Matangiro uye nenhoroondo mitambo. History of mitambo muRussia

Sport kwagara kukwezvwa akawandisa vanhu vaiedza inodarika vakwikwidzi dzavo uye kuratidza kuti mukana muviri yavo yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura vavengi. High traction kuti rudzi kwakaita kuti pakutanga Olympic Games, kusanganisira kupfuura dzakakurumbira yemitambo. Zvadaro, zvichienderana nesimba mitoro vemarudzi akasiyana, kwakatanga kusika Mapato kuti chamuita kuti rinorema uye chiedza mitambo.

Vamwe nguva nhoroondo Olympic Games ine ngano, Chokwadi, zvichava saizvozvo, nokuti chidzoke yemitambo zvichiitika kwenguva anopfuura zviuru 2 years ago, apo vanhu vakaona zvinhu zvakasiyana, izvo, chokwadi, kukanganiswa nhoroondo mitambo.

History of mitambo budiriro

The makwikwi yaiitwa pose, munyika kuvapo vanhu, asi kare, vanhu vanofarira kungovimba kudzidzisa masoja, vaikwanisa risingamboshandisi kurasikirwa kuunza kukunda muhondo. Military kufarira dzidzo panyama dzakabudirira varume zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga panoda mumitambo mumitambo, huru makwikwi dzaiva pamusoro kutsungirira uye simba. Kubvira vakatanga kuberekwa mitambo.

The weNobel wokutanga yemitambo kuti mitambo (sezvo kwechokwadi date) - mubiki kubva Elis ainzi Koreb, uyo muna 776 BC akamhanya uchitsanya kure 1 Danho (anenge 192 metres).

Athletics muGirisi yekare zvakanga zvakasiyana makwikwi nhasi Somuenzaniso, iye zvino Disc nokuda kukanda anoyera 2 makirogiramu varume uye 1 kg kuvakadzi, asi kare mavhiri akanga akasiyana mune zvinenge zvose:

1. Zvakasiyana zvinhu (huni, simbi uye bhuronzi).
2. Chitarisiko ivo vakachinja (pamusana pezvikonzero zvatisingazivi).
3. Musiyano kukosha - ndiwo uremu kuti ranged kubva 1.25 makirogiramu kusvika 6,63.

Chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira zviitiko pakati mafeni akanga pfumo riri vangangoora chokuita uto inoenda mutambo, uye navamwe makwikwi yakaunganidzwa zvishoma mafeni, asi vaiva chikamu Olympic Games nokuda muviri vachiongorora nezvaanogona uye mweya yevanhu.

Modern mitambo

Yekare Olympic Games vakanga vakasiyana chaizvo pane zvatinoona ikozvino, nokuda kufurirwa vanhu, kutenda kwavo uye ukama kuti makwikwi.

Nhoroondo pokumuka mitambo kwayo aripo muchimiro rakatanga muna 1837. Modern makwikwi mitambo "nyore" vakatanga pashure nhangemutange wokutanga muEngland ari run for 2 makiromita. Championship wakaitwa pakati Rugby kukoreji vadzidzi, uye pashure paizvozvo vakatanga popularize mune mamwe masangano uye maguta: Oxford, London, Cambridge nevamwe. Ipapo mitambo vanotanga kuwedzera mamwe makwikwi: 1851 - mukuru kusvetuka uye kumhanya urefu, 1864 - tsanga uye nokukanda nenyundo, steeplechase nezvimwe mumakwikwi chaiko.

Muna 1865 muLondon akaiumba wokutanga mitambo Club munyika, iyo yabudirira ushasha munyika mumitambo siyana. Pashure 3 years, New York otora pfungwa weBritish vatambi uye kuronga kushamwaridzana yavo kuti kunotanga popularization ari makwikwi haizi pachitsuwa yeNyika Itsva.

Dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope vakaziva gare gare kuti mutambo kunokwezva akawandisa vanhu, uye vakatanga kuomerera makwikwi muna 1880, uye rechi90 gore remakore chete yose Europe yave mu "simba" pamusoro mutambo.

Athletics makwikwi, pashure pakutanga popularization, inoitwa bedzi mukati neimwe nyika, uye chete muna 1896 Athens Olympic Games wakaitwa kwechokwadi, iro raiva 12 makwikwi akasiyana uye yaisanganisira dzakawanda.

American dzokumhanya mitambo dzakagadzirira panguva soro dhigiri zvinenge marudzi ose zviitiko uye unyatsobatsirwa Medals, kubva panguva vakauya vakagadzirira uye kutungamirira nemarudzi aya ose makwikwi.

America akaratidza nemigumisiro inofadza mubasa yokutanga Olympic Games , uye ipapo anochengeta aitungamirira chinzvimbo kwenhamba vakundi, asi kwete sezvinongoita dzimwe nyika vakaziva kukosha chiitiko ichi uye gadzirira vakundi ramangwana mapurogiramu avo.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa mitambo akabata vakundi zhinji, asi kupfuura zvose Ndinoyeuka vakundi rokutanga: R. Jüri (Champion 2 uye 3 Olympic danda-nzvimbo), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe uye Owens (shasha ari kusvetuka nekatatu Olympic Games), Korzeniowski (mana nguva weNobel pamusoro rudzi kufamba) uye navamwe vakundi, nguva dzose vachava vokutanga, kubva vakatanga kuberekwa mitambo ano.

Kubudirira mitambo nevatambi

Pakutanga, musangano, vatambi uye mafeni inongova kufara uye vakarangarira nokubudirira, asi pashure penguva yakati mumwe tiguu kwete chete kukunda asiwo awane migumisiro yakanakisisa munhoroondo mitambo.

Mumazana ya mumutambo kunoramba kuisa zvinyorwa zvitsva mitambo, asi musiyano pakati pavo iri chokwadi kuti ruzhinji - iri zviduku nhamba vakanga kukunda pakarepo; vamwe vairohwa nevanhu vakawanda makore; asi kune vaya vachiri havagoni vakarova chero mukwikwidzi.

Wokutanga Chinyorwa nyika, zvakasara zvakanaka kwemakore 20 - ndiko kusvetuka kubva American mutambi pakureba (8 metres 90 masendimita), asi chinonyanya kunoshamisa chinhu kuti rapfuura rekodhi akanga asingasviki pahafu mita.

Nhoroondo kumhanya yedaro refu chikuru kubudirira, izvo zvisingagoni kupfuura nhasi - munhangemutange iyi iri 100 uye 200 metres. Nhoroondo-wokuisira mukuranga ichi chinhu American mumhanyi Florence Griffith Joyner, izvo yakarova vaviri chete results: 100 metres akamhanya kuti 10,49 masekonzi uye 200 metres masekonzi 21,34 chete.

The Olympic Games nhasi, hapana zvikuru makwikwi, mazita ine anenge bedzi pamusoro pulmonary zviitiko. The inokosha kurwa, ine vazhinji Unobata uye zvinyorwa uye inova akapfuma mitambo - yedaro refu. kukurumbira kwakadaro chokuita vatambi kubva Nigeria, dzichichinja bhuku rezvakaitika dzinokwezva akawandisa vachivakuza.

Women mune zvemitambo

Kubva paumbwe ano mitambo makwikwi vakanga zvose chakabatikana chete varume, nevakadzi vaisabvumirwa chikamu makwikwi, asi pashure zana remakore marathons ano zvinhu zvachinja, uye paiva mitambo "akanaka". "Mambokadzi Mitambo" pakutanga aiva nhengo shoma, asi nokufamba kwenguva mutambo yasvika akawandisa vakadzi.

The mumakwikwi yokutanga kutora chikamu munhukadzi yakaitika muna 1928, asi chete kune 96 gore fung pakati uwandu njanji uye munda makwikwi vakadzi vakauya dzoro muna 20 marudzi.

vakakwanisa Zvizere kuhwina kuvimba wevakaronga mitambo chete 1999, apo vatambi vaiva Sydney nyundo uzvirasire uye danda denga.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa mitambo muRussia

The Russian Empire akanga asina kukurumidza kutora chikamu mune yeOlympic, uye yatova USSR muna 1952 vakauya vatambi kuti mitambo uye chigaro pachayo iri ndima chete United States. Makwikwi pakati USSR uye United States akaberekwa kare uye kwasimbisa makwikwi umo vatambi vedu vachiri nokusika yakakura makwikwi ose nyika zvenyika.

Chokwadi kuti Russia kuteerera rudo enyika mutambo, hazvirevi kusavapo zvakakwana makwikwi. In nyika yedu, nhoroondo njanji uye munda yakatanga mafeni wokutanga, uyo muna 1888 muSt Petersburg akaronga denderedzwa. Kwapera gore, mukuru yemitambo vomunharaunda rakasvika zita "Society kupererwa iyi."

Petersburg denderedzwa nokukurumidza kuwana nevatambi uye vaoni, uye chete gore gare gare vakashandura zita uye mberi basa ravo sechinhu yemitambo muzinda reRussia Empire. Mushure sangano munharaunda akatora kwamakore mashanu, pashure nguva denderedzwa rakura zvokuti akatanga achiwedzera zvimwe mitambo, uye muna 1895 munhoroondo mitambo muRussia akanyorwa sezvo gore rokutanga guru-pamwero mitambo, apo 10,000 Fans akauya.

Russia akanga asina kukurumidza kupinda yose mitambo makwikwi, asi ayo goho zvinoreva pokuwa vatambi munyika yose, sezvinoratidzwa kukunda tafura, apo waiva USSR mune zvinenge mitambo zvose mari wokutanga mutsetse, asi nhasi, vatambi edu haana kuratidza migumisiro kuti aigona kubudirira muSoviet Union.

Kudzora doping mune zvemitambo

History of mitambo vanoziva akawandisa suspensions nokuda doping, uye mamiriro ezvinhu uchiri izvi haana kugadzirisa, nekuti vatambi vanoda kuva zvakanakisisa, uye vamwe vavo vari kuedza kuratidza ukuru kuburikidza nemishonga.

Kuongorora vatambi (kuwedzera kuongorora medical) akasika sangano "IAAF", kunoita kuti kuongorora nhoroondo mutambi vose zvokurapa bvunzo, kwete ukama yeOlympic.

Zvinogona akawandisa mienzaniso "uchibata pamusoro doping", iro rine Athletics: dzakakwirira kusvetuka (2012 - Vachinyunyuta neKusharwa kweVanhu kurwa kuti menduru yegoridhe), Kufamba (2014 - Vachinyunyuta neKusharwa kweVanhu 4 vatambi kubva Russia), achimhanya (2014 - Vachinyunyuta neKusharwa kweVanhu of mutambi) uyewo vamwe mienzaniso kutyorwa mitemo yakawanda.

"IAAF" kadhi mamiriro yakatanga kwakavakirwa pamwero upi yezvokurapa bvunzo kunze makwikwi, zvisinei, nomutambi aigona kuitawo pasina kadhi, asi muchiitiko chino haana kugamuchira mari mibayiro uye akaita mitemo chete nokuda mubereko.

Kunyange kana kushandisa kuti kadhi nomutambi inosimbisa kuti zvichaita kuteerera mitemo uye kana kuhwina rutsigiro sangano "IAAF" vachiedza kudzora, kuchine vatambi vanofuratira ichi uye tora dope, anodonha kubva makwikwi.

Rakatanga yedaro refu

History of mitambo akatanga kumhanya, uye rinofarirwa kupfuura ano njanji uye munda mutambo ari yedaro refu rudzi, izvo akabva pakusikwa Olympic Games pamusoro zvikuru yakanaka nengano.

Legend yedaro refu: "Pedyo taundi duku Marathon Greek mauto zvachose akakunda vavengi wePersia uye kuti vazivise Athens akatuma nhume, uyo akamhanya pasina kumbomira 40 makiromita, uye pakasvika chete aiva nguva kudanidzira kuti havana kuzviwanira, uye ipapo pakarepo akafa."

ngano iyi kunosimbiswa kure, iro raitangira vatambi yedaro refu yekare Olympic Games - 40 makiromita, uye ndiye chete kure aibva muAtene kuguta Marathon, asi masayendisiti chokwadi kuti vaGiriki vaigona kudaro zvakarurama ayere kure, asi nekuti vaEgipita neimwe nzira akavaka akakwana chepiramidhi.

Long-daro achimhanya (yedaro refu) hakungoitwi 40 makiromita, uye ndiye chinhambwe zvishoma vakadzi vanogona kutora chikamu yedaro refu uye ultramarathon, izvo zvinosanganisira mitambo ( "mambokadzi mitambo"). Ubatanidzwe yedaro refu anofanira kumhanya kure sezvinobvira munguva yakagoverwa nguva. Mumutambo uyu kuvapo chete nguva mapuranga sezvo 2, 12 maawa zuva, 2 mazuva 6 Mazuva idzo vatambi vanogona kumhanya kubva 50 kusvika 1500 makiromita.

Musimboti mukuru yedaro refu ari madaro marefu - kwete kumhanya kudarika munhu, uye kutamira kure kanda ikanyanya pa chaizvo kure yakagoverwa nguva. Izvi mhando mitambo Zvakaoma anonzi muchiedza nokuti vatambi regai chete kumhanya 2:00, vanomhanya makuru marefu pasina yokumbozorora nokuda zuva kana mazuva akawanda, uchimhanya pachavo zvachose uye kukonzera muviri mumugariro ngozi.

Kutsunga of vakundi vose-kunhivi

Mitambo pakutanga vane yakawanda mhando dzakasiyana uye vari mumapoka. History of mitambo anoyeuka dzakawanda mapoka akasiyana kuti pakutanga kuumbwa mamwe varaidzo uye dzakasiyana-siyana, asi pashure imwe nguva yakaiswa muna zvose-kumativi makwikwi yakanga rinotarisa kusarudzwa kupfuura ichiita mabasa akawanda kukura vatambi. VaGiriki zvikuru chaizvo vakundi uye akazarura mikova yose nokuda kwavo, uye chero zvinzvimbo muhurumende.

The Olympic makwikwi vane pentathlon, decathlon uye heptathlon, uye kuti ndiwane unofanira zvibodzwa zvakawanda pfungwa kupfuura makwikwi, vakarova vorongerwa pamusoro anoranga akawanda. Zvisinei, pane gakava, kana chaizvo Hazvizivikanwi akanga ari wokutanga, asi rinopa nyore kusimuka. Photography ndiyo chete hwokuti kukunda ane mutambi pamwe shoma voga kubva anokumhan'arira, asi iye zvino zvinoita kuti vanoona pikicha kumugumo, uye pamunongopinda kusarudza nyaya - achiri kuzivikanwa.

Maererano kutorarama mamiriro ezvinhu ndiwo budiriro anenge azere nezvaanogona dzevanhu (Ona chinyorwa.) Uye Mupristi makwikwi, vatambi vauye chinhambwe zvishoma zvikamu ane yechipiri mumwe, saka mufananidzo kumugumo ari kushingaira kushandiswa ose zvemitambo.

Cherechedza. Maererano mamwe masayendisiti, pashure pemakore 40, vanhu ruchasveerera kunonyanyisa vachikwanisa muviri uye havazokwanisi kuisa zvinyorwa nyika itsva makwikwi mu nemano chaiko.

Guinness Book of Records kuti mitambo

Sport zvakasimba chokuita kuti zvinyorwa, izvo vakazadzwa munhoroondo mitambo, uye pasina kwavari paisazova mumwe kukura uye vakawanda zvachose kuchinja zvemitambo.

Guinness World Records yagadzirwa makore 59 chete apfuura kuvaraidza vashanyi joko "Guinness" uye vamwe vanoda doro, uye wokutanga shanduro kubudiswa, kwete chete kuti vazivise uye kugadzirisa gakava ezvinhu mafeni mbariro zvemitambo, asiwo varaidzo, saka akasimuka shamisa zvinyorwa.

Brewery, kuti mabhuku, uye handina kufunga kukurumbira ichi, asi vaviri mwedzi wokutanga, Sales yakasvika 5000, uye mangwanani '56 remakore rechi20 kutengeswa mamiriyoni 5 zvinyorwa kuunganidza.

Cherechedza. Records bhuku kwete chete rinorondedzera nebudiriro vanhu, asi rinoratidzawo pikicha zvinyorwa zvavo, asi kana vaparidzi yakafungwa ordinal kunyora zvinyorwa, zvino rakanga nhoroondo mitambo kwaizoratidzwa akaratidza. A pfupiso vose zviitiko vangadai akabvumira vanhu kuti chamber zvinobatsira mitambo, asi nhasi Data izvi havachisiri dzakakurumbira saka, nokuti Internet kunoratidza zvose nokubudirira mune pedo panguva chaiyo.

Sezviri pachena, nokuti kuti Russia ndiyo nani kunopera (muna 1955) vakatanga kubuda panyika pamwero mitambo makwikwi uye kufarira (kunyange akaratidza nemigumisiro yakanaka), Book of Records rakashandurirwa mumutauro Russian chete muna 1989.

Zvadaro, vanhu vakawanda vakatanga kumuka pakakwirira, iro nokuda kwokushaya mari nguva dzose uye yakarurama ruzivo panguva, uye bhuku - dzakaunganidzwa ose zvemitambo kubudirira panzvimbo imwe. Pakupedzisira, apinde pamazita vakundi zvinodiwa chete kuputsa zvinyorwa, kana kuita chinhu hazvidaviriki, kuti hapana anoita chaiye ezvinhu uye, vose zvavo, kwete vose vachaitwa akasarudza izvi.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, nhoroondo Guinness Book of Records haina chete chokuita mitambo, akatanga kuva tichiregeredza yemitambo avo vaiva kupfuura akakurumbira pakati pavanhu, uye chete akatanga kutora zororo, mune zvimwe zviitiko, unopenga, zvinyorwa zvevanhu vavo nezvaanogona.

Athletics muzana remakore rechi21

Olympic Games nhasi chiitiko chikuru nokuda dzose dzenyika, vakawanda vacho vari kuedza vavimbe varongi uye vanopedza kukosha mazuva ano vari nhandare mumaguta avo. Zvisinei, vakawanda havazivi ngozi kukwikwidzana kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero uye muenzaniso uyu - ari creators mitambo - nevaGiriki. The Olympic Games muna Greece, akatungamirira nyika kuti dambudziko kuti pachakagogodza kunze vaGiriki monies vose munyika akaipa kwazvo mamiriro, kubva pacho yakabuda makore mashoma uye achiri kunaya zvoupfumi mari.

Athletics uye mumwe mutambo kuuya kuti nhasi zvakaoma kurova vavengi zvinyorwa, uye vakawanda vakundi havagoni kudzokorora zvavanenge vaita. Rinotaura zvinetso rakauya kuna mitambo. Jumping, kumhanya, kukanda zvinhu nevamwe mitambo oversaturated zvinyorwa, vanhu vari matanho makuru, kufambira mberi zvokuti kutsanya vanhuwo havana nguva kuti aone unyanzvi pacharo, asi masayendisiti kuita chinhu chitsva. Zviitiko zvose chete kusimbisa pfungwa yokuti nokukurumidza kuchava zvinyorwa inogona vakarova, uye vanhu vachauya yepamusoro mumuviri mano avo.

Somuenzaniso, chokwadi chokuti vanhu vari Pamuganhu vanokwanisa, inogona nzira kuziva vakundi, izvo zvinoita vakashandisa chaizvo mitambo. Photos - chete chingaitwa Pakusarudza weNobel, nekuti nhasi Bench zvakakomba makwikwi uye hapana vatambi vari shasha pamusoro vavengi 2, 3, uye saka anopfuura 5 masekonzi, uye kutamburira nokuda rechigumi uye dzimwe nguva kunyange hundredths chechipiri.