Zvinoitwa maindasitiri vanhu (zvishoma)

Kurondedzerwa chaiwo pamusoro maindasitiri muvanhu inoti kuti achiumbwa somugumisiro kukura muchina kugadzirwa uye kwaita itsva siyana vakawanda basa sangano. Kare, danho iri anoenderana evanhu mamiriro ezvinhu Western Europe iri 1800-1960 biennium.

General unhu

A vakaona hunhu maindasitiri vanhu kunosanganisira unhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Ndezvipi? Chekutanga, nyika ine maindasitiri nzanga anobva kukura indasitiri. Mairi pane weboka basa, izvo zvinoita kuti vawedzere yauinayo. Chinokosha ndiko makwikwi. Pasina izvozvo, hunhu maindasitiri vanhu kwaizova kukwana.

Capitalism kunotungamirira chokuti vachishingaira kukura Entrepreneurship noushingi uye enterprising vanhu. Panguva iyoyo iri kuva veruzhinji, uyewo mamiriro administrative hurongwa. It anova rikurumidze uye kuoma. Industrial nenzanga hazvifungiki pasina nzira ano yokukurukurirana, maguta urbanized uye hwaivapo woupenyu avhareji mugari.

Mberi mune zvemichina

Chero hunhu muindasitiri munzanga, mune pfupi, inosanganisira Chiitiko of Industrial Revolution. Kuti iye akabvumira UK wokutanga munhau yevanhu kurega kuva zvokurima nyika. Kana upfumi rinotanga kuvimba kwete kurima zvirimwa, uye kuti maindasitiri matsva, pane zvinomera zviri maindasitiri vanhu vokutanga.

Saka pane chinokosha reallocation zvebasa. The vechibharo mashizha zvokurima uye anoenda kuguta riri zvinomera. Rokurima kwemauto zviri 15% chavagari ehurumende. Kukura mumaguta kwevanhu kunoitawo kuti kumutsidzirwa kutengeserana.

In pagadzirwe chikuru chinokonzera ndiko entrepreneurial basa. In pamberi Fani iyi maitire maindasitiri munzanga. Muchidimbu ukama uyu kutanga akarondedzerwa yeAustria uye US Nezveupfumi Yozef Shumpeter. Nenzira iyi vanhu pane imwe nguva zviri kuitika kuburikidza zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga. Pashure paizvozvo, vakuru post-maindasitiri nguva, izvo kare vanosangana modernity.

vakasununguka vanhu

Pamwe veMubatanidzwa kwemaindasitiri nzanga evanhu mufambo. Izvi zvinobvumira vanhu kuputsa gadziriro avo kuti zviripo zvetsika nomutowo, yo kuMiddle Ages uye agrarian upfumi. In mamiriro Blurred miganhu pakati makirasi. Asisinazve vanhu vakaderera. Nemamwe mashoko, vanhu vanogona kupfuma kuva kubudirira kuburikidza zvavaiita uye unyanzvi, kwete kutarisa yake mavambo.

Zvinoitwa maindasitiri vanhu kunokosha zvoupfumi kukura, chii chiri kuitika panguva tichiregeredza kuwedzera zvikuru vanonyatsokwanisa unyanzvi. Muvanhu pakutanga ndiwo zvemichina uye masayendisiti kuona remangwana renyika. nzira ichi chinonziwo technocracy rwokugadzira simba. Kukosha uye inova basa zvikuru kuti vatengesi, okushambadza nyanzvi uye vamwe vanhu vakabata chinzvimbo chinokosha mumagakava marongerwo.

Folding yenyika inoti

Masayendisiti vakatsunga kuti huru unhu maindasitiri muvanhu vari kuderedzwa kuti chokwadi chokuti maindasitiri uye kwesayenzi marongerwo anova chikuru mune zvose muupenyu kubva mutsika kuti upfumi. Pamwe urbanization uye kuchinja evanhu stratification ndiko kwaita rudzi-inotaura, akapeta dzakapoteredza mutauro nevakawanda. Uyewo hombe basa izvi chinoita dzinza tsika yakasiyana.

Munguva yeMiddle Ages agrarian muvanhu, reNational chinhu haana kudaro chinokosha. In umambo Catholic XIV remakore yakanga zvikuru kukosha kupfuura kuva imwe ishe. Kunyange hondo iripo nokuda basa. Uye chete XIX remakore pakupedzisira vakaumba nheyo National muchiuto kuti hurumende muchiuto.

demography

Kuchinja wevanotungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu. Ko hunhu maindasitiri vanhu yakavanzwa? Zviratidzo shanduko vari kuderedzwa kuderedza kubereka muna imwe mhuri average. Vanhu vanopedza nguva yakawanda ari dzidzo yavo, kuchinja mitemo pamusoro Kuwanikwa vana. izvi zvose kunokanganisa kuwanda vana rimwe chekare "yesero vanhu".

Asi panguva imwecheteyo rikawira uye vanofa. Izvi imhaka kukura zvokurapa. Services vanachiremba uye mishonga anowanikwa navanopinda chidimbu vemo. Anowedzera upenyu anotarisirwa. The Vagari kurei anofa vakwegura pane vechiduku (semuenzaniso, chirwere kana hondo).

mutengi vanhu

Tichipfumisa vanhu vari maindasitiri nguva zvakakonzera kwaita mutengi vanhu. The chikuru vavariro yacho basa kwenhengo dzaro anova chido napo kutenga uye kutenga. A muchiso gadziriro itsva tsika, inovakwa kumativi kukosha pfuma.

The izwi rakatangwa nokuda nyanzvi yokuGermany Erich Fromm. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, akasimbisa kukosha kuderedza maawa achishanda, kuwedzera nhamba vakasununguka nguva, uyewo blurring miganhu pakati makirasi. Ndizvo hunhu muindasitiri vanhu. Table inoratidza chikuru zviri munguva emunhu.

Popular tsika

tsananguro The klassiske pamusoro maindasitiri nzanga mabhora ose rinoti mumwe rinodyiwa kunowedzera upenyu. Gadzira rinotanga kuvimba nezvinodiwa iyo inorondedzera anonzi vakawanda tsika. Fani iyi - chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa zvaiva maindasitiri muvanhu.

Chii? Misa tsika formulates dzinokosha mafungiro mutengi nzanga iri maindasitiri yaitonga. Art anova nyore zvose. It achizviziva kana nokusaziva inosimudzira zvimwe tichizvibata. Vanokwanisa kunzi fashoni kana mararamiro. Kumadokero kuwedzera uremu tsika Akaperekedzwa wake commercialization uye pakasikwa anoratidza-bhizimisi.

Dzidziso Dzhona Gelbreyta

Industrial vanhu vainyatsoongorora nemasayendisiti akawanda XX remakore. Imwe dzepamusorosoro nezvoupfumi mune dzino ndiye Dzhon Gelbreyt. Akatsanangura vamwe chinokosha nemirayiro akagadzira pasi hunhu muindasitiri vanhu. Kanenge 7 mugadziriro dzidziso yake vakava chinokosha itsva kuzvikoro kwoupfumi uye dzinoitwa nguva yedu.

Galbraith aidavira kuti kukura maindasitiri vanhu kwakaita kwete chete kune pakagadzwa capitalism, asiwo kusikwa nevhu rakawandisa. Makambani makuru ari zvoupfumi ezvinhu wakasununguka kumusika kuwana pfuma uye kufambisa vakwikwidzi. Ivo kudzora kurimwa, kutengeserana, guta guru, uye mberi mune zvesainzi.

Kusimbisa upfumi basa ehurumende

An chinokosha chakanangana muindasitiri munzanga kwezana remakore rechi20, maererano Dzhona Gelbreyta dzidziso ndechokuti munyika yakadaro hurongwa ukama pakati ehurumende anowedzera kupindira yaro upfumi. Vasati kuti, muna agrarian Middle Ages nesimba nyore vasina zvokukuripira zvinoshamisa kufurira pamusika. zvinhu Zvakasiyana mu muindasitiri munzanga.

The Economist munyaya yayo rwokugadzira chiitiko enguva itsva. By ichi izwi akanga achireva hurongwa kushandiswa ruzivo rutsva kumabasa. Zvinodiwa mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga kunotungamirira kuti upfumi hwenyika uye hurumende dzesangano kupembera. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanova varidzi pagadzirwe nemamwe zviitiko yesayenzi.

Panguva iyoyowo, Galbraith aidavira kuti kana maindasitiri capitalism, iyo capitalists pachavo vakafirwa kwavaimboita simba. Zvino, tine mari hazvirevi kuti simba uye kukosha. Asi, varidzi uyai pamberi nesayenzi uye michina nyanzvi vanogona kupa itsva zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano uye kugadzira nzira. Ndizvo hunhu muindasitiri vanhu. Maererano urongwa Galbraith, aimbova vanoshanda kirasi kwakakanganisa mu izvi ezvinhu. Kusvinwa noukama proletarians uye capitalists vanozoshaiswa maturo kuonga hwokugadzira mberi uye equalization kuti mari vakapedza kudzidza.