Mari kupfuura zvinodhura yeRussia yekare

Ose ehurumende unovapo Pasi iri chero enhoroondo nguva, zvakaitika pakuguma kune zvaaida kupfuura ita mutengano. Kuwedzera kukura wezvokutengeserana uye kubuda mumaguta makuru akamanikidzira vatongi kana munharaunda kuwana nzira iri kunyatsoongorora chigadzirwa. Saka akaumba noukama chinokosha-mari.

Mari Ancient Rus 'akazviratidza muna Kiev hugota munguva apo wechiduku mamiriro rakanzwa kudiwa muupenyu.

Mari Kievan Rus kuti coinage kwavo

Pamberi madzinza necheSalvic vakanga vakabatana mu rimwe mamiriro chikuru - Kievan Rus, pamwe kupfuura yekare nhoroondo nyika emakore akawanda, uye sezvaari mari aizoguma kwavari kuchinjanisa pamwe nemumwe.

Mukuru mari Russia, dzawanikwa nharaunda hugota pakati Kiev, zuva kubva 1-3 fung emakore AD. e. uye ndivo dhinari Roman. zvinoratidza kwakadaro pana nzvimbo nemisha yekare, asi akavashandisa kubhadhara Slavs kana zvishongo kusvikira haizivikanwi. Sezvo Inter-dzemadzinza dzaishandiswa ukama vaiva mukuru mukutsinhana hunhu, kukosha chaiko dhinari munzvimbo iyi haina kudzidza.

Saka, mari vekare Russia Kuna - vanzwisise kuti chinoshanda pamusoro vekare yaMakoronike sezvo reRoma, Byzantine uye Arabhu mari, uye kuti mbava pamusoro Martens, izvo anowanzoshandiswa kubhadhara zvinhu. Makushe uye ganda kwenguva yakareba vave chinokosha-mari ukama munharaunda dzakawanda.

mari Own muna Kievan Rus 'akatanga yakagadzirwa kusvikira mukupera rechi10 remakore.

Mari Kievan Rus

The tanga mari Russia yekare, dzawanikwa nharaunda hugota pakati Kiev, muchinda aiva mufananidzo kudivi uye trident kana maviri pronged maoko - rumwe. Vakanga nendarama nesirivha, saka muzana remakore rechi19 zviri kudzidza mari dzekare uye rondedzero yavo yenhau vakapiwa zita "zlatniki" uye "masirivha".

Mufananidzo Prince Vladimir pamari kubva 980 nokuda 1015 aiva akanyorwa "Vladimir pachigaro, uye ake sirivha." On the neizvi divi vanoratidzwa chiratidzo Rurik, iyo anochinjwa zvichienderana aitonga.

The tanga mari weRussia yekare, uye anoshanda kwavari zita "OMR" vane etymologies dzavo. Pakutanga shoko iri zvaireva sirivha Gráfica, akaenzana mutengo mumwe bhiza (zenze). category "Hryvnia sirivha" inotaurwa yaMakoronike makore iwayo. Gare gare, apo kubvisa mari simbi ichi, zvakatanga dzinoenderana huwandu iri Banknotes.

Under Vladimir Great yakagadzirwa zlatniki akanga uremu ~ 4.4 d uye masirivha, kurema kwayo zvakasiyana kubva 1,7 kusvika 4,68 magiramu. Uyezve, mashoko anenge bhengi manotsi vakanga vakapararira uye kukosha munguva Kievan Rus ', ivo vari ukabatwawo kunze Masvomhu vari kutengeserana. Gold mari Russia yekare chakaitwa chete apo Prince Vladimir, apo vateveri vake aisiita chete sirivha.

The mufananidzo pamusoro obverse ari mufananidzo Prince Vladimir, uye neizvi - chiratidzo kungova Rurik hwedzinza wakange enyika hunhu, sezvo zvinoratidza vanotongwa achangopfuura United States simba rayo nechepakati.

Banknotes yeRussia 11-13 emakore

Pakafa Vladimir mari Russia yekare akaramba chemindi mwanakomana wake Yaroslav (Muchinda Novgorod), aizivikanwa munhau pasi nezita Wise.

Sezvo Orthodoxy yapararira munyika hugota yose Kiev, pamusoro Banknotes Jaroslav chipo mufananidzo haasi muchinda, uye Saint George, izvo vaiona ishe wake anorichengeta. Pamusoro neizvi pamusoro mari yaingova trident uye chinyorwa kuti srebro Yaroslav. Pashure akatanga kutonga muna Kiev, coinage zvikanyarara, Hryvnia rava sirivha nedhaimani muenzaniso.

Okupedzisira mari yekare Russia (photos pazasi - Oleg Svyatoslavich mari) - zviri Banknotes 1083-1094, sezvo haizopereri yenhoroondo wehurumende ichi inonzi coinless. Panguva ino, kwakasarudzwa kuitisa kukarukureta sirivha Hryvnia, riri chaizvoizvo vara.

Kune akasiyana siyana Hryvnia, raiva musiyano mukuru pakati chimiro uye uremu. Saka, Kiev Hryvnia ane chimiro rhombus cheroots, kurema kwayo kwakanga akaenzana ~ 160 d Nokufamba kwave chernigovskaya (rhombus yakarurama chimiro yairema ~ 195 g), Volga (Flat nemizariro 200 g), Lithuanian (notched nemizariro) uye Novgorod (kwakanaka bhaa yairema 200 g) Hryvnia.

Zviduku nemari Russia yekare achiri kuEurope, sezvo sirivha haachinji mari. Munguva hugota pakati Kiev mari vatorwa vakanga zita ravo - Kuna, nogata, Vaxjo - uye akanga nokuoneka kwazvinoita. Saka, muna 11-12 mazana 1 Hryvnia kwaenzaniswa 20 nogata coon kana 25, uye mugumo remakore rechi12 - 100 50 Växjö kana coon. Izvi imhaka kukurumidza kukura nevasina Kievan Rus, uye ayo kutengeserana ukama nedzimwe nyika.

Pane maonero masayendisiti kuti duku mari vaiona the marten pelts - coon uye tsindi - Växjö. Imwe ganda akaenzana maviri namashanu kana makumi mashanu kuti Hryvnia, asi kubvira muzana remakore rechi12 mbava muripo rava zvisingachashandi, sezvo simbi akatanga vatevera kun.

The pakuonekwa Ruble

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi12 Kievan Rus wechiGeorgian vanotanga kuoneka "kudimburwa," mari yakaitwa kubva sirivha Hryvnia. Zvakanga tsvimbo sirivha, raisanganisira 4 "kudimburwa," zvikamu. chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chine notches kuti anoratidza uremu uye somugumisiro mutengo.

Ose Ruble raigona rakakamurwa sezvikamu maviri, vakabva vainzi "poltinas". Kubvira muzana remakore rechi13, vose Hryvnia neunhu zita "Ruble", uye kubva remakore rechi14 vakatanga chinoreva chitambi masvikiro, machinda mazita uye zviratidzo zvakasiyana.

Mari Ancient Rus zvakashandiswa kwete chete kubhadhara zvinhu, asi kuti kubhadhara faindi mupfuma muchinda. Saka, nokuti umhondi yakasununguka mugari aiva soro mwero kurangwa - "Vira", izvo zvingaita kuti varasikirwe 5 Hryvnia paminiti smerd uye 80 Hryvnia anokudzwa murume. Nokuti cheka dare rinorambidzwa mutongo poluvire. "Poklepna" - chirango defamation - akanga akaenzana 12 OMR.

Mitero iri papfuma yomuchinda anonzi "uta", uye mutemo, rakabudiswa zvakawanda Yaroslav vachenjeri - "kukotama yechokwadi", zvichiratidza kukura mutero yaitarirwa mumwe vemunharaunda.

Mari Moscow kwavabati

"Coinless" nguva akamhanyira kuna pakati Kievan Rus pakati remakore rechi14, apo richangobva vakatanga dzava kugadzira mari yesimbi, rinozivikanwa "mari". Kakawanda, pane kushandisa coining mari Yechinwiwa Horde, iyo vakarova vatambi Russian. Kugadzirwa mari duku vainzi "poludengi" uye "chetverettsy", uye mhangura - madziva.

Panguva ino bank notes vasina vakanga vakaziva sezvadziri, apo kugadzirwa kubva 1420 Novgorod mari atova pedyo nayo. Vakanga yakagadzirwa makore anopfuura 50 kuchinja - ne akanyorwa "The Great Novgorod".

Kubva 1425 pakava "mari muPskov," asi rakabatana hurongwa mari yakabuda chete pakupera remakore rechi15, apo 2 Mhando Mari akatorwa - Moscow uye Novgorod. Yakava hwaro chezita Ruble, ane mutengo akanga akaenzana 100 200 Novgorod uye Moscow mari. The chikuru mari chairema uremu ichiri kunzi Hryvnia sirivha (204.7 g), iro chakakandirwa mari 2.6 rubles.

Chete kubva 1530 nayo akagashira chokupedzisira 1 Ruble ndima kukosha, rinoshandiswa nanhasi. Zviri 100 sendi poltina - 50, uye torque - 10 masendi. Zviduku mari - Altyn - vakanga akaenzana 3 kopecks, 1 sendi inofanira yavose sezvavakatarirwa muna 4 sendi.

Ruble yakagadzirwa muMoscow, uye mari shoma - muna Novgorod uye muPskov. Panguva yaitonga rokupedzisira worudzii Rurik, Fedor, uyewo akatanga chemindi dhenari * muMoscow. Mari yakatengwa chete uremu uye mufananidzo zvichireva kuitwa imwe mari hurongwa,.

Munguva Polish uye Swedish rinotambudza mari zvakare akarasikirwa imwe mhando, asi pashure kuziviswa muna 1613 ari mambo Romanov youmambo mari kunge vaivawo chitarisiko pamwe mufananidzo wake. Kubvira pakupera 1627 Moscow Mint ndiye chete munyika.

Mari nezvimwe ukuru

Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana Russian kwavabati yakagadzirwa mari. The kushandiswa nevakawanda kweShanduro mari vakagamuchira pashure Dmitry Donskoy akaita mari yake yokutanga, pamusoro rakanga wairatidza murwi ane munondo mabhiza. Vakanga vakaita zvomucheka sirivha shamhu, iyo yave kare flattened. Masters akashandisa chinokosha chokushandisa chete wakagadzirira mufananidzo - tarisa, kubva matambudziko iyo mari vanopiwa zvakaenzana, uremu uye magadzirirwo.

Nokukurumidza Saber panguva mutasvi yave vakatsiviwa nepfumo, uye mari inonzi nekuti uyu "sendi."

Achiteverwa Donskoi zvemisoro zhinji vakatanga chemindi mari dzavo, unoratidza navo raitonga machinda. Nokuda kupesanisa ichi ikava aizviti kukosha mari, izvo zvakaoma kuita bhizimisi, saka kudzingirira kumwewo, asi munyika maiva chete mari hurongwa rakarambidzwa kunze Moscow.

Resana

Kunze Homemade mari yose yaiva Russia yekare, yainzi "kugurwa". It zvaakaita, achicheka Dirham Abbasid Caliphate. The aizviti Kukosha 'akaputswa "akaenzana 1/20 ari Hryvnia, uye riparadzirwe akaramba kusvikira muzana remakore rechi12. Kunyangarika mari chete Kievan Rus nzvimbo nokuda ndechokuti caliphate ramira kuti yakagadzirwa dirhams, uye "unotemerwa" akatsiviwa kunoy.

Russia mari rechi17

Sezvo ra1654 dzakawanda mari yakanga Ruble poltina, polupoltina uye yakarova jackpot. Mari duku pasina chikonzero.

Rubles mumazuva iwayo zvaiva zvakagadzirwa nesirivha, uye poltinas vane zvakafanana navo, nokuti kusiyana kwavo yakagadzirwa mhangura. Polupoltiny zvaiva sirivha masendi - mhangura.

By mitengo ichi kwakaguma youmambo chirevo kuti inofananidza mhangura shanduko kukosha sirivha, nokuda nezvaitunga zvinhu uye vakatanga mhirizhonga. Kupanduka Great muna 1662 muMoscow, inonzi "mhangura yakapanduka" zvakaita kuti chirevo repealed uye dzava kugadzira Mari sirivha akapora.

Peter 1 Reform

Kokutanga chairo mari kuchinja akanga kuitwa Peter 1 muna 1700. Nemhaka yake Mint akatanga dzava kugadzira rubles sirivha, nehafu Ruble, polupoltin Altyn, Hryvnia uye mhangura cent. Gold ducats aita. Kwavari vakaitwa rendarama billets, dzakanga rakachengetedzwa kubudikidza nekusimbisa, nebefu zvinyorwa uye mifananidzo.

Paiva nyore (w - 3,4 g) uye kaviri chervontsi (6.8g kuratidza Peter 1 pamusoro obverse uye pamusoro neizvi egondo). Uyewo 1718 akauya nemari wokutanga mufananidzo sezvadziri - dvuhrublevik.

Kumbochinja zvachose, masangano aya asati remakore rechi20.

Mari Kievan Rus 'zvino

Nhasi, kune:

• zlatniki Vladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimira - vanopfuura 250;
• Serebrenikov Svyatopolka - vanenge 50;
• Serebrenikov Yaroslava Mudrogo - 7.

Mari kupfuura zvinodhura yekare Russia - Vladimir zlatniki (vanopfuura 100 000 $) uye makobiri esirivheri Yaroslava Mudrogo (60 000 $).

numismatics

The sainzi kuti kudzidza mari, inonzi numismatics. Nemhaka yake, vateresi anogona zvakanaka vaongorore nhoroondo uye mari ukoshi mari. The rarest nemari Kievan Rus ari mushopu nhoroondo mamiziyamu, apo vashanyi vanogona kudzidza nhoroondo coinage uye kuitika musika ukoshi.