Meaning of tsinga. Kushanda tsinga

Nhengo imwe neimwe kana maitiro mumuviri kukonzera. Panguva iyoyo vari zvose zvinodyidzana. Zvichireva tsinga hunokosha. Hazvina basa kuwirirana pakati mitumbi yose uye hurongwa, uye nokuda kushanda muviri rose. Kuchikoro yokutanga kutanga kuziva yakadaro multi-faceted pfungwa, sezvo tsinga. Grade 4 - ichiri vana vaduku asingamborevi zvikuru kunzwisisa pfungwa dzakawanda kunzwisisa yesayenzi.

STRUCTURAL dzakabatana

Huru STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema tsinga (NS) - Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Vane kunzwisisa kukakavara masero secreting pezvakaitwa uye kuona jitters, izvozvo chinogadzirwa uye chakasvitswa mamwe masero. Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu vanofanirawo kunanga masero kana modulating inhibitory migumisiro. Ndivo chikamu bio uye hemoregulyatsii muviri. Kubva kushanda nemaonero, Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu tiri mumwe nheyo sangano tsinga. Ivo sangana dzimwe nhanho akawanda (samolecular, Sub-cellular, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu ine muviri (soma), refu ruoko (axon) uye branching zviduku pezvakaitwa (dendrites). Munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana tsinga, vane yakasiyana chimiro uye kukura. Mune vamwe vavo isvike axon pakureba 1.5 m. Ngaubve imwe dzouropi kusvika 1000 dendrites. Maererano naye mufaro rinoenderera receptors kusvikira sero muviri. Pataifamba axon nomunhu zviri chakasvitswa effector masero kana zvimwe Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu.

In sainzi, pane pfungwa "synapse". The axons pamusoro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, kuenda vamwe masero vanotanga branching uye kuumba dzakawanda kuvhara kwavari. Nzvimbo idzi ndidzo dzinonzi synapses. Axons vanoumba navo kwete chete pane masero etsinga. Synapses dziri tsandanyama fibers. nhengo idzi tsinga varipo kunyange masero ari kwemakemikari anobudiswa omumuviri uye ropa capillaries. Tsinga fibers akafukidzwa anoshongwa glial dzinotsanagura Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Ivo kuita anoitisa chaitika.

tsinga harinzwi

dzidzo ichi kushandiswa, riri pa muromo dzinotsanagura tsinga fibers. Vanopa nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko ari muchimiro kufamba kweropa. The tsinga harinzwi zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe achitumira magumo uye achiona mano akasiyana STRUCTURAL sangano. By functionality ari oga:

• synapses kuti zvinoparadzira tsinga nomunhu pakati masero etsinga;

• receptors (afferent kuvhara), kutungamirira mashoko kubva pachiitiko chinhu dzakawanda kana zvekunze ezvinhu;

• effectors zvinoparadzira kupomba kubva masero etsinga kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri.

Tsinga

Tsinga (NS) - ane Integrated akagadzirwa dyidzana hurongwa anoverengeka. It chinosimudzira kwakarongeka mitemo zvomukati zvose uye inopa mhinduro kuchinja mamiriro. The huta yevanhu gadziriro, uko kunomiririrwa pikicha munyaya ukama pamwe injini basa, nehanya uye chokupika nevamwe pamutemo hurongwa (masoja, kwemakemikari anobudiswa). NA basa Rinobatanidzwa ne:

• anatomic kupinda munzvimbo dzose nhengo uye munyama;

• pokugadzwa uye Optimization neukama pakati mumuviri uye yakapoteredza zvakatipoteredza (zvezvakatipoteredza nemagariro);

• Kufambisa basa ose metabolic pezvakaitwa;

• hurumende hurongwa.

mamiriro

Anatomy of tsinga zvikuru kunzwisisa. Zviri yakawanda zvivako, zvakasiyana mu mamiriro uye chinangwa. , Tsinga, mufananidzo Vanopupurei kwayo kupinda munzvimbo dzose nhengo uye nyama dzomuviri inoita basa rinokosha somunhu mugamuchiri zvemukati uye zviwane. Nokuti chinangwa ichi dzinokosha kutsinga dzinouya hurongwa zviri dzinonzi analyzers. Izvi zvinosanganisira chaiwo Neural namano vanogona kunzwisisa kuuya ruzivo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• proprioceptors achiunganidza ruzivo chokuita mamiriro tsandanyama, fascia, majoini, mapfupa;

• exteroreceptors, riri paganda, mucous membranes uye anonzwa anokwanisa kunzwisisa yakatorwa kwokunze zvakatipoteredza irritants;

• interoreceptors iri zvomukati uye nyama uye nebasa kuita nokukanganisika kuchinja.

The chikuru kukosha tsinga

NA sezvo basa hwakada chokuita nyika uye pamwe kushanda muviri. Naro pane omumwe ruzivo uye ongororo. Pamusana kuonekwa ichi chinoitika mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye nhengo dzomukati vanobva kunze anonongedzera. Tsinga ndiye anokonzera muviri achipindura mashoko awanika. Zviri nokuda kudyidzana waro anochinjika kwevanhu anopa humoral murau zvigadziriswe kunyika.

Kukosha tsinga ndiko kupa Kufambisa zvikamu muviri uye kuramba wayo homeostasis (zvakanyatsoenzana state). Nokuda kwayo nokushanda kunoitika muviri kwadzakabva neshanduko zvayo inonzi adaptive maitiro (state).

The inokosha mabasa of National Assembly

tsinga zviri zvikuru zvakawanda. The zvihombe ndedzinotevera:

• mutemo dzinokosha munyama, nhengo uye hurongwa mune kuipa nzira;

• kusangana (kusangana) muviri;

• Kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu ukama zvakatipoteredza;

• kudzora mamiriro munhu nadzo uye nhengo yose;

• kupa uye kuramba activation matauriro (kushanda state);

• tsanangudzo mabasa evanhu uye utano hwavo hwepfungwa, inova hwaro mumagariro upenyu.

The huta yevanhu Hurongwa, iyo Photo vakaisawo pamusoro zvinopa vakadaro maitiro nemafungiro:

• maonero, kudzidza uye processing ruzivo;

• Kuongororwa uye kwetunhu;

• nezvekugadzirwa chido;

• tichienzanisa yaivapo ruzivo;

• chinangwa marongero uye nokuronga;

• kururamiswa chiito (kukanganisa kururamiswa);

• Maonero maitiro;

• nokuumba zvakatongwa, zvakabudiswa uye mhedziso zvakafanana (husingaoneki) pfungwa.

Tsinga kuwedzera chiratidzo uye anoita zvakawanda trophic ushande. Nemhaka dzinounzwa muviri pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu zvinopa anokosha innervated nhengo. Zviremera, vari kunyimwa recharge kwakadaro, pakupedzisira atrophy uye kufa. tsinga kunokosha chaizvo kuti vanhu. Kana kuti kunatsiridza chimwe ezvinhu aivapo yezvakatipoteredza navo anouya muviri kuchinjira kumamiriro matsva ezvinhu.

Pezvakaitwa kuitika NA

The huta kwevanhu hurongwa, zano riri nyore chaizvo uye yakananga, ndiye kubata pamusoro Muviri zvakatipoteredza. Kuti vave nechokwadi nayo anoita pezvakaitwa dzakadaro:

• transduction, tinoshandurwa anomiririra vasafara jitters;

• Kuchinja, kunoitika munguva Kutendeuka kuuya excitation nezvimwe zvinoitwa mune effluent kubva dzimwe nzvimbo;

• kugovera excitation pamwe kwakasiyana-siyana;

• Modelling, inova nzira yokuvaka nokushatiriswa achitsiva chaizvo tsime raro;

• vachisiyanisa inzwi, izvo anochinja tsinga, kana mabasa ayo.

Meaning of huta dzevanhu gadziriro uyewo ine muviri kudyidzana pamwe zvakatipoteredza. Saka pane zvakasiyana dzekukurira chero mhando kuitika. The Mhando chikuru vachisiyanisa inzwi:

• kurudziro (activation), ndiko kuwedzera basa tsinga mamiriro (state iri zvakazara);

• chinovhiringidza, kudzvinyirira (chinovhiringidza) wakaumbwa kuderedza basa huta hurongwa;

• pfupi huta kubatana, inova Kugadzirwa itsva hutachiwana nzira excitation;

• mapurasitiki shandurudzo, uko kunomiririrwa sensitization (uvandudze kuti kuchinjwa excitation) uye habituation (kudzikira zvazvingava);

• activation muviri, ichipa dzepanguva maitiro dzemuviri.

NA zvinangwa

The chikuru mabasa ose tsinga:

• Reception - kubatwa kuchinja zvemukati kana kwokunze ezvinhu. Voitakura nenzira Switch hurongwa Kanotokonya uye inomiririra omumwe zvemaziso, chafariz, zvemakemikari, remagetsi uye mamwe marudzi mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira.

• Transduction - unoponesa (yeEncoding) huri kuuya chiratidzo kune jitters, ndiro norwizi pulses pamwe maitiro yokusafa bundu.

• Implementation ose, wakaumbwa hurukuro excitation tsinga makwara zviri zvikamu zvakakodzera uye NA kuti effectors (Executive miviri).

• Perception - kusikwa Neural dzishande muenzaniso (a kukura kutsinga dzinouya mufananidzo). Izvi zvinoita kuzviitira mufananidzo wenyika.

• Nokuchinja - kuchinja ari kubata excitation pa effector. Chinangwa charo kushandisa muviri achipindura kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza. Saka pane downlink kupararira excitation kubva yepamusorosoro kuti repasi nhema zvikamu CNS kana PNS (kushanda nhengo, nyama).

• Evaluation pakati migumisiro basa National Assembly tichibatsirwa inofambiswa uye afferent (kutsinga dzinouya mashoko hutachiwana).

The nemamiriro National Assembly

The huta kwevanhu hurongwa, kutenderera iro pamusoro apa, rakakamurwa zvayakaita uye vakuru. NA basa risingagoni kunzwisiswa zvakazara, pasina kuongorora huru zviri zvipenyu ayo. Chete nokudzidza basa ravo, kunzwisisa yose mashandiro inogona ichizadzika. Tsinga rakakamurwa kuva:

• nechepakati (CNS), izvo anoita maitiro panguva dzakasiyana siyana kunzwisisa, inonzi hunenge. Anoona kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kubva zvakatipoteredza uye kubva zvomukati. Chinosanganisira uropi uye musana.

• Peripheral (PNS) unobva nechepakati tsinga pamwe mapazi uye maoko nemakumbo. Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu aro vari kure uropi uye musana. Hazvina kudzivirirwa mapfupa, saka asingatani zvokuimba kukuvara. Chete nokuda chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo PNS inobvira Kufambisa nemafambiro omunhu. ino ndiyo anokonzera muviri apindura zvinokangaidza uye ngozi. Nemhaka yake, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kurova kwemwoyo unoraramisa uye anosimudza padanho adrenaline. Hosha yacho peripheral tsinga kukanganisa nechepakati tsinga basa.

PNS rinoumbwa tsapo tsinga fibers. Vanoenda kure mhiri uropi uye musana uye akatuma miviri yakasiyana. Ndivo vakadanwa tsinga. To PNS muri ganglia (nodes). Ndivo masumbu masero etsinga.

Zvirwere peripheral tsinga vakakamurwa mazano akadaro: Topographical-anatomical, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- uye multinevrity.

By etiology, vari rakakamurwa noutachiona (microbial, nemavhairasi), chepfu, sema, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, zvinorwadza, enhaka, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. zvirwere PNS angava chikuru (maperembudzi, leptospirosis, njovhera) uye yechipiri (pashure muduku zvirwere, mononucleosis, pamwe periarteritis nodosa). Maererano Pathomorphology pathogenesis uye vari akakamurwa neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), uye neuralgia.

The ehupfumi pakati tsinga

Reflex basa dzinongoita pakutsvaga Zvivako tsinga nzvimbo, izvo iine CNS zvivako. kwakarongeka basa ravo kunovimbisa murau-siyana muviri mashandiro kana dzepanguva mabasa. Tsinga nzvimbo dzinowanikwa ehupfumi akawanda kunorondedzerwa marongerwo uye mashandiro synaptic idzodzo (kuonana pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri):

• sidedness excitation rikurumidze. Zvinonzi dzakagoverwa pamusoro ari dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama rimwe divi.

• irradiation kuti excitation iri pakuti rebei vachiwedzera simba pamusoro vakurukurirane munda kuwedzera kwacho munyaya Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kunoitika.

• Summation excitation. Izvi zviri akwanise nokuda pamberi vadzidzisi zvuru gumi synaptic vokukurukura.

• High kuneta. Mazhinji akadzokorora dzishande rikauya akaderedza dzepanguva kuita.

• Synaptic kunonoka. dzepanguva kuita nguva chose novimba nokukurumidza uye nguva excitation kupararira mhiri synapse. Muvanhu, mumwe kunonoka kwakadaro anenge 1 MS.

• Matauriro, inomiririra kuvapo makuriro basa.

• Plasticity, ndiyo zvakakurumbira yekudyidzana yokugadziridza zvinonyatsorehwa mufananidzo dzepanguva siyana.

• Convergence tsinga anonongedzera, izvo anosarudza vasiri mashandiro nzira afferent ruzivo (kuramba karwizi tsinga mafungiro).

• kusangana mitambo yacho masero etsinga nzvimbo.

• Property hune tsinga kamuri, dzinoratidzwa rakawedzera excitability, kukwanisa excitation uye summation.

• cephalization tsinga, ndiko kufamba, muviri ekufambisa zvinhu mu makuru mativi CNS uye mumisasa yavo murau chaitika.