Mercury: njodzi kuvanhu. The nengozi yacho nemekiyuri

mashoko okutanga pamusoro yeimwe ane mekuri, vaburukira kwatiri kubva panguva yakare. Aristotle nezvayo kokutanga muna 350 BC, asi uchapupu hwezvokuchera matongo hunoratidza imwe yapfuura nguva kushanda. The chikuru nzvimbo kushandiswa mekuri vaiva mushonga, unyanzvi uye mapurani, kugadzirwa Venetian nezvionioni, simbi kubudiswa, uye zvichingodaro. D. It inobudisa vanhu kuziva chete kuedza kuti zvaida nguva yakawanda uye yakapedza vakawanda. Chokwadi kuti nemekiyuri ngozi vanhu, inozivikanwa kubvira pakutanga kushandiswa kwayo. Modern nzira uye achishandisa yokutsvakurudza zvikuru inoshanda uye njodzi, asi zvizhinji nesimbi ichi vanhu vachiri handizivi.

mushonga eremendi

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, kuti nemekiyuri - unorema mvura iri chena uye sirivha, ndeye zvacho zvave M. V. Lomonosovym uye I. Brown muna 1759. Masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti yakasimba ezvinhu ari electrically conductive uye anogona ndokugadzira. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, HG) muna Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva ine mabhomba nhamba 80, iri rechitanhatu nguva, boka 2, uye anorondedzera kuti zingi subgroup. Akashandurwa kubva zita rechiLatin rinoreva "mvura sirivha" kubva Old - "kumonera." Kusiyana ari chinhu kwatova chokwadi chokuti chete mvura simbi, izvo zvakasikwa zviri vakaparadzirwa chimiro uye kumbowanikwa muchimiro yeimwe. Kuderera mekuri, zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope padombo, - the Chiitiko of zvisingabviri. Matadza guru chaikosha - 200 g / mol, maatomu nharaunda - 157 pm.

ehupfumi

At 20 ^{° C} chaiyo kurema nemekiyuri ndiyo 13,55 g / ^cm3, utsotso muitiro waida ^anenge -39 C kuti kubika - 357 ^{° C,} nokuti kuoma nechando -38,89 ° ^C. kwakawedzera mhute nevezera anopa refu kwemvura zvazvingava . With kuwedzera tembiricha, nemekiyuri nemhute ndivo kupfuura ngozi zvipenyu, uye kwete chipingamupinyi mvura kana zvimwe zvokunwa nokuda kwacho. Most pfuma akabvunza mu tsika - kuwana amalgam kuti chakaumbwa pokufa simbi nemekiyuri. With ayo vakawanda muchichinjana semiliquid chiwanikwa uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro. Mercury nyore haazotaurwizve kubva mukomboni kuti rinoshandiswa kuzoita simbi dzinokosha kubva esimbi. Amalgamation musava nesimbi zvakadai tungsten, simbi, molybdenum, vanadium. Mishonga nemekiyuri - zvakakwana nemishonga nhengo iyo inopfuura nyore mururimi ezvinhu uye zvaanoita pamwe okisijeni chete panguva mukuru tembiricha (300 ° ^C). By kuita ane iine acid nemukuparadzwa rinowanikwa chete nitric asidhi uye aqua regia. Metallic nemekiyuri iri oxidized nesarufa kana potassium permanganate. It achishingaira zvaanoita pamwe halogens (ayodhini, bromine, fluorine, kuiisa chlorine) uye vasiri nesimbi (selenium, phosphorus, nesurferi). Organic yeimwe vane kabhoni atomu (alkyl-nemekiyuri) ndicho akatsiga zvikuru chimiro uye dzinongoitika zvakatipoteredza. Methylmercury ichaongororwa chimwe chezvinhu chepfu organometallic yeimwe vane pfupi cheni Links. In mamiriro ichi, kuti nemekiyuri njodzi kuti munhu anova chikuru.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Kana isu funga nemekiyuri somunhu chicherwa, iyo inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri zhinji uye nzvimbo mabasa evanhu, ndiko isingawanzowanikwi simbi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muna penyika rukoko panyika goko rine 0.02 chete% of yaipedzerwa akati maatomu akafanana. Vazhinji nemekiyuri wayo yeimwe iri mumakungwa uye mvura vakapararira mumhepo. zvidzidzo Recent anoratidza kuti munhu mukuru zviri maatomu akafanana izvi rine nguo paNyika. Maererano nemashoko aya paiva chinhu chakadai se "nemekiyuri Kufuridzira Earth." Zviri mukufamba degassing ne mamwe kwemvura pachiso. The soro nemekiyuri choutsi kuitika panguva kuputika kwemakomo. Naizvozvo dzinongoitika uye nevanhu choutsi dziri kutenderera, kunoitika nokuda mukomboni nevamwe zvinhu pasi ezvinhu zvakanaka zvakatipoteredza. Pfungwa inotungamirwa uye kuora kuti nemekiyuri mhute havaratidzi kudzidza, asi zvikuru fungidzira pfungwa anonzi kutora chikamu kwe mamwe mabhakitiriya. Asi chikuru dambudziko iri methyl uye demitil-rinobva yeimwe vachishingaira kuumbwa zvakasikwa - mumhepo, mvura (demersal madhaka nzvimbo kana sectors kupfuura makemikari kusvibiswa) - pasina chikamu of catalysts. Methylmercury ane yakakwirira chaizvo kufanana ne chaivo mamorekuru. The nemekiyuri ngozi - saka mukana uyu kuunganidza chero chipenyu muviri nokuda kupinda uye zvakanaka kuchinja.

dhipoziti

Zvicherwa ane nemekiyuri nemekiyuri ane anopfuura 100, asi kumboenda remubatanidzwa iro rinopa kugadzirwa profitability makabuda cinnabar. In chikamu muzana mazwi, ine zvinotevera mamiriro: sarufa 12-14%, 86-88% mekuri, veko mekuri vachena ores, nezvimwewo metacinnabarite mushandi mukuru sulfide zvicherwa ... Dimensions cinnabar crystals rinosvika masendimita 3-5 (kunonyanyisa), vakawanda vari kukura 0.1-0.3 mm uye ingasanganisira netsvina zingi, sirivha, Arsenic uye zvakafanana. D. (20 zvinhu). Mhangura deposits munyika pane anenge 500, vakawanda zvibereko minda muSpain, Slovenia, Italy, Kyrgyzstan. Two dzinokosha nzira inoshandiswa kugadzira simbi: oxidation pa mukuru tembiricha kusunungura nemekiyuri uye mumisasa yokutanga zvinhu achiteverwa processing kunoguma Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe.

mafomu

Nokuti kuti ngozi mekuri akaratidza, pamwe 70-ies pamusoro XX remakore nayo zvakawanda kushanda kwayo mukurapa. An Kunze ndiko thimerosal inoshandiswa kuchengetedza yokudzivirira. sirivha Amalgam nhasi rinowanikwawo dentistry, asi ari kushingaira misha tichifungisisa zvisimbiso. Kushandiswa kupfuura kuzivikanwa ngozi simbi ndee pana pakusikwa zviridzwa uye zvakarurama zviridzwa. Mercury vapor inoshandiswa fluorescent uye Goldstone mwenje. Panyaya iyi, iyo inofambiswa kunobva chiedza zvinoparadzira kavha redzimba. Nokuda rakasiyana kupisa anokwanisa esimbi nemekiyuri kudiwa kweShanduro mukuru-zvakarurama kuyera nhumbi - thermometers. The alloys rakashandiswa kugadzirwa yenzvimbo sensors, mabheyaringi, rakanamatidzwa haizoshandisi, actuators, mavharuvhu uye zvakafanana. D. Biocidal pendi kare uyewo yaiva nemekiyuri uye kushandiswa kufukidza wechikepe Hull, izvo kunotadzisa kubva uchisvibisa. Chemical indasitiri anoshandisa Mavhoriyamu makuru munyu ane chinhu sezvo nokuva gombedzero iri hurumende ichiisa acetaldehyde. In rokurima nemauto sulemu calomel uye kushandiswa kurapa mbeu - nemuchetura inodzivirira zviyo uye mbeu kubva zvipukanana. In simbi, chinonyanya kudiwa kuti amalgam. Mercury yeimwe anowanzoshandiswa sezvo anowedzera kuti electrolytic kugadzirwa kuiisa chlorine, alkali simbi uye tichishingaira. Of Gold vanoshingaira namakemikari chaikosha rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzira mhangura. Mercury uye ayo yeimwe zvinoshandiswa zvishongo ari zvaAtemisi nezvionioni uye recyclable aruminiyamu.

Toxicity (the nemekiyuri ngozi)

Somugumisiro akagadzirwa basa munhu zvakatipoteredza kunowedzera wevasungwa ose zvine chepfu, Zvinosvibisa. Mumwe chaikosha zvakadaro, sezvinoratidzwa pakutanga panzvimbo iri virulence ndiyo nemekiyuri. Njodzi vanhu Organic uye inorganic yeimwe aro peya. Izvi tinofanira kugara zvikuru hunokachidza muchetura kuti anogona kuunganidza mumuviri womunhu kwemakore kana kuita panguva imwe chete. Nedambudziko CNS, enzymatic uye hematopoietic ezvinhu, uye mwero nomuchetura uye Magumisiro pamusoro dose uye nzira kupinda, toxicity pakati mukomboni chokupfeka. Chirwere nemekiyuri chepfu (kuunganidza yakaoma guru zvinhu mumuviri) kunoratidzwa astenovegetativnogo syndromes, kusagadzikana tsinga. Zviratidzo zvokutanga vari kudedera anopenya, nyore uye maoko nemakumbo, rurimi uye muviri. With pakuzadzisa nomuchetura akaratidza kushaya hope, kutemwa nomusoro, kuda kurutsa, havachanyatsogoni basa iri nemudumbu, neurasthenia, ndangariro vasingadzoreki. Kana paine mekuri mhute chepfu, ari maitiro zviratidzo ndivo zvirwere kufema. Kana chavakaona kusingaperi kwemakemikari mumiririri rinokundikana deducing maitiro anogona kukonzera rufu.

Kusvibisa ne Mercury munyu

The uchitsanya ruchiyerera uye chakaoma muitiro. Zviratidzo: nemusoro, esimbi kuravira, ropa matadza, stomatitis, vakawedzera weti panguva yayo nezvishoma rutapudzo uye kumbomira zvakakwana. In zvakakomba renal kukuvara hunhu, nemudumbu, chiropa. Kana munhu vachapona, nguva dzose zvichaita kuti chirema. Kuitwa nemekiyuri zvabuda vari kunayisa kwemapurotini uye ropa erythrocyte hemolysis. Tikafunga zviratidzo izvi pane kusingarapiki kwazvinoita epfungwa. Wakadaro chinhu, zvakadai mercury, ngozi munhu chero chimiro nekuita, uye chepfu zvinokonzerwa angava irreparable: kukanganisa muviri wose, ivo zvingaoneka asiwo nezvizvarwa.

Nzira kupinda pakati chepfu

Vanonyanya kupa nomuchetura vari mhepo, mvura, zvokudya. Mercury anogona zvinopfuura kufema turakiti nokuda kwemvura zvinobva pemvura. bandwidth Good ane ganda nemudumbu. Nokuti muchetura zvakakwana kushambira mumvura, izvo kusvibiswa maindasitiri discharges ane nemekiyuri; uchapedza zvekudya vafumi makemikari chinhu kuti vanogona kubva utachiona kwemarudzi (hove, nyama). Mercury mhute chepfu kazhinji nokuda ane Occupational basa - asiri pawakaperera nekuchengetedzwa zvine mashoko pamusoro zvinhu okuwana. Hakuna kusara uye chepfu mumhuri ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoitika kana kukodzera kushanda mano uye zviridzwa zvine nemekiyuri uye ayo yeimwe.

Ngozi nemekiyuri lämpömittari

The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa wezvokurapa chiridzwa zvakarurama - munhu lämpömittari, ichiwanika pamba ose. Under zvavo ezvinhu muupenyu, vanhu vakawanda havana kuwana zvikuru chepfu yeimwe anosanganisira nemekiyuri. "Kunoparadzwa lämpömittari" - ichi ndicho chinonyanya fungidzira mamiriro nekuita chete muchetura. Ruzhinji vomunyika yedu vachiri kushandisa nemekiyuri thermometers. Izvi imhaka zvikurukuru rakarurama mashoko avo uye voruzhinji haavimbi michina mitsva. Kana nemekiyuri lämpömittari kukuvara ngozi murume, Chokwadi, asi zvinokonzera yakakura yevanhu nokusaziva. Kana nokukurumidza, zvakanyanya uye zvinobudirira basa dzinotevedzana nyore manipulations, zvinokuvadza achaparadzwa kukonzerwa kana, shoma

.

Danho 1

Chokutanga, unofanira kuunganidza zvose makobiri kuputswa thermometers nemekiyuri. Izvi zvinonyanya unoparadza nguva-muitiro, asi ayo Implementation kunoenderana utano zvose dzemhuri uye dzinovaraidza. For zvakakodzera kwetsvina, unofanira kutora girazi chirongo, izvo zvinofanira zvakasimba kuvharwa. Asati atanga basa mumba anobvisa varimi zvose, zvakanaka kuenda panze kana kune imwe nzvimbo, apo pane mukana kufefetedza zvachose. Muitiro nekunhonga nemekiyuri droplet haigoni kuitwa uchishandisa vacuum kana mutsvairo. The yokupedzisira anogona kupwanya hombe chikamu simbi kuitira hombe nzvimbo nokuparadzirwa yavo. Kana vacuum uri munjodzi panguva kudziyisa panguva injini oparesheni, rova netembiricha kuwedzera kwemvura yacho inoramba uye ichi midziyo inogona zvadaro haifaniri kushandiswa chinangwa chahwo, zvichaita chete zvinofanira kuraswa.

kutevedzana yezviito

1. Pfeka kuraswa rabha Magorovhosi Chipfeko, kuvhiya chifukidzo, shangu cover kana mapepa akasungirwa kuti shangu.
2. Nyatsoongorora kuzoongorora nzvimbo lämpömittari rwakavhunika; kana mukana iripo mekuri pamusoro Textiles, zvipfeko, pamakapeti, vari zvakasimba kugara kuva marara bhegi uye kuraswa.
3. Glass zvikamu kupinda yakagadzirirwa mugaba.
4. Madonhwe makuru nemekiyuri uchishandisa pepa kana tsono knitting tsono inounganidzwa kubva pasi pevhu.
5. Aine furashiraiti, kana chiwedzere chiedza mukamuri, zvakakodzera kuwedzera kutsvaka nezvimedu zvidiki (nokuda Ruvara simbi zviri nyore kuwana).
6. Nyatsonzvera chechikadzi pakakoromorwa, majoini flooring, baseboards kubvisa zvinobvira kusvibiswa mumate zviduku.
7. In kure nzvimbo nemekiyuri ari kuenda sirinji, iyo zvino inofanira kuraswa.
8. mumate duku simbi zvinogona vakaungana pamwe namira tepi, namira.
9. Munguva yose iyoyo kudiwa kusiya munhu ventilated nzvimbo kana padare ose maminitsi 20.
10. zvinhu zvose uye batsira zvishandiso akashandiswa kuunganidzwa nemekiyuri anofanira kuraswa pamwe zviri lämpömittari.

danho 2

Vakanyatsoongorora Chinyorwa ungano zvakakodzera kuti makemikari kugadzira zvivako. Use angava potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - refu pfungwa mhinduro (rima ruvara) iri raida mari kune zvakaipa nzvimbo. Hako vanofanira kupfeka itsva latex Magorovhosi Chipfeko uye masiki. hukawanika All vari kubatwa kunoguma mhinduro achishandisa mamvemve, uye kuva rusesi, slots, makatsemuka uye mapfundo zvakanakisisa yazara nevanhu kugadzirisa. At 10:00 inotevera yakanakisisa kusiya pemvura nenzira inoyera. Shure kwenguva ino potassium permanganate mhinduro wakagezeswa nemvura yakachena, zvino vakachenesa ane sipo uye pamba. Next 6-7 mazuva hunodiwa kuti tiite nguva dzose airing pakati kwakavakirwa uye nezuva nyoro okuchenesa. Kuti asimbise pasina mekuri, unogona kukoka nyanzvi chaizvo zvokushandisa epidemiology nzvimbo.

kudhaka Therapies

WHO Chinosimbisa 8 zvinhu zvikuru ngozi, zviri izvo zviri muchadenga, zvokudya uye mvura zvinofanira nokungwarira kuongororwa kwavo kutyisidzira upenyu hwevanhu uye utano. Izvi vatungamirire, cadmium, Arsenic, tini, nesimbi, mhangura, zingi, uye, chokwadi, nemekiyuri. Hazard kirasi date zvinhu zvakakwirira kwazvo, uye migumisiro nomuchetura hazvibviri kumisa zvachose. The ikure kurapa inodzivirira kwevanhu kubva mberi kuonana uturu. Kana usimbe uye non-chisingaperi zviitiko nemekiyuri chepfu inenge yabudiswa muna mutsvina yadzo, weti, ziya. Hunokachidza dose ndiyo 0,4 Rine mamiririta, zvinouraya - 100 MG. Kana vanofungidzirwa kuti kushamwaridzana uturu vanofanira kushandisa imwe nyanzvi uyo pahwaro pakuongororwa kuona ukuru kudhaka uye taurira mushonga.