Magiraxies. Mitauro yeGalaxies muzvose

Zvinhu zvakawanda, zvinozivikanwa nhasi, zvinoita sezvizivikanwe uye zvakajairika zvokuti zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti vaimbogara sei vasina ivo. Zvisinei, chokwadi chesayenzi mune vazhinji hachina kusimuka pakutanga kwevanhu. Munzvimbo dzakawanda izvi zvinosanganisira zivo pamusoro pekunze. Mhando dzeebulae, magaraxi, nyeredzi dzinozivikanwa kusvika anenge wese nhasi. Munguva iyi, nzira yekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvose yakange yakareba kwenguva refu. Vanhu havana kuziva nokukurumidza kuti pasi iri chikamu chenyika, uye ndiyo Galaxy. Marudzi eGalaxies akatanga kudzidziswa muhutoriyuta kunyange gare gare, pakasvika pakunzwisisa kuti iyo Milky Way haisi yoga uye kuti zvinhu zvose hazvirevi kwavari. Muvambi wezvitsva, pamwe chete neruzivo rukuru rwezvinhu zviri kunze kwe "mumugwagwa wemukaka", aiva Edwin Hubble. Vongai nekutsvakurudza kwake nhasi, tinoziva zvakawanda nezvemajenya.

Mitauro yeGalaxies muzvose

Hubble akadzidza mutsara uye akaratidza kuti vazhinji vavo maitiro akaita seMilky Way. Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa, akarondedzera kuti ndeye rudzi rwemwari uye ndeapi marudzi ezvinhu zvakadai zviripo. Hubble akayera marefu kusvika kune dzimwe dzavo ndokupa maitiro ake. Masayendisiti anoshandisa iyo nhasi.

Izvo zvose zvakagadziriswa zvezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa muzvikamu zvitatu: galaxies elliptical, spiral uye zvisina kufanira. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwunonyatsodzidza nevadzidzi venyeredzi pasi pose.

Chimwe chikamu chenyika yose, iyo Pasi iripo, iyo Milky Way, inoreva rudzi rwe "spiral galaxies". Mitauro yemagalaxies inozivikanwa pamusana pekusiyana kwemaitiro avo anokanganisa zvimwe zvinhu zvezvinhu.

Mhepo yakasikwa

Mhando yemapoka enyeredzi haisi yakafanana munzvimbo yose. Maererano nedhechi dzemazuva ano, midzimu yakawanda kupfuura yakawanda. Mukuwedzera kuMiraky Way, rudzi urwu runosanganisira Andromeda Nebula (M31) uye giraxy mu Triangle yeCellellation (M33). Zvinhu zvakadai zvine chimiro chinonyatsooneka. Kana iwe wakatarisa kubva kune rumwe rutivi, chii chinonzi galaxy, maonero makuru anofanana nemakwikwi akasiyana-siyana anotsika mumvura. Kubva kumativi akaenzana, iyo inonzi "bulge", inopisa maoko. Nhamba yematavi akadaro akasiyana kubva ku 2 kusvika ku10. Dhikiti rose rine maoko epakati rinowanikwa mukati megore risingasviki renyeredzi, iro riri mune zvekudenga rinonzi "halo". Nheyo yemirazi ndeye boka renyeredzi.

Subtypes

Mune nyanzvi, shanduro S inoshandiswa kureva magalaxies ekufambisa. Izvo zvakakamurwa kuva mhando zvichienderana nekugadzirisa maitiro emashirasi uye zvikamu zvehuwandu hwese:

• Galaxy Sa: mavoko akasungirirwa, akasvibiswa uye asina ruzivo, bulge yakajeka uye yakawedzerwa;

• Galaxy Sb: sleeve ane simba, yakajeka, bhuruu zvisingatauri;

• Galaxy Sc: maoko akaiswa zvakanaka, anomiririra chimiro chakasvibirira, huputi hunoonekwa zvakashata.

Mukuwedzera, mamwe maitiro ekuvhenekera ane pakati inenge yakananga jumper (inonzi "bar"). Muchiitiko ichi, tsamba B (Sba kana Sbc) inowedzerwa mukudanwa kwechigamba.

Maitiro

Kuumbwa kwemagalaxies emhepo, zvinoratidzika, kunofanana nekuonekwa kwemafungu kubva pamagetsi ebwe pamusoro pemvura. Kubuda kwemasaga, maererano nevasayendisiti, kwakatungamirira kune chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira. Maoko epamusoro pachake ndiwo mafungu ehuwandu hwezvinhu. Chimiro chekutyisidzika kunogona kunge kwakasiyana, chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa chiri kufamba mukati mekuru weredzi.

Matavi emweya ndiyo nyeredzi dzevechidiki uye gasi risina zvematongerwe enyika (icho chikuru chinonzi hydrogen). Ivo vanorara mundege yekufambisa kwechigamba, nokuti inoratidzika se disk flattened. Kuumbwa kweveredzi nyeredzi kunogona kuitika pakati pezvinhu zvakadaro.

Nearest neighbor

The Andromeda Nebula galaxy yakagadzirwa nemhepo: maonero ari pamusoro payo anoratidza mikana yakawanda inobva kune imwe nzvimbo. Kubva Pasi Pano neziso rakashama, iwe unogona kuzviona senzvimbo isina kunaka. Muhupamhi, muvakidzani wemirare yedu yedu zvishoma kudarika kwaari: makore 130 000 ekuyera mumamita.

Nebula Andromeda, kunyange zvazvo iri pedyo neGirky Way galaxy, uye kureba kwayo yakawanda. Chiedza kuti chikunde, zvinotora mamiriyoni maviri emakore. Izvi zvinotsanangura zvakajeka kuti sei ndege dzinosvika kune imwe galaxy iri pedo dzichiri kungogoneka mumabhuku anofadza uye mafirimu.

Elliptical Systems

Ngationei zvino tigoongorora mamwe marudzi emapoka enyeredzi. Mufananidzo we elliptical system inoratidzika zvakanaka musiyano wayo kubva kune mumwe mudzidzi wemhepo. Giraxy yakadaro haina magetsi. Inotaridzika se-ellipse. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinogona kuomirirwa kune zvidimbu zvakasiyana, kuva chimwe chinhu chakafanana ne-lens kana bhora. Mumapoka enyeredzi akadaro, pane inenge isina gasi inotonhora. Vanyori vanoyevedza zvikuru vekutsvaga vakazadzwa negasi isina kupisa inopisa, kutonhora kunosvika mamiriyoni degrees kana kupfuura.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajinda akawanda e-elliptical ndeye mumvuri wakatsvuka. Kwenguva yakareba, vazivi venyeredzi vakatenda kuti ichi chaiva chiratidzo chekare kare. Zvaitendwa kuti zvinonyanya kusanganisira nyeredzi dzekare. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvemakumi emakore achangopfuura zvakaratidza kutadza kwekufunga uku.

Dzidzo:

Kwenguva yakareba pane imwe pfungwa yakabatana nemagalaxies elliptical. Vakataridzirwa kuti ndivo vekutanga vekubuda, vakaumbwa nguva pfupi mushure meBang Bang. Nhasi, iyi dzidziso inofungidzirwa isingashandisi. Chipo chikuru chekutsoropodza kwacho chakaitwa nevakadzidza venyeredzi vekuGermany Alar naYo Yuri Tumre, pamwe chete nesayenzi weAmerica François Schweitzer. Zvidzidzo zvavo uye zvakawanikwa mumakore achangopfuura zvinotsigira kuvimbika kweimwe pfungwa, chimiro chekushandiswa kwemashoko. Maererano naro, zvivako zvakakura zvakaumbwa kubva kune zviduku, izvo, magaraxies haana kuumba pakarepo. Chimiro chavo chakatangira nekuumbwa kwemasikati emasikati.

Elliptical systems maererano nemaonero emazuva ano akaumbwa kubva kumhepo yakasviba semugumisiro wekusanganiswa kwemasaga. Chimwe chezvisimbiso zveiyi nhamba yakawanda ye "giraxies" yakasvibiswa, inoonekwa munzvimbo dziri kure. Pane zvinopesana, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinenge dziri pedyo, kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinyoro, zvinopenya zvakakwana uye zvinowedzera, zvinooneka zvakakwirira.

Symbols

Magiraxi e-elliptical muzvidzidzo zvezvinyorwa uye akagamuchira mazita avo. Kwavari, shandisa chiratidzo "E" uye nhamba kubva ku 0 kusvika ku6, iyo inoratidza chidimbu chekunyora kwechirongwa. E0 magaraxies emagetsi anongogara akafanana, uye E6 ndiyo inotyisa.

The surging cores

Magiraxies e-elliptical anosanganisira NGC 5128 maitiro kubva kuCellellus Centaurus uye M87, iri muVirgo. Zvavanoita zvine simba rekubudisa radio. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinonyanya kufarira mukugadzirisa kwechikamu chikuru chemajenya akadaro. Kuonekwa kwevasayendisiti veRussia neHubble telescope kunoratidza basa rakasarudzwa munzvimbo ino. Muna 1999, nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzekuAmerica dzakagamuchira dhiyabhorosi pamusoro pechikamu chengoro yeElliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (constellation Centaur). Imomo mukufambisa nguva dzose kune mashoma makuru emhepo inotonhora, kupoteredza kumativi ose, zvichida gomba rakasviba. Parizvino hazvive nheyo chaiyo pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.

Zvirongwa zvezvisizvo zvisina kumira

Chimiro chemarudzi matatu echigamba hachina kugadziriswa. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvechimiro chechiyotic. Mitsara yakaipa inowanika munzvimbo yakawanzana kupfuura dzimwe, asi kudzidza kwavo kunobatsira kunzwisisa kwakanyatsonzwisisika kwezvinhu zviri kuitwa munzvimbo yose. Kusvika ku50% yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakadaro gesi. Mune nyanzvi yekuongorora nyeredzi, ndiyo tsika yekureva magaraxi akadaro kuburikidza nechiratidzo Ir.

Satellites

Kumagalaxies asina kufanana maitiro aya maitiro maviri, zvakanyanya pedyo neMilky Way. Ndivo shamwari dzake: Magellanic Cloud Guru uye Maduku. Zvinonyatsooneka muusiku husiku hwekumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Chikuru chemapoka enyeredzi chiri pakureba kwemazana mazana maviri emakore ekuyera kubva kwatiri, uye maduku akaparadzaniswa kubva kuMiraky Way - makore 170 000 ekuyera. Makore.

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinonyatsoongorora zvinyorwa izvi. Uye Magellanic Makore anotsiva zvakakwana izvi: mumagalaxy-satellites kazhinji anowanikwa zvinhu zvinofadza zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, musi waFebruary 23, 1987, nzvimbo yakawanda yakabuda muGree Magellanic Cloud. Iko kusununguka nebula Tarantula kunofadzawo. Inowanikwawo muGreat Magellanic Cloud. Pano vasayendisiti vakawana nzvimbo yekugara nyeredzi yakagadzirwa. Dzimwe dzenyeredzi dzinoumba nebula dzine makore maviri emakore chete. Mukuwedzera, hezvino ndiyo inonakidza yenyeredzi dzakawanikwa muna 2011 - RMC 136a1. Kuwanda kwaro kuri 256 zuva.

Kubatana

Mhando huru yemapoka enyeredzi anorondedzera zvinhu zvehupenyu uye urongwa hwezvinhu zvezvinhu izvi zvepasi rose. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wekubatana kwavo hausi wekunakidza. Haisi chakavanzika chokuti zvinhu zvose zvezvinhu zvakasikwa zviri mukufamba nguva dzose. Kwete chimwe chinhu uye galaxy. Mhando dzemapoka enyeredzi, zvichida vamwe vevamiririri vavo, ingadai yakaumbwa munguva yekugadzikana kana kukoromoka kwemasimba maviri.

Kana tichiyeuka kuti zvinhu izvi ndezvipi, zvinova pachena kuti kuchinja kukuru kunowanikwa sei pakubatana kwavo. Mukuputika huwandu hwesimba hunosunungurwa. Zvinonakidza kuti zviitiko zvakadaro zvakanyanya kuitika mumatenga kupfuura musangano weveredzi mbiri.

Zvisinei, kwete nguva dzose "kukurukurirana" kwemagaraxies kunopera mukukonana nekuputika. Sangano duku rinogona kupfuura nomunun'una wavo mukuru, richivhiringidza zvaro. Saka maumbirwo akaumbwa, akafanana pakuonekwa kune makoridhe akadzivirirwa. Iyo inosanganisira nyeredzi uye gasi uye inowanzova nzvimbo yekuumbwa kweredzi idzva. Mienzaniso yehutano hwakadaro inonyatsozivikanwa kune masayendisiti. Chimwe chazvo ndeye giraxy Girasi yemotokari muCheller Sculptor.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvirongwa hazvipindi, asi zvinodarika mumwe nomumwe kana kungobata zvishoma. Zvisinei, pasinei nehuwandu hwekubatana, hunoita kuti kuve nekushandurwa kwakakomba muhutano hwemapoka maviri.

Ramangwana

Maererano nevasayendisiti, zvinogoneka kuti mushure mokunge vamwe, kwenguva yakareba, nguva, iyo Milky Way ichanyanya kutora shanduro yakasvibiswa, iyo inenge ichangobva kuwanikwa nzvimbo yakareba nzvimbo, iri makore makumi mashanu ekuyera kubva kwatiri. Nhoroondo kubva pane zvidzidzo inoratidza hupenyu hunofadza hwei satellite, iyo inogona kuguma mukugadzirisa kubatana nemuvakidzani wayo mukuru.

Kupikisa inguva yemberi inogoneka yeMilky Way uye Andromeda Nebula. Iye zvino muvakidzani mukuru akaparadzanisa nesu pamusoro pemakore maviri emakore ekuyera. Mamwe mapoka enyeredzi anotaurirana paanomhanya 300 km / s. Zvichida kuwirirana maererano nesayendisiti zvichaitika mumakore mabhiriyoni matatu. Zvisinei, zvisinei kuti zvichaitika kana magaraxi achangobatanidza zvishoma chete, nhasi hapana anoziva. Mukufananidzira, pane zvakakwana deta pamusoro pezvinhu zvekufamba kwezvinhu zvose zviri zviviri.

Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvekuongorora nyeredzi mune tsanangudzo dzakadaro semagadziro semagalaxies: marudzi emagalaxies, zvikamu zvekubatana, kusiyana kwavo uye kufanana, ramangwana. Munharaunda iyi pane zvimwe zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvinoda kudzidza zvakare. Mhando yegadziriro yemamapoka enyeredzi anozivikanwa, asi hapana kunyatsonzwisiswa kwemashoko akawanda ane chokuita, somuenzaniso, pakuumbwa kwavo. Mazuva ano matanho ekuvandudza ruzivo uye teknolojia, zvisinei, anotibvumira kuti tive nechivimbo chekubudirira kukuru mune ramangwana. Chero zvazvingava, magiraxi haazoregi kuva pakati pezviongorori zvakawanda. Uye izvi zvinokonzerwa kwete chete nekuda kuziva kune vanhu vose. Dhiyabhorosi pamusoro pemitemo yepasi uye hupenyu hwemasimba ezvitema zvinotibvumira kufanotaura remangwana redu rekudenga, Giraxy yeMilky Way.