Benthos - a ... Plankton, nekton, benthos

Plankton, nekton, benthos - mapoka matatu anogona kugoverwa zvisikwa zvose hwemvura. Plankton algae chimiro uye mhuka duku kuti vari akayangarara pedyo mvura pamusoro. Nekton ine mhuka vanobishairira anogona kushambira uye svetuka mumvura, chinhu hove, nenjiva, hove huru, Sharks nevamwe. Benthos - ndivo zvipenyu kurarama yakadereresa akaturikidzana ari hwemvura dzinogarisana. Unosanganisira mhuka, mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa chokuita pasi, ivo zvinosanganisira echinoderms zhinji, hove demersal, crustaceans, molluscs, annelids , uye zvichingodaro.

Mhando zvomugungwa

Mhuka Marine vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: plankton, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton nechipiriso kukukurwa mhuka kuti kazhinji mupfupi, asi inogona kukura kuti zvikuru yakakura kukura (semuenzaniso, muramba). Zooplankton Angasanganisira kwekanguva larval siyana zvipenyu anogona kukura kusiya plankton munharaunda uye vanobatana mapoka zvakadai nekton, benthos.

Nekton kirasi inoumba chikamu chikuru chikamu mhuka kurarama munyanza. A-siyana hove, octopus, hove huru, eels, Dolphins, uye Squid - zvose mienzaniso nekton. chikamu ichi paupamhi-siyana unosanganisira nhamba zvisikwa zvakasiyana chaizvo kuti zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe zvakawanda zvinodiwa.

Chii benthos? Chechitatu mhando dzemhuka zvomumvura kuti vanopedza upenyu hwavo hwose ari pasi pevhu. boka iri rinosanganisira lobsters, Starfish, nehonye siyana, hozhwa, oysters nevamwe vazhinji. Zvimwe zvisikwa izvi, dzakadai lobsters uye hozhwa anogona kufamba vakazvimiririra pamwe pasi, asi nzira dzavo upenyu saka zvakasimba chokuita penyanza pasi, kuti vakanga haaizorarama kubva ezvinhu ichi. Benthos - ndivo zvipenyu vanogara pasi pevhu uye rinosanganisira zvinomera, mhuka uye utachiona.

Plankton - vakawanda chimiro weupenyu hwemvura zvakatipoteredza

Kana kufungidzira upenyu mugungwa, kuti kazhinji zvose shamwari neimwe nzira nechokuita nehove, kunyange zvazvo chokwadi rehove - kwete vakawanda muchimiro upenyu mugungwa. Kudeuka boka ndiyo plankton. The mamwe mapoka maviri - nekton (vachishingaira kushambira mhuka) uye benthic (zvipenyu vaigara pasi).

mhando dzakawanda plankton madiki kuona pamwe chinoabatsira.

Pane mhando mbiri chikuru plankton

• Phytoplankton, unobereka zvokudya kuburikidza photosynthesis. Vazhinji vavo akasiyana algae.
• Zooplankton, izvo zvokudya pamusoro phytoplankton. Zvinosanganisira mhuka duku uye hove mazana.

Plankton: mukuru ruzivo

Plankton - nemaziso vagere pelagic kwezvakatipoteredza. Ndivo zvinokosha zvinoumba ngetani zvokudya zvinogara mumvura ezvinhu, sezvo ivo anopa zvokudya nokuda nektonic (crustaceans, hove uye Squid) uye benthos (gungwa chipanji). Vanewo pose nezvainoita biosphere, sezvo pakuenzanisa Pasi muchadenga zvinoriumba zvikurukuru kunotsamira zvavo photosynthetic basa.

Shoko rokuti "plankton" rinobva Greek Planktos, zvinoreva "famba" kana "kukukurwa". Vazhinji plankton anopedza ake kuvapo, kuyangarara yomugungwa dzenzvimbo. Zvisinei, kwete marudzi ose regedzeka, siyana vanogona kudzora kufamba kwavo, uye kupona kwavo kunoenderana anenge zvachose kwavo rusununguko.

Miganhu uye vamiriri plankton

In saizi plankton zvichisiyana duku tupukanana wakareba 1 micrometer kuti muramba ane bhero gelatinous inogona kusvika 2 metres upamhi, uye tentacles anogona kuwedzera kupfuura 15 mamita. Zvisinei, vakawanda planktonic zvipenyu imhuka asingasviki 1 millimeter pakureba. Iripo tichiregeredza zvinovaka muviri ari mugungwa mvura uye kuburikidza photosynthesis.

Vamiririri plankton muri zvakasiyana-siyana zvinenge, akadai algae, mabhakitiriya, majemusi, dukutu zvimwe mhuka uye crustaceans. Most planktonic protists vari eukaryotes, kunyanya unicellular zvinenge. Plankton inogona rakakamurwa phytoplankton, zooplankton uye tusingaoneki (utachiona). Phytoplankton anoita photosynthesis uye zooplankton aimiririra heterotrophic vatengi.

nekton

Vamiririri nekton zvinoshingaira vanoshambira uye kazhinji kupfuura zvinozivikanwa zvinenge Marine mumvura. Ndivo mukuru zvikara dzakawanda nengetani zvokudya zvomumvura. Kusiyana nekton uye plankton havasi unopinza nguva dzose. Mhuka dzakawanda guru (semuenzaniso, Tuna) vanopedza larval Danho yavo muchimiro plankton, nepo Danho mukuru rakanyatsojeka guru uye kushingaira nekton.

Ruzhinji nekton vari vertebrates, hove ichi, nezvinokambaira, mhuka, molluscs uye crustaceans. Kudeuka boka ine hove, inosvika pane ndezvomuzana 16,000 marudzi. Nekton anosangana zvose kudzama uye upamhi gungwa. Hove huru, PENGUIN, nemicherechedzo anowanzoramba vamiririri nektonic mune polar mumvura. Mukuru siyana nekton zvinowanikwa munyika dzinopisa mumvura.

Inonyanya siyana chimiro upenyu uye ayo upfumi ukoshi

Izvi zvinosanganisira uyewo kupfuura mhuka iri Pasi, blue whale, izvo anokura 25-30 metres kureba. Hofori izvi, uyewo mamwe baleen hove huru uchidzidza plankton uye micronekton. Vamiririri pakukura nekton vari shato huru Sharks, izvo tinosvika kureba 17 metres, uyewo toothed hove huru (orcas), mukuru rehove chena, ingwe rehove, bluefin Tuna, uye vamwe.

Nekton ndiyo hwaro Fisheries pose. Anchovies, herring, rehove pamunhu vanowanzova pakati chimwe muzvina mumwe muzvitatu wokukohwa wepagore egungwa. Zvemari zvinokosha nekton zvakare Squid. Halibut uye kodhi vari hove demersal, vane yezvokutengeserana ukoshi chikafu vanhu. Kazhinji, ivo mined kwemvura Continental pasherufu.

benthos

Chii chinorehwa neshoko rokuti "benthos"? Shoko rokuti "benthos" rinobva rechiGiriki bentos uye rinoreva "mukudzika kwegungwa." Pfungwa iyi rinoshandiswa zvipenyu kutsanangura nenzanga zvipenyu nemuGungwa, uyewo Freshwater miviri zvakadai munyanza, nzizi nehova.

Benthic zvinenge zvinogona Classified maererano aenzana. Kubatanidza macrobenthos Utachiona kupfuura 1 millimeter. Izvi zvakasiyana gastropods, bivalves, gungwa maruva, dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya gungwa nyeredzi uye hozhwa. Utachiona vane hukuru kubvira 0.1 1 mm yakakura tupukanana chikuru mune pasi nengetani zvokudya, kuita basa biogenic tsvina kupisa, chikuru zvinhu uye chikara. Muchikwata zvinosanganisira microbenthos zvipenyu zviduku pane 1 millimeter, izvozvo diatoms, mabhakitiriya, uye ciliates. Havasi vose benthic zvipenyu zviri emadhaka, dzimwe nharaunda vanorarama matombo substrates.

Kune mhando nhatu benthic

1. Infauna - zvipenyu vanogara pasi pevhu, akavigwa mujecha kana akavanda anoshongwa. Vane zvakawanda mufambo, kurarama emadhaka kupesvedzera zvakatipoteredza uye vane zvikuru yakareba upenyu anotarisirwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira gungwa anoshongwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana dzemugungwa.
2. Epifauna angararama kufamba pamusoro pemvura mugungwa, chavanenge zvakabatanidzwa. Ivo kurarama achabatanidza kuti matombo kana sediments uchifamba munzira pemvura. It sechipanji, oysters, hozhwa, Starfish uye magakanje.
3. Utachiona kuti vanogara pasi pevhu, asi kunogonawo kushambira mumvura pamusoro payo. Izvi zvinosanganisira nyoro pasi hove - puffers, seflounder vachishandisa crustaceans nehonye sezvokudya kunobva.

Kubatana pakati pelagic uye benthic ezvinhu

Benthos - zvinenge izvo basa rinokosha mune zvomumvura chaivo vomunharaunda. Benthic howa vari siyana boka, inova huru link chuma zvokudya. Ivo dzinobvisa mvura uchitsvaka deposits zvokudya vanobviswa uye Organic zvinhu, achinatsa mvura nawo. Pazasi mumakungwa uye makungwa vari iiswe tsva Organic zvokuvakisa, ayo zvino kupatsanurwa uye vakadzokera benthic zvinenge mumvura mbiru. Chirongwa mineralization pamusoro makemikari nyaya kunokosha tsime zvinovaka muviri uye kunokosha kuti pave yakakwirira chepuraimari kugadzirwa.

The Dzidziso pelagic uye benthic runyararo vari dyidzana pamusoro zhinji zvinodiwa. Somuenzaniso, ari pelagic plankton vari chinokosha anopa zvokudya mhuka kuti tunogara nyoro kana rukangarahwe. Anemones uye barnacles vave dzinongoitika Sefa yakapoteredza mvura. Órgãos pelagic mamiriro ezvinhu ari zvakare kuitwa nechepasi kuburikidza moulting Crustacean zvinhu uye kupanana akafa plankton. Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru plankton nokuumba zvomumvura sediments sezvo zvisaririra, izvo anoshandiswa kuona zera uye kwakabva namatombo.

Hwemvura zvinenge dzinoiswa maererano dzinogarisana. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti nzvimbo yemhuka idzi ine kwakakanganisa shanduka yavo. Uyezve, vakawanda vavo vari wakanyatsokodzera chinangwa muupenyu imwe ezvinhu ivo vagere. Nderipi musiyano pakati pemapoka maviri anonzi plankton, benthos uye nekton?

Plankton - nemaziso kana zviduku mhuka nomumwe maviri marudzi. Nekton ari pachena zvinoyangarara mhuka. Chii benthos? Izvi zvinosanganisira sei kufamba zvakasununguka, uye avo zvipenyu hadzibudisi kuvapo kwavo pasina penyanza paburiro. Zvakadini zvipenyu kurarama kunyanya pasi, asi vanogona kushambira - octopus, sawfish, seflounder? Kwakadaro zvipenyu vangangodaro kunzi nektobentosom.