Mumuviri makemikari zvivako rwesarufa

Sarufa - zvakajairika zvakasikwa namakemikari chaikosha (navatanhatu kugutsikana panyika nechepasi uye wechitanhatu - dzinongoitika mumvura). Pane zvose chizvarwa sarufa (Free State chaikosha) uye ayo kubatana.

Nesurferi zvakasikwa

Pakati inokosha dzinongoitika sarufa zvicherwa anganzi simbi pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. The nyanza yaiva kunyanya muchimiro karusiyamu sulphate, magnesium uye yavaibvisa kukonzera Rigidity rwokuzvarwa zhinji.

How kuwana nesarufa?

Extraction rwesarufa esimbi zvinoberekwa nzira yakasiyana. The nzira chikuru nesarufa ndiyo simbi yacho zvakananga situ.

nzira kuchera Open kunosanganisira kushandisa Vacheri, achibvisa tsvina dombo akaturikidzana kuti vafukidze sulfuric mhangura. Mushure nokupwanywa mhangura musono watsemuka rinotungamirirwa yavo seroplavilny chirimwa.

In indasitiri, sarufa inotengwa somunhu byproduct pamusoro pezvakaitwa mu yamavira nokuda utsotso, panguva yokucheneswa. Akawanda, zviri aripo negasi (muchimiro nesarufa yakasviba kana rehydrogen sulfide), iro dzokubudisa uko rakachengetedzwa pamasvingo midziyo yaishandiswa. Kwekugara gasi kubva nesarufa rinoshandiswa wakaisvonaka namakemikari indasitiri sezvo mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kugadzirirwa kubva dzinongoitika uye nesarufa dioxide. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa nzira Claus. It kunoratidzwa kushanda "sarufa Makomba" umo kune sarufa degassing. Zvinoguma dzakachinjwa sarufa vari zvinowanzoshandiswa kugadzirwa Asphalt.

Basic allotropic nadzurudzo sarufa

Sarufa yokusafa allotropy. A vazhinji allotropic okunatsiridza. Yakakurumbira ndivo orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (tsono) uye epurasitiki nesarufa. The okunatsiridza maviri okutanga tiri mudanga, wechitatu panguva solidification ari kutendeuka kuva rhombic.

The panyama ehupfumi kuti zvaizobatsira nesarufa

Mamorekuru Akaoma orthorhombic (α-S) uye monoclinic (β-S) ane okunatsiridza kusvika 8 sarufa maatomu, izvo zvakabatanidzwa mune namahwindo loop nokuda kuroora covalent zvisungo.

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, sarufa ane rhombic nadzurudzo. Zviri yero crystalline hwakasimba ane arambe achirema pamusoro 2,07 g / masendimita ^3. Inonyunguduka pa 113 ° C. Monoclinic sarufa arambe achirema iri 1,96 g / masendimita ^3, ayo utsotso tembiricha iri 119,3 ° C.

Pamusoro kubvunda sarufa kunowedzera MUBHUKU uye anova yero mvura iyo anotendeuka shava pa 160 ° C uye vagotendeuka kuva viscous shava guru Paaizosvika anenge 190 ° C. At kutonhora pamusoro ukoshi ichi nesarufa viscosity kunoderedza. Panenge 300 ° C zvakare yava mvura flowable mamiriro. Izvi imhaka ari kudziyisa kwacho iri polymerized sarufa, muwanze tembiricha kuwedzera cheni kureba. Zvino kukosha tembiricha pamusoro 190 ° C pane kuparadzwa polymerized dzakabatana.

Pamusoro kutonhora zviri uchanyangadika sarufa vaingobvuma achiumbwa cylindrical crucibles inonzi mukanyiwa sarufa - rhombic crystals makuru kukura, kuva isiriyo chimiro octahedrons ne pamwe "kugurwa" micheto kana makona.

Kana yakaumbwa acho ari pasi richipedza (semuenzaniso, achishandisa mvura inotonhora), zvinobvira kuwana mapurasitiki sarufa, ndirwo vakashinga rubbery guru zvisvundu kana rima yakatsvuka, aine arambe achirema pamusoro 2,046 g / masendimita ^3. nadzurudzo iyi, kusiyana orthorhombic uye monoclinic ndiyo kugadzikana. Zvishoma nezvishoma (pamusoro akawanda maawa), izvozvo anochinja ruvara kuti yero, inova pfava uye anochinja kuva rhombic.

Kana kuoma nechando sarufa mhute (kwazvo) mvura senitrogen siyana purpurea kasvi nadzurudzo zvayo, izvo akatsiga pane kutonhora pazasi kubvisa 80 ° C.

The aqueous svikiro iri kushanda insoluble nesarufa. Zvisinei hwokuratidza solubility zvakanaka zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Murombo kondakita dzemagetsi nokupisa.

The Kubika pfungwa nesarufa ndiyo 444,6 ° C. Achibika muitiro aine kusunungurwa Orange-yellow chiutsi wakaumbwa zvikurukuru S ₈ mamorekuru izvo dissociate pamusoro unozotevera kudziyisa, zvichiguma nokuumbwa zvakanyatsoenzana rinoumbwa S _6, S ₄ uye S _2. Uyezve, kana nenharo uchiora mamorekuru makuru, uye pane imwe tembiricha pamusoro 900 madhigirii maviri acho chaizvoizvo kuti S ₂ mamorekuru _dissociate kupinda maatomu pa 1500 ° C.

Chii ane sarufa mushonga ehupfumi?

Sarufa chaiwo asiri-metal. Mishonga kushingaira. Oxidation - rutapudzo ehupfumi rwesarufa vanoonekwa toreva imwe muzvizhinji kuti zvinhu. Kana neshungu, inogona nyore chokuita anenge ose okunze, iro rinotsanangura mutemo unoti kuvapo ayo esimbi ores. Kunze ndiye Pt, Au, _{2 Ini,} N ₂ uye isingawanzowanikwi magasi. Oxidation iyo kunooneka muna nesarufa yeimwe, -2, +4, +6.

Properties sarufa okisijeni kukonzera ayo combustion mhepo. Mugumisiro nekuita uku paumbwe nesarufa yakasviba (SO ₂₎ nesarufa (SO ₃₎ anhydrides inoshandiswa pave sulfurous uye sulfuric acids.

At kamuri tembiricha, nesarufa rutapudzo ehupfumi zvinozarurwa chete aremekedzwe fluorine ari maitiro iyo inowanikwa sarufa hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Pamusoro kudziyisa (mu uchanyangadika) iri akaita kuiisa chlorine, phosphorus, nesilicon, carbon. Zvinoitwa pamwe rehydrogen sulfide hydrogen Kuwedzera siyana sulfane kubatanidzwa talk payakavakirwa H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative ehupfumi vakachengeta nesurferi ne maitiro pamwe simbi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rimwe anogona kuchengeta zvikuru zvakasimba maitiro. The kukurukurirana pamusoro sulfides simbi vakaumba (sarufa yeimwe) uye polysulfides (mnogosernistye simbi).

Refu kudziyisa sei ne simba acids, oxidants, sezvamakaropafadzwa oxidized.

Next, funga dzinokosha ehupfumi kuti nesurferi yeimwe.

sarufa yakasviba

Sarufa oxide (IV), uyewo kunzi sarufa yakasviba uye sulfurous anhydride, ari gasi (Hauoneki) unopinza cheYangon zvakanaka. It kunoita kuti liquefied pasi kumanikidzwa pa nzvimbo tembiricha. SO ₂ chinhu acidic oxide. It dzinoratidzwa akanaka mvura solubility. Izvi zvinoitawo kuti simba, isina sulfurous acid, rinongowanika riri aqueous mhinduro. Zvingaitwa nesarufa yakasviba ine alkali sulfites kuumbwa.

It ane panzvimbo yakakwirira namakemikari basa. raidudzwa Most ndiwo ehupfumi ari kwemakemikari rutapudzo rwesarufa oxide (IV). Maitiro akadai pamwe nokuwedzera mwero nesurferi oxidation.

Oxidative makemikari ehupfumi akaratidza nesarufa oxide pamberi simba yokuderedza vamiririri (semuenzaniso, carbon monoxide).

sarufa trioxide

Sarufa trioxide (sarufa yakasviba) - soro oxide rwesarufa (VI). Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, ndiko Hauoneki akadaro mvura ane cheYangon zvakanaka. It uderedze -oma panguva tembiricha tsika kuvatumwa 16.9 inegumi. Muchiitiko chino, musanganiswa yakasiyana sekristaro okunatsiridza pakati yakasimba nesurferi trioxide. High sarufa oxide hygroscopic ehupfumi kukonzera "dymlenie" ayo ari ezvinhu nyoro mhepo. Somugumisiro, inotungamirwa sulfuric asidhi mumate.

rehydrogen sulfide

Rehydrogen sulfide chinhu binary namakemikari remubatanidzwa rehydrogen nesarufa. H ₂ S - chinhu chepfu Hauoneki gasi, ari maitiro zviri unozipa kuravidza uye kunhuwidza mazai akaora. Inonyunguduka panguva tembiricha yakadzikira kusvika pa-86 ° C uye mamota pa -60 ° C. Thermally kusagadzikana. At tembiricha anokoshesa kupfuura 400 ° C anoita manyowa pakati hydrogen sulfide kuna S uye H _2. It hwokuratidza solubility zvakanaka panyaya iyi. The mvura urwa havaratidzi. Somugumisiro nemukuparadzwa mumvura rinoumbwa rehydrogen sulfide simba acid. Rehydrogen sulfide ane simba achidzikisa zvaanoda.

Zvinobata moto. In kwayo combustion mhepo anogona kuchengeta yebhuruu womoto. Pamatunhu kuwanda unogona sei pamwe simbi zhinji.

sulfuric asidhi

Sulfuric asidhi (H ₂ SO ₄₎ rinogona kuwanda siyana uye kutsvinda. The anhydrous wehurumende ane Hauoneki jikichira mvura asina kwakanaka.

tembiricha panguva iyo fuma yakanyauka, ndiyo 10 ° C. Kubika ndezvokuti 296 ° C. The mvura urwa zvakanaka. Kana ichiputswa sulfuric asidhi hydrates vari kuumbwa, pamwe yakawanda kupisa. The Kubika pfungwa aqueous mhinduro ari kumanikidzwa 760 mm HG. Art. kupfuura 100 ° C. Kuwedzera kubika pfungwa kunoitika muwanze asidhi wevasungwa.

The asidhi ehupfumi emashoko kuonekwa ari kudyidzana pamwe dzinokosha oxides uye zvigadziko. H ₂ SO ₄ ndiwo diacid, saka zvingaite sezvo sulfates (munyu svikiro) uye hydrosulfates (acidic munyu), zvakawanda zvacho soluble mumvura.

Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru richiratidzwa ehupfumi sulfuric asidhi mu redox siyana. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti Zvinoumba H ₂ SO ₄ pa-soro dhigirii rwesarufa oxidation (6). Somuenzaniso kuratidzirwa oxidative zvivako zviri sulfuric asidhi kungaguma maitiro pamwe yemhangura:

• Cú + 2h ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2h ₂ Haiwa + SO _2.

Sarufa: kosha ehupfumi

Sarufa ndiyo zvikasawanirwa Kufananidzira kuchikosha zvipenyu. Zviri chikamu amino acids (methionine uye cysteine), makemikari uye mavhitaminzi. chaikosha ichi rinobatanidzwa paumbwe tertiary nemamiriro puroteni. Huwandu mishonga akasungirwa nesarufa huri mapuroteni, riri kurema kubva 0,8 kusvika 2.4%. The zviri chinhu Muviri anenge 2 magiramu por 1 kg kurema (i.e., anenge 0.2% rwesarufa).

Useful ehupfumi of zvisaririra chinhu hachigoni dzakanaka. Kudzivirira protoplasm ropa, sarufa une mubatsiri muviri pakurwisa mabhakitiriya anokuvadza. It zvinoenderana chitsama pakugwamba, kuti chinhu ichocho kunobatsira kuramba zvayo zvakakwana chechetere. Sarufa unoitawo basa kuramba kuipa kwevari bile wevasungwa zvinoberekwa muviri.

"Beauty chicherwa" unowanzonzi, nekuti zvakakodzera chaizvo kuchengetedza utano ganda, bvudzi uye zvipikiri. Sarufa yokusafa kukwanisa kudzivirira muviri siyana zvinokonzerwa Environmental Impact. Zvinobatsira kunetesa vasachembera. Nesarufa rabvisa muviri muchetura uye anotidzivirira nemwaranzi, ndiro kunyanya kukosha iye zvino, akapa ano kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kushomeka yakawanda zvisaririra zvinhu pamuviri kunogona kukonzera murombo kubviswa tsvina, pasi kutapata uye kugwinya.

Sarufa - ubatanidzwe kwemabhakitiriya photosynthesis. Zviri chezvinonhuwira bacteriochlorophyll uye rehydrogen sulfide - kunobva rehydrogen.

Sera: zvivako uye mafomu mu indasitiri

The kushandiswa nevakawanda sarufa kuti pave sulfuric acid. Uyewo ehupfumi ino zvinhu kubvumira kushandiswa kwayo nokuda vulcanization kuti rabha, sezvinoita fungicide mune zvokurima uye kunyange zvinodhaka (colloid sarufa). Uyezve, sarufa rinoshandiswa kuti pagadzirwe machisi uye pyrotechnic nziyo, ndiyo chikamu paakagadzira nziyo serobitumnyh seroasfalta.