Mendeleev vake nguva nenguva hurongwa. Zvine maatomu akafanana periodic hurongwa

The namapfumbamwe remakore munhau yevanhu - zera umo vazhinji kudzorwa sainzi, kusanganisira kemisitiri. Panguva ino paiva kwenguva nenguva hurongwa Mendeleyev, uye nawo - uye mutemo nguva nenguva. Yakava hwaro wekemisitiri ano. Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva System rinomiririra systematization okunze, izvo ndiye ari kutsamira mumuviri zvivako uye namakemikari nemamiriro fuma nokuchengeta atomu.

nyaya

Kutanga periodic ezvinhu Mendeleyev akaisa bhuku "Kukosha zvivako ane mabhomba kurema zvinhu", zvakanyorwa wechitatu kota XVII remakore. It rakaratidzwa pachinhu dzinokosha pfungwa yacho inozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana (panguva paiva chete 63). Mukuwedzera, vazhinji vavo mabhomba Zviidzo ndatsunga nepasipo. Izvi makadzivisa zvikuru kuwanikwa D. I. Mendeleeva.

Dmitry Ivanovich akatanga basa rayo nokuenzanisa ehupfumi ose okunze. Pakutanga akanga vakasimudza kuiisa chlorine uye potassium, uye ipapo mberi kushanda alkali simbi. Vakabata inokosha makadhi zvakanga vanoratidzwa zvine maatomu akafanana, akaedza kanoverengeka kuunganidza "waMosesi": aisa panze padhesiki rake uchitsvaka zvakanaka anofambidzana uye machisi.

Tatsvakisisa, Dmitry Ivanovich achiri kuwana muenzaniso kuti akanga achitsvaka, uye akavaka zvinhu mu kwenguva nenguva dzakatevedzana. Zvichikonzera zvibereko muchitokisi pakati okunze, musayendisiti akaziva kuti vaongorori Russian havazivi zvose zvine maatomu akafanana, uye kuti ape nyika neruzivo mumunda wekemisitiri izvo haisati wapiwa vamutangira.

Munhu wose ajaira ngano kuti Mendeleev Periodic table kwakanga muchiroto, uye akaunganidza nomusoro zvinhu kuva chete hurongwa. Izvi, nehasha kutaura, nhema. Chokwadi chokuti Dmitry Ivanovich kwenguva refu uye nekutsvaga kushanda basa rake, uye ndizvo zvakasimba inonetesa. Paaiva kushanda kwegadziriro zvinhu Mendeleev kamwe nehope. Uchimuka, akaona kuti haana kupedza tafura, uye nokukurumidza vakapfuurira kuzadza zvisina masero. Dzake, dzimwe vatorwa, mudzidzisi yunivhesiti, asarudza kuti periodic table akarota muchiroto, uye mutinhimira rinoparadzirwa pakati vadzidzi vavo. Saka pakanga pfungwa iyi.

mbiri

Periodic maitiro kwemakemikari zvinhu ndiyo chiratidzwa akasikwa Dmitry Ivanovich zvakawanda rechitatu kota XIX remakore (1869) periodic mutemo. Maiva muna 1869 pamusangano Russian Chemical Society akanga averenga chiziviso Mendeleev nezvokusika pavo mumwe marongerwo. Uye mugore iroro akanga yakabudisa bhuku "kunyatsogona Chemistry", yakatanga kubudiswa nguva nenguva hurongwa zvine maatomu akafanana. Uye mubhuku "The kwomuzvarirwo mamiriro okunze uye kurishandisa nenzira nounhu vanzika zvinhu" D. I. Mendeleev kutaurwa pfungwa "mutemo nguva nenguva".

Marongerwo mitemo zvinhu akkommodasie

Matanho rokutanga pakusikwa periodic mutemo zvakaitwa Dmitry Ivanovich shure mumakore 1869-1871, apo aishanda kuzviita pamusoro wakateya kutsamira zvivako ose mashoko zvinhu kubva guru atomu. The ano shanduro yakavhenganiswa ne mbiri-dimensional table.

Nzvimbo chinhu patafura anotora mamwe makemikari uye panyama nepfungwa. At nzvimbo chinhu tafura unogona kuwana chii Valence yake, kuona uwandu maerekitironi uye mamwe makemikari zvivako. Dmitry Ivanovich vakaedza kumisa kubatana pakati okunze sezvo yakafanana mumwe ehupfumi dzavo uye zvakasiyana.

The kupatsanura anozivikanwa panguva makemikari okunze, akaisa Valence uye mabhomba uremu. Achienzanisa hama ehupfumi ose okunze Mendeleev aiedza kuwana muenzaniso, izvo kwaizobatanidza ose anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana imwe ino. Akaisa pavo pahwaro kuwedzera mabhomba vakawanda, iye achiri kubudirira kakawanda nechimwe mechidziro.

Pakuzadzisa mugadziriro

Periodic table zvakare uye zvakare paaizooneka payaipedziswa muna 1969. With veMubatanidzwa vanokudzwa magasi muna 1930 Zvakazoitika kuti kuzivisa ichangobva kutsamira ose okunze - kwete kubva vakawanda, uye Serial nhamba. Gare gare kukwanisa kumisa nhamba protons ari mabhomba musimboti, uye vakawana kuti izvozvo rinobatana pamwe Serial nhamba maatomu akafanana. Masayendisiti ari XX remakore electronic nemamiriro atomu yave kudzidzwa. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti zvinokanganisawo kakawanda. Izvi Kuchinja zvikuru omumwe okunze zvivako. chinhu ichi kwakaratidzwa kuchangobva Shanduro Mendeleev kuti nguva nenguva hurongwa. Mumwe mutsva kuwanikwa zvivako uye maitiro okunze kukodzera zvakakwana kupinda tafura.

Zvinoitwa periodic table

Periodic table rakakamurwa nguva (7 mitsetse yakarongwa yakatambarara), izvo zvinozoita vari rakakamurwa makuru uye duku. The nguva kubva alkali simbi, uye rinopera asiri esimbi nhengo ehupfumi.
Vertically tafura Mendeleev rakakamurwa mapoka (8 pembiru). Mumwe nomumwe periodic table zvinosanganisira subgroups maviri - kureva, chikuru uye divi. Pashure zvikuru gakava riri pfungwa D. I. Mendeleeva uye vamwe vake W. Ramsay, kwakasarudzwa yokusuma Yaunoti razero boka. Rinosanganisira inert magasi (neon, nehelium, argon, radon, xenon, krypton). Muna 1911, musayendisiti Soddy akanga aronga nenzvimbo periodic mamiriro okunze uye indiscernible, vanonzi isotopes - nokuti masero dzavo nomumwe akanga dzoga.

Pasinei kuvimbika uye kururama periodic ino, masayendisiti haana kuda kubvuma izvi zvakawanikwa. Masayendisiti zhinji mudadiri basa D. I. Mendeleeva, uye vakatenda kuti hazvibviri kufanotaura ehupfumi ane chinhu kuti asati akazarurwa. Asi pashure yekuita zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvakanga zvawanikwa (uye zvakanga Somuenzaniso, scandium, gallium negermanium), Mendeleev kwakaita nguva nenguva maitiro uye mitemo yayo akava ari yokungotaura hwaro nesayenzi wekemisitiri.

Tafura chipo

Mendeleev kwaiita nguva nenguva hurongwa zvinhu - hwaro dzakawanda makemikari mumuviri Zvakawanikwa chokuita mabhomba uye samolecular dzidziso. The ano pfungwa yekuti ichocho chakaitika chete nokuda musayendisiti mukuru. The chidzoke periodic table akauyisa akachinja zvikuru kuti mharidzo yacho siyana yeimwe uye nyore zvinhu. Creation masayendisiti nenguva dzirikure ezvinhu ane zvikuru simba pamusoro pokumuka kemisitiri uye sayenzi, wakashamwaridzana.