGermany kuitira kuti azvizive nezvishamiso zvekuchenesa mukati mezvivako zvetemberi. Chiitiko chaakawana chaiva hwaro hweprojekiti, iyo yakazova chikwata chepfungwa chemuumbi wekuFrance.

Kutanga kwekuvakwa kweKathedral

Basa rekugadzira uye yekuvaka rakatanga muna 1818. Icho chivako chakawedzerwa kwenguva yakareba uye chakasimwa kazhinji kacho nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvakakomba mumifananidzo. Asi nekuda kwechiitiko cheboka guru rejiniya vane ruzivo vane matambudziko akakwanisa kurarama.

Mutariri wekuvaka akapinda mune zvose. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusimudza zvisikwa, zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakasimba zvezvidhinha nematombo - izvi nezvimwe zvakagadziriswa zvigadzirwa zveumhandisi zvakashandiswa nemugadziri wechidiki weSt. Isaac's Cathedral. MuSt. Petersburg, iyo yakambova guta guru reumambo, kunyanya kwakabhadharwa kuchinjwa kwechimiro ichi. Kunyange zvakadaro zvakajeka kuti akafanirwa kuva imwe yemakadhi ekushanyira eguta.

Kuzadzikiswa kwekuvaka

Mukutanga kwegore ra1840 mabasa makuru akapedzwa, uye masters akatora kubwinya kwemukati kwetemberi. Mukati makanga maiva girazi rakakura kwazvo muRussia rinoratidzira Kristu. Zvose zvakasikwa zvakamboitwa nemafuta omuorivhi, asi zvakasarudzwa kuchisiya nekuda kwehupamhi hwemvura munzvimbo iyi. Sezvimwe zvekare, denga nemadziro echechi yepamusoro zvakarongedzwa nemapoka 150 nemifananidzo, yakarongedzwa mumhando yekunyora yezvinhu zvakakosha - smalt. Vashandisi vanoshandiswa zvinopfuura 12 000 zvemashizha ayo, izvo zvakaita kuti zvifananidzo zvive zvakasimba.

Mhedziso yakawanda yekushongedza yakagadzirwa nemugadziri weSt. Isaac's Cathedral, asi vazhinji vevatenzi vane tarenda venguva iyo vakashanda pakusikwa kwemavara, mavara, mavara-girazi mafirimu nemifananidzo: K. Bryullov, N. Pimenov, P. Klodt nevamwe vazhinji. Imwe yezvakakosha zvikuru zvechechi yepamusoro yakagadzirwa imba, iyo yakatora 100 kg yegoridhe.

Nekusikwa kweSt. Petersburg nyanzvi yekufananidzira, kuporofita kunorwadza kwakabatanidzwa: apo Cathedral yaSt. Isaac yakapedzwa, muvakiriti achafa. Uprofita hwacho hwakazadzika zvakakwana: musi waMay 30, 1858, kereke yakasunungurwa yakazarurirwa uye yakatsaurirwa, uye musi waJune 28 munyori weprojekiti akafa pazera remakore makumi manomwe nematanhatu.

Kwete kwete St. Cathedral chete

Muvakirati wemakore makumi mana nerimwe chete, aigara muPetersburg, akakwanisa kuvaka kwete chete mukurumbira wake anozivikanwa. Muna 1832 paPatrick Square yakavakwa yakagadzirirwa purogiramu yake yeAlexandrine column.

Uyezve, muumbi wekuFrance akaita mazano akawanda ega. Tinovonga izvi mumazuva edu, dzimba dzeimba neimba dziri pakati peSt. Petersburg zvinokonzera kukoshesa mavakirwo ayo akanaka, izvo zvinowirirana zvakafanana mukati mechiso cheguta.

Iye zvino inguva yekutumidza zita remunhu ane tarenda uyo nyaya ino yakapihwa. Muumbi weSt. Isaac's Cathedral ndiAustuste Montferrand. Murumbidze kwaari, zvivako zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa zveNorth Capital zvinonzwisisika zvakajeka uye zvinoshamisa.