Montreux Convention muGungwa Dema

Montreux Convention akataura chibvumirano vakagumisa nyika dzinoverengeka 1936. Maererano naye, Turkey yawana kudzora pamusoro pakamanikana ose Bosporus uye Dardanelles. It inotumidzwa zita rayo kuti Convention guta Swiss pamusoro Montreux, iyo akabata kusaina kwayo. The chibvumirano runovimbisa wakasununguka kwemutemo midziyo zvavo kuburikidza Kwazvo munguva yorugare. Panyaya iyi, iyo Montreux Convention zvinoisa kurambidzwa vamwe pamusoro kufamba warships. Zvikurukuru inesungano vaisava Black Sea marudzi.

Zvokudya Chibvumirano akava mhaka kusawirirana uye kurwisana kwemakore akawanda. Vakanga kunyanya chokuita kuwana ari Navy of Soviet Union kuti Mediterranean. Zvadaro, muna chibvumirano ichi dzakawanda takaita dzimwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, asi yasara kushanda.

The wekuLausanne Conference

Gungano Montreux muna 1936 raiva chezvaizoitika ndopakaperawo munhevedzano zvibvumirano zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa vanonzi "Mubvunzo Kwazvo." Musimboti-refu yakamira dambudziko iri rakanga kushaya tenderano dzakawanda pamusoro nyika inofanira kudzora inokosha nzira kubva Sea Black kusvika kuMediterranean. Muna 1923 chibvumirano chakanga nemasaini wekuLausanne iyo demilitarize kuti Dardanelles uye kuitira vakasununguka dzaifanoiswa dzevagari neechiuto matare pasi kutarisira League of Nations.

Prerequisites chibvumirano chitsva

Pokugadzwa pechiFascist hurumende muItaly zvakakomba kuoma yacho. Turkey anotya Mussolini oedza kushandisa kuwana Kwazvo vavaitire simba raro kusvikira kuGungwa Black yose. Chekutanga utsinye nokuda Italy aigona kuva pasi Anatolia.

Hurumende Turkish akambokumbira nyika muchirongwa kusaina kuti chibvumirano muna wekuLausanne pamwe panyaya kubata wokukurukura hurumende itsva ndima ngarava kuburikidza pakamanikana. Kudiwa danho iri nokuda simba kuchinja dzakawanda ezvinhu. Nokuda kwokupa mhosva Chibvumirano Versailles Germany yakanga ichikura kusawirirana mu Europe. Nyika dzakawanda dzaifarira pakasikwa kuchengeteka chivimbiso chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa zvine urongwa dzamushore.

Vechikamu of wekuLausanne Conference vakabvuma kudanwa kweTurkey uye akasarudza kusangana muguta Swiss pakati Montreux kusvika chibvumirano chitsva. Chete Italy haana kumiririrwa panguva hurukuro. Chokwadi ichi ane nyore tsananguro imwe: aiva yake expansionist mutemo mumwe zvikonzero kuronga ichi musangano.

kunzvera

Turkey, Britain uye Soviet Union akaisa mberi vaitaura zvainanga nokudzivirira zvavanofarira. United Kingdom achitsigira ukaramba ruzhinji inorambidza. The Soviet Union vakatsigira pfungwa chose vakasununguka ndima. Turkey akadana mazvake nehurumende, saka kuvavarira vavezve kutonga pakamanikana. Britain vakaedza kudzivisa kuvapo muMediterranean, zvikepe Soviet, izvo zvinogona dzinotyisidzira kune nzira dzinokosha unobatanidza yemo India.

ratification

Mushure gakava refu, United Kingdom akabvuma kuti zvichemo. The Soviet Union akakwanisa asanetswa kubva Sea Black inoti zvimwe kurambidzwa ndima kuburikidza Kwazvo pamusoro warships. Atiitirewo. muUK zvakanzi yakakonzerwa chido kusabvumira Turkey kuva mutsigiri Hitler kana Mussolini. Montreux Convention on kweGungwa Dema, chagamuchirwa nenyika yose musangano vechikamu. Gwaro akapinda nechisimba muna November 1936.

kunyatsogona

Mashoko ari Montreux Convention rakakamurwa 29 nyaya. The chibvumirano runovimbisa achitengesa midziyo ipi mamiriro kwakakwana norusununguko kufamba pakamanikana munguva yorugare. Commission of League of Nations, riri basa kuona zvaidiwa Treaty wekuLausanne yakaguma. Turkey akahwina kodzero kutora pakamanikana pasi yayo kuzvidzora uye kuvhara navo warships vose vatorwa mune chiitiko kurwisana nezvombo.

inorambidza

Montreux Convention zvinoisa dzinoverengeka chaiwo kurambidzwa mukirasi uye tonnage pamusoro warships. Nyika Non-Black Sea kodzero vapfuure pakamanikana duku chete pamusoro ngarava. zvachose tonnage yavo inofanira haapfuuri matani 30.000. Maximum mutsigiro midziyo mumvura vasiri Black Sea masimba mazuva 21.

The Convention anobvumira Turkey kuti kurambidza kana kubvumira kufamba kwayo chete kungwara, kana hurumende anotenda kuti nyika iri pasi ngozi yehondo. Maererano n. 5 kokorodzano Montreux kurambidzwa zvingaita chero mamiriro midziyo.

ropafadzo

Sea Black inoti kodzero apfuure Kwazvo zvokurwisana zvikepe chero mukirasi uye tonnage. A chinodiwa kuti ichi ndechokuti ziviso yacho Turkish hurumende. 15-fung nyaya yacho Montreux Convention anopawo mukana izvi nyika Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzaifanoiswa.

Montreux Convention on mamiriro pakamanikana anoratidza yemarudzi kwezvakatipoteredza 30-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Kupa zvimwe zvakawanda kodzero Sea Black simba raiva kungobvumirawo kuna Turkey uye Soviet Union. Chete nyika mbiri idzi aiva chinokosha nhamba yakakura warships mudunhu.

migumisiro

The Montreux Convention the Kwazvo vanofurirwa weboka Second World War. Rinokutadzisa zvikuru kukwanisa dhipuroya akavhiyiwa zvechiuto muGungwa Dema kuti Nazi Germany uye ayo vakabatana. Vakamanikidzwa nezvombo zvavo nezvikepe zvavatengesi uye edza kuti avatungamirire kuburikidza pakamanikana. Izvi zvakaita kuti chakakura nedzenyu nokusawirirana pakati Turkey uye Germany. Akadzokorora okutsutsumwa pedyo Soviet Union uye Britain kunge akasunda Ankara kune zvachose kurambidzwa chero kufamba fungira midziyo iri pakamanikana.

moot pfungwa

Hurumende Turkish inoti Convention haabvumiri ndima kuburikidza Kwazvo kuti vatakuri ndege. Asi chokwadi, gwaro haripinduri taura ichi. The Convention anovamba panogumira 15,000 matani nokuda chete vasiri Black Sea masimba chikepe. The tonnage chero ano keriya ndege mukuru ukoshi ichi. Izvi urongwa Convention zvinobudirira unorambidza non-Black Sea States apfuure Kwazvo ngarava iyi mhando.

Kutsanangura imwe mutakuri ndege iri chibvumirano yakanga akagadzira muna 30-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Panguva iyoyo, muchikepe ndege dzakanga kureva ushori kubva mumhepo. The Convention rinoti kuti kuvapo uriri akaronga kuti utore-kure uye kumhara ndege, haangoerekani patsanura mudziyo mutakuri.

The Sea Black inoti kodzero vapfuure pakamanikana ose wengarava nhumbi ipi tonnage. Zvisinei, pokushandisa Convention zvakajeka inosiya kubva nhamba midziyo zvakavakwa zvikurukuru nokuda chigaro chinotakurwa wengarava avhiyesheni.

workaround

The Soviet Union akawana nzira kukurira chipingaidzo ichi. Nzira kubva mamiriro ezvinhu aiva kwezvisikwa dzinonzi vatakuri ndege. Ngarava idzi dzakanga dzakashongedzerwa gungwa-inobva ballistic zvombo. Kuvapo nehana zvombo zviri pamutemo vanobvumirwa patsanura navo sevatakuri. Kazhinji, hombe-caliber zvitundumuseremusere akaisa pamusoro sevatsvaki vemapuranga.

Izvi zvakaita kuti Soviet Union kuti vakasununguka kuitisa vatakuri zvavo kuburikidza Kwazvo zvakakwana zvaidiwa zvokudya Chibvumirano. Ndima vairamba richirambidzwa kuti ndeve kukirasi iyi NATO zvikepe tonnage vakapfuura 15,000 matani. Turkey akasarudza kuziva Soviet Union kodzero dzaifanoiswa kuti vatakuri ndege. Revision of Gungano rakaitirwa zvido Ankara, sezvo aigona kuderedza mwero kudzora pakamanikana.

Kuedza natsiridza

Pari, vakawanda zvokudya yemarudzi chibvumirano uchirikushanda. Zvisinei, Convention nguva dzose kuti vave chikonzero kunotyisa gakava uye makakatanwa. Nguva nenguva kuedza kudzokera kuna pakamanikana chinzvimbo.

Pashure kuguma Second World War Soviet Union akateterera Turkey kuti panyaya kumisa kwemajoini achitonetsekawo kuwana kubva Sea Black kusvika kuMediterranean. Ankara akati kungoramba yakasimba. A yakawanda kufurirwa Soviet Union aisagona kuwana kuti kuchinja nzvimbo yayo. Akasimuka nomukadzi Moscow kwakaita kusawirirana kugumiswa Turkey achiitisa mutemo nokwawakarerekera. Ankara akamanikidzwa kutsvaka vatsigiri muUK uye US.

kukanganisa

The Convention panorambidza warships kunyika dzisiri Black Sea vane mungarava atirari caliber izvo kukasapfuura 203 mm. Mune 60s wekupedzisira remakore kuburikidza pakamanikana vave vakagadzirira pamwe Anti-yepasi pemvura zvombo, US dare uto. Izvi zvakonzera aipopoterwa neSoviet Union, sezvo caliber ari maoko akaenzana 420 mm.

Zvisinei, Turkey akati hapana kutyora Montreux Convention. Maererano hurumende yaro, ballistic zvombo havasi pfuti uye havasi nokufukidzwa kondirakiti. Mumakore gumi adarika kurwa ngarava US vanogara yatyora kunonyanyisa nguva vari muGungwa Dema, asi vamiririri Turkey vakasaziva kutyorwa Chibvumirano.