Mabhuku kuitika. Mabhuku dzinokura dzenzvimbo

Mabhuku kuitika - zvanzi rinowanzoshandiswa kuwirirana kuchikoro kana mabhuku boka. Ko boka vanhu okusika, ivo vaine-software uye aesthetic kubatana, uyewo pfungwa uye unyanzvi sungano. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye munhu chaicho mhando (kufanana subgroup) mabhuku kufamba. With reference, somuenzaniso, kune Russian romanticism, zvinoreva kuti "pfungwa" "Philosophy" uye dzenzvimbo "vehurumende". The Russian mabhuku kufamba nyanzvi dzinoti, "Sociological" uye "mafungiro" mirayiridzo.

classicism

mirayiridzo iyi uye unyanzvi manyorerwo mune uye mabhuku Europe kwezana remakore rechi19. The zita rinobva muchiLatin shoko «classicus» - akakwana.

Mabhuku kuitikawo remakore rechi19 dzine unhu dzavo:

1. Appeal kune mhando uye mifananidzo uri yekare uye mabhuku somunhu aesthetic mureza, pamusoro hwaro ichi, akaisa mberi nheyo "kutevedzera zvakasikwa", zvichiratidza zvaidiwa mitemo yakasimba inobva aesthetics yekare.

2. aesthetics Panobva rationality musimboti (kubva muchiLatin «reshiyo» zvinoreva njere) arikuti maonero unyanzvi mabasa sezvo risiri chairo kusikwa - rokusikwa nobwoni, rationally akarongeka zvine musoro kuvakwa.

3. classicism mune mifananidzo hapana nomumwe miitiro, sezvo vari akagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kuti andobata Generic, kugadzikana, pakupedzisira usingaperi zviratidzo kuti vanoshumira se musimboti akawanda ehondo pakunamata uye magariro.

4. munzanga uye dzidzo kushanda ounyanzvi. Vakauya harmonic unhu.

sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (mushanduro kubva Chirungu kunoreva nekunzwisisa "nzwisisa") - nokuti mabhuku uye nounyanzvi muzana remakore rechi18 muEurope. Kuvhenekerwa rationalism akagadzira kushandisa dambudziko iri Kujekerwa ndeyekupedzisira pachikuva. Kumboda sokutevedzana rakaitika romanticism, ndaigona kumupa mamwe mamiriro avo.

Mabhuku kufamba, kuti nhetembo iyi nguva ine zvachiri:

1. sentimentalism anoramba akatendeka nevatambi vane normative unhu.

2. Kana zvichienzaniswa classicism uye yakwo pathos chinoumba "hunhu hwevanhu" hwaziviswa mupfungwa uye kunzwa.

3. Mamiriro paumbwe munhu akakwana hakunganzi chinhu "akwanise yemarudzi nokubatanidzwazve", uye kuvandudzika uye kusunungurwa "rwokuzvarwa manzwiro".

4. mabhuku magamba sentimentalism chikuru pamunhu mumwe: mavambo (kana kutenda) vari gutsaruzhinji, nyika yezvokunamata vanhuwo zvavo mumwe kukunda ose sentimentalism.

5. sentimentalism haazivi pamusoro "musoro": dzinopikisana mwoyo, zvechivhurumukira kwehasha mupfungwa anonzwisiswa sezvo iripo rationalistic mhirikiro.

romanticism

Ndicho dzepamusorosoro mabhuku kuitika mune mabhuku Europe uye America ava kunopera rechi18 - kwezana remakore rechi19. Munhambo iri uchidanana kufunga kwose kujairika, Hazvitsananguriki, vatorwa, anowanikwa chete mumabhuku.

Romantic mabhuku remakore rechi19 mu Russia yakanga dzinoratidzwa:

1. Antiprosvetitelskoy nhungamiro proyavivlyalas achiri pre-Romanticism uye sentimentalism, uye muna Romanticism kwakanyanyisa. Social uye pfungwa preconditions anganzi mwoyo iri migumisiro pokuchinja uye zvibereko vamwevo, kutsutsumwa pamusoro yokungoitawo, banality uye prosaic Bourgeois upenyu. The chokwadi chenhau haritorwi "chikonzero", iro irrationality, kuzara zvakavanzika uye chisingatarisirwi, uye hwokufananidzira kuti nyika ine utsinye kune mumwe murume wake chaivo rusununguko.

2. uchitikurudzira tariro mirayiridzo ndiyo pfungwa "Weltschmerz", "yepasi pose kusava netariro" (somuenzaniso, J. vemungano magamba. Byron A. Vigny, etc.). nyika zvinotyisa Nyaya 'iri zvakaipa "iri kunyanya zvakajeka mumashoko" mumutambo wematambudziko "kana" dambudziko wematambudziko "(Eta Hoffmann, Poe).

3. Kutenda wemasimbaose mweya womunhu, kudanwa yake yokuvandudzwa. Litkratory akavhura zvisingazivikanwi kunzwisisa kudzama unhu. Vanhu kwavari - a Microcosm, zvishoma muchadenga. Nokudaro akaenda absolutisation unhu rakatanga, uzivi yokuti munhu. Nzvimbo uchidanana mabasa kwagara rakasimba, aakatipa vanhu, kusiyana kuruzhinji, tsika dzayo uye yetsika dzemunharaunda uye mitemo.

naturalism

Latin nokuti zvisikwa - the mabhuku dzinoitwa Silver Age, iyo pakupedzisira yakatanga kupinda US uye Europe.

Features:

1. chishuvo chinangwa, yakarurama uye kufara nomufananidzo tsika dzevanhu uye chokwadi kuti nokuda vasiri zvakatipoteredza uye hunhu, kunzwisiswa kazhinji, sezvo zvakananga zvemari uye mumhuri ezvinhu. Izvi hachidzivisi magariro uye nhoroondo zvinhu. The chikuru basa zvakasikwa - kudzidza kwenzanga pamwe chete kuzara nako zvakasikwa kudzidza hunhu, muri ruzivo yesayenzi kufanana.

2. Mabasa All ounyanzvi vaionekwa se "zvinyorwa zvevanhu", huru aesthetic nzira vaiona kwakakwana uye kupedziswa nayo pamusoro zvishande mabasa.

3. mabhuku akasiya moralizing, vachifungidzira kuti mifananidzo chaizvoizvo zvikuru kuratidza pachayo. Vaifunga kuti mabhuku uyewo sayenzi, haana kodzero pakusarudza zvinhu, kana kuti pasina kukodzera vanyori kana kukodzera nyaya. Nemhaka iyi paruzhinji vasingakendengi uye plotless kazhinji kuoneka mabasa nguva.

realism

Realism inonzi unyanzvi uye mabhuku muzana kwezana remakore rechi20. Zvinotora yakatangira muna Renaissance ( "Renaissance realism"), uyewo Kujekerwa ( "Kuvhenekerwa realism"). Realism akacherekedza nguva yokutanga muna Ages uye yekare ngano, ngano dzekare.

The chikuru zviri kuerera:

1. Artists kutotaura kwokunze nyika nenzira inopindirana nezvinotaura musimboti wenyika mananara kwenyika.

2. realism mabhuku yakaratidza nzira ruzivo wacho uye akapoteredza vanhu.

3. Zivo nhasi achibatsirwa zvifananidzo, izvo zvinosikwa nokuda achitaipa chokwadi chaicho ( "hwokufananidzira kuitika kwese vatambi").

4. iwe Realistic inoshanda uri anosimbisa upenyu-, kunyange zvinorwadza kusawirirana chisarudzo. Ndiyo hwaro kwouzivi - Gnosticism, kutendeseka ari knowability uye adequacy kuti kuratidzwa dzakapoteredza nyika, iyo rakasiyana romanticism.

Silver zera

Mabhuku dzinoitwa Silver Age ine vakadaro zvinhu:

• kubvuma ariko nyika mbiri (chaivo uye extramundane);
• kuzivikanwa zviratidzo chaizvoizvo;
• chaiyo Kutarira yepanyama kunzwisisa sezvo murevereri nemufananidzo kwenyika uye kunzwisisa kwayo;
• razrabatyvanie zvukopisi imwevo kugamuchirwa nhetembo;
• kunzwisisa nyika pamusoro chikamu mystification;
• kusiyana kugutsikana (ruvhevhe, zvinofananidzira);
• Hunt dzechitendero chimiro ( "chitendero kunzwa vakasununguka");
• ottritsaetsya realism.

Mabhuku remakore rechi19 kuRussia

Matangiro romubati kufamba mu Russia Rinobatanidzwa mumagariro uye pfungwa zvaiitwa upenyu vanhu Russian - national vosimba mushure World War First. Yakanga kutanga kwete chete achiita, asiwo chinokosha hunhu nhungamiro Decembrist vadetembi (somuenzaniso, vanotsigira V. K. Kyuhelbeker, KF Ryleev AI Odoyevski), ane basa rakanga rarama pfungwa dzevagari basa, yakazara nemafungiro okutambura uye volnolyubiya .

A maitiro chinoratidza Romanticism muna Russian

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti kukurumidzira kwechibayiro kukura mabhuku Russia mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19, izvo zviri kukonzerwa "kukudyira" uye kubatanidza nzendo siyana atange kufunga zvokukura mune dzimwe nyika. Russian romanticism woga predromanticheskie yokurera pamwe dzinoitwa Kujekerwa uye Classicism: chokwadi nezvebasa ungwaru zvakasikwa, kunamatwa zvakasikwa, nehanya, elegiac melanholizm Rakabatanidzwa chaiwo arayira kuti Genres uye zvitaera, munyoro didacticism, uyewo pakurwisa zvakawandisa dimikira rokureva "harmonic yakarurama" .

Akhmatova nokuti

Chaiko Akhmatova nokuti externally embellishing mutauro, kuunza zvose kuti zvine musoro kuridza nyore kufunga (kubva Acmeism pachayo uderedze kubvisa ari kuzara nezvaiva mumabhuku makore iwayo).

Lyrical heroine Akhmatova zvakawanda zvisingakoshi tichitarisira upenyu chaihwo. Vanofunga mune mhando dzakasiyana. Ivo - mukadzi mwoyo norudo, vanofunga kuti vakaita akavhura cherudo sezvo vakadaro haako. Asi munguva pfupi yapfuura, heroine akagara Pink magirazi maziso, zvose zviri yomufaro mukuru ine mukusaziva. Vanewo vakamirira kugadzwa, vaitya kuparadzana vadiwa, akaimba "rudo nziyo". Asi zvakanga pamusoro pakarepo. Own njere hazvirevi kuvafadza. Mundima achiderera mutsetse "kubvira zvose sokuti kurwara." Kunyange yemashoko akanyorwa akaoma kwazvo zvakajeka. nomukadzi mumwe nomumwe atarisana nokurasikirwa rudo, vachanzwa izvi nzira.

Mayakovsky

Poetry Russian muitiro, uyewo mabhuku kuitika Mayakovsky kwemakumi emakore maviri (kusvikira 1920) vaiva dzinoratidzwa zvikuru kukwana uye siyana: makore aya mavambo matangiro uye paumbwe zvikuru ano mabhuku mapoka uye dzinokura, nhoroondo yavo pakukura kwakabatana maruva kuti okugadzira zvinhu nomukurumbira Artists mashoko. Just panguva kwezana zvakaitika basa munyori Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Yesenin

Yesenin aiziva mabhuku dzakaoma ake. The imperialist hondo, umo Russia chaibatanidzwa, akaratidza mahwanda zvikuru nehasha. The zvaparadzanisa mu panhengo Ndimi akanga akaronga Russian intelligentsia mumakore maviri emakore, pamwe kudzamisa vechimurenga muna 1907. Chaiko nokuti Nemaeva decadentist inomirira yepakutanga nhungamiro, nokuputsa pamwe chinyakare mabhuku nguva mberi kodzero, mabasa ayo akanga akabatana pasi pryzvami "hondo kusvikira pakupopotedzana." Uyewo, achitsigirwa hondo kuRussia vaiva Right SRs uye Mensheviks, uyo aiva simba guru reRussia intelligentsia madenderedzwa. Akatsigira hondo uye nyanduri kukuru. Zvichakadai, mabhuku dzinoitwa Silver Age pamwe nheyo dzayo vauya maturo. Vakadzidza uye kunyanya Russian munzanga gutsaruzhinji vasingagoni vaomose nzvimbo mabhuku uye unyanzvi, kuti Zoom mukati kana kufambisa kuchinja.

Russian Acmeism

Mabhuku kuitika Acmeism akaita kwakakwidziridzwa kufarira peshamwari netsika, yava vakapinda mupumburu yapfuura mabhuku epochs. "Mabote tsika nyika ubyvshey" - saka O.E.Mandelshtam dzakwidzwa vanozivikanwa Acmeism. Zivisa uye nevavariro "pamusoro zvekumwe enganonyorwa" uye tsika "simbi ndima" Lermontov muna Gumilev; mufananidzo Literature yekare Russian Dante uye mafungiro enganonyorwa muna Anna Akhmatova; Zenkevich pfungwa dzinongoerekana uzivi; nyika yekare Mandelstam; usingaonekwi nyika NV Gogol muna Narbut GSSkovoroda - uye ichi hachisi mazita rwose nemagariro akaturikidzana kuti vari sei acmeists. Mumwe nomumwe Acmeists nokudaro akanga okusika ani. Apo N.S.Gumilev munhetembo yake yakaratidza "unhu simba" uye anoshanda M.A.Kuzmina wakaderera hunhu acmeism aestheticism, kuti okugadzira zvinhu Anna Akhmatova uye Yesenina vakatanga zvishoma kwakawedzera zvakatoitika yakamanikana muganhu acmeism, umo vakakunda chaizvo kutanga uye vavariro nyika. Acmeists okutanga ari unyanzvi muchimiro richiri kushandiswa nevamwe vadetembi ano.

Mabhuku dzinoitwa remakore rechi20

Kutanga, zviri dzidziso kune Classic, zvekare uye zuva nezuva mungano; muenzaniso cyclic nguva; rengano bricolage - mabasa akavakwa sezvo reminiscence collages uye dzakajeka pamusoro anozivikanwa nziyo.

Chaiko Panguva iyoyo, ane 10 zvinoti:

1. Neomifologizm.

2. Autistizm.

3. fungidziro / chokwadi.

4. Pokutanga Style pamusoro storyline.

5. Mashoko ari murugwaro.

6. Kuparadzwa rangano.

7. Pragmatics, kwete semantics.

8. nemarongerwo pane mashoko.

9. Observer.

10. kutyora mitemo orugwaro coherence.