Mutengo wekuita kwechimiro. Ndeipi chiyero chekupindura?

Muhutano hwehutano, kufanana kwemasimba ezviratidzo mumunda we morphology, biochemistry uye kushanda kwemuviri wemunhu kunonzi inowanzo. Zvose zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nehutano hwehupenyu. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana, zvirongwa zvehupenyu zvinogadzirisa zvakakwana kune chero mamiriro ezvinhu, izvo zvinoreva kuzadzika kwayo.

Kufungidzira kwekushanda kwehupenyu hwemhando yehupenyu kunoreva kushanda kwakakwana kwezvidziviriro zvinoshandiswa nemari shoma ine simba. Mamiriro emuviri anogona kugara akataridzirwa nekuvimba nechimwe chinhu chakadai sehuwandu hwekuita.

Misiyano iri pakati pehuwandu hwekuita uye hutachiona

Izvozvo zvinogona kuchinja kwehutano hwemararamiro, izvo zvakananga zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, ndiyo inopindura mutengo. Chirwere chekuberekwa chinotorwa sechirongwa chisina kukwana kana kuti chakawedzerwa kupindura kwehupenyu pahutano hwehupenyu. Izvo zvinotarisana zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana.

Dambudziko mukugadzirisa pfungwa idzi ndechekusiyana-siyana kwezviratidzo zvinoshanda uye zvemagetsi - zvinoenderana nemamiriro emuviri omunhu. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti panguva yekuvandudzwa kwehutano hwehutano, pane nguva dzose kugadzirisa kwekukuvara nekudzivirirwa. Pane zviitiko apo zviratidzo izvi zvakadzokidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe.

Munhu wose anoziva kuti hutano hunonzi hupenyu hwehupenyu hunobva mune zvenyama, mupfungwa uye mune zvehupfumi, uye kwete kungovapo kwechirwere kana kukanganisa kwekunze. Miedzo yakawanda uye inoculations inobvumira kuongorora kwakarurama kwehupenyu hwemuviri womunhu. Izvo zvinoshandiswa pakuita chiitiko chikamu chinokosha chekuongororwa.

Chinangwa chei Pirke (test Mantoux)

Vose vana vanoitwa "bhodhi" mushure megore rokutanga rehupenyu, saka munhu wese anoenda nenzira iyi muchikoro. Muenzaniso wacho unotorwa kuti uone muviri wevanhu nokuda kwekuvapo kwebhetus bacillus. Mhandoux inogadziriswa yakaenzana nehukuru hwekuvhiringidza panzvimbo yejojo. Paganda pakarepo mushure mekuedzwa, unogona kuona kushungurudzika zvishoma - izvi zvinoshandiswa pamutsara we tuberculin. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezviito zvekuchengetedza zveT-lymphocyte - ndezvezviputi zveropa izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuchengetedzwa kwepachiviri pamasero. Chinokosha chekuedza ndechokuti microbacteria yakatumirwa ndiyo maginiti emakiromita anobatsira, achiita kuti vaswedere pedyo neganda. Nzira inowanzoitika kune tuberculin i-lymphocytes, "inozivikanwa" nechirwere chinonzi tuberculosis chechirwere. Kana pane chikwata cheKoch mumuviri, kupindura kuchava kwakanyanya. Saizvozvowo, munyaya iyi chiyero chine chiitiko chakanaka.

Kururamisira kwemuedzo

Kuvhiringidzika kubva pakuiswa kwe tuberculin kunoonekwa sechirongwa chemagetsi. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chiitiko chakanaka chekuedza hachisi uchapupu hwekuvapo kwechirwere - zvinokurudzirwa kuitisa zvidzidzo zvakadzama, somuenzaniso, fluorography uye sputum tsika. Kana mushure mokunge mawana madhigirii ose anodiwa vanogona kuziva kuti zvakajeka sei.

Chimiro chekupindura kwevana nevakuru pamusana pekuedzwa kwePirka chakasiyana zvikuru nehukuru. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti chizvarwa chekare hachiwanzopfuura chiyero chechirwere chetachiona.

Mantoux reaction: zvakajairika mune munhu mukuru

Asati asarudzwa naPirke, nyanzvi inotanga kuongorora. Kana zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinoratidzika semuongorori wevakuru, izvi zvinogona kuitwa, asi kazhinji nyanzvi dzinoshandisa x-rays.

Mhando yakasiyana yeMantoux inobvira. Chimiro mumunhu mukuru ndechepule, iyo yakakura haina kudarika 21 mm. Chiyero chinoshandiswa kuzivisa varwere vane utachiona, asi kwete varwere. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti munhu mukuru anogona kuwana tuberculosis neMantoux nekusingaperi, saka nzira yakanakisisa yekuona inofungidzirwa inonzi fluorography.

Heredity

Pasi pesimba rezvakatipoteredza, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kuchinja. Nokuda kwemhuka yakasiyana-siyana, kusiyana kwakasiyana kwechiratidzo chacho kunokwanisika, asi hazvirevi kupfuura zvinowanzoitika. Somuenzaniso, kureba, uremu uye simba remuviri zvinogona kuvimba nehutano hwakanaka, uye ruvara rwebvudzi rinotora nhaka. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvipenyu hazvigari nhaka humwe unhu, asi kukwanisa kuratidza zvimwe zvinhu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa, chimiro chekuita kwechiratidzo chinopfuura.

Kusiyana kwechirongwa chekuchinja

Mhinduro yakawanda yehuwandu ndiyo zviratidzo zvehuwandu zvinotungamirirwa nema polygens (uremu, mukaka, ruvara rweganda). Rudzi rwekusiyana hungave rwakasiyana. Nhengo shoma inopindurwa inotaridzika kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye inoshandurwa zvakanyanya (chirwere cheropa kana maziso eziso).

Kukwanisa kuitika kwemuti

Chinhu chikuru chekushaya chirwere ndechekuderera kana kuwedzera acidity (pH). Chimiro chemuviri wekuvhenekera kunoonekwa kana uchidya kudya kwakakodzera. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinopindurwa zvinonzi hazvina zvematongerwo enyika (pH = 7) kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma (pH inowanikwa kubva pa5 kusvika ku7). Izvi zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa kuverenga vanhu vakuru nevana vanodya zvokudya zvakavhenganiswa. Vese vacheche vanoyamwisa vane mazamu anonwisa mazamu havaiti zvematongerwo enyika kana e-alkaline. Acidity zvakananga inobva pane zvokudya. Apo kushandiswa kwe-alkaline kunogona kupedzerwa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemiti yakawanda yemiriwo, soda kana chingwa. Kuwedzera aciditi kunoitika mushure mekutora mapuroteni nemafuta ekudya, chingwa chakachena, pamwe nekugara kwenguva refu kubva pakudya. Pane kusiyana kwakasiyana kwemuti, chimiro chiri kuchinja zvakare.

Kuwanda kwemuti

Pfungwa iyi inokoshawo mukuongorora. Munhu anofungidzirwa aine hutano kana zviratidzo zvichibva pa1003 kusvika 1,028 units. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo inogamuchirwa inotaridzika inowanikwa kubva ku1001 kusvika ku1040. Kuchinja kunobatwa nekudya kwakakodzera uye kushandiswa kwemvura yakakwana. Kuwedzera kwezvikamu kunotsamira pakudya nyama, potency, kurutsa kana chirwere. Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwekuderedza kunogona kusanganiswa nemidziyo.

Kukosha kwezvinhu zviri mumuguta

Izvi zvipukanana zvinoratidzika pakusiyana kwechimiro. Kuongorora kwemugine kunopa vanachiremba pfungwa yakakwana yenhamba inodiwa yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvikamu zvakadai sokuti:

• Protein;
• Bilirubin;
• Nhamba yeglucose;
• Urobilin;
• Bile acid acid (pigments);
• Indikan;
• Ketone miviri.

Izvi zvinongororwa zvehupenyu zvinogona kugadziriswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Nhasi, iyo inoshandiswa nguva dzose inotsvakurudza zviripo uye test strips. Rudzi rwekutanga runokwanisa kuratidzira pakarepo kurongeka kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, uye yechipiri nzira inoshandiswa chete kuti iongorore zvinangwa uye inopa mhinduro nenzira ye "pane / hapana chimiro chemuumbi mumuguta." Chimiro chekutora kuongorora munhu ane hutano kunogona kuva puroteni (0.03 gramu) kana urobilinogen (6-10 micromol / zuva). Zvimwe zvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa pamusoro apa hazvipo mumuguta, zvisinei zvinoratidza kuvapo kwechirwere chacho. Kune nguva dzose zvisipo, somuenzaniso, mutoro wakasimba, hypothermia kana kupisa, kuwedzerwa manzwiro - izvi zvose zviri nyore zvinokonzera kuwedzera kweproteni kusvika ku 3-5 g, asi zvinoratidzawo kuti uriniti inopindura inowanzoitika. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwechikamu ichi kunogona kunge kuripo nekuda kwenhamba yakawanda yemasero eropa, mabhakitiriya kana leukocyte.

Shingai mumugini

Apo nhanho yekugadzirisa zvisikwa zvezvinhu zvakatorwa uye kuvapo kwezvinhu zviri mukati mairi zvakapedzwa, mvura yacho inoshandiswa mune imwe centrifuge chaiyo. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemhuka zvinowanikwa mu laboratori pasi pe microscope. Kuita kwakadaro kunobatsira kutsanangura chairo chaiyo chezvinhu zvinotevera zvezvinhu zvipenyu: leukocytes, masero matsvuku eropa, makirindi, epithelium, makristori emunyu, masikiti, mabhakitiriya.

Mashoko pamusoro pezvinhu zvinowanikwa mumuguta

Zvose zvinoratidzira mufananidzo wakakwana wezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mumuviri, nehuwandu hwezvinyore nyore kugona kuvapo kwechirwere.

Leukocytes

Chimiro chakajairika che leukocytes mumunhu ane utano ndechekuti:

• 0-3 - nekuda kwevarume;
• 0-5 - mumadzimai.

Kana iri mukuongorora urini kune kuwedzera kukuru kwezvikamu zvehupenyu, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuvapo kwekuvhiringidza muviri wemunhu.

Erythrocytes

Mukushayikwa kwezvirwere, zvinhu zvinenge zvisati zvichisimbiswa mune zvinokonzera sediment kana kune zvikamu zvemasero. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune zvikonzero zvehutano uye zvepanyama zvinokonzera zvinhu izvi. Nzira yekutanga inosanganiswa nehosha ye genitourinary system. Zvinokonzerwa nezvinonzwisisika ndezvekuti: kunyanya kuedza muviri; Nguva yakareba mamiriro ezvinhu; Reception sulfanilamidnyh mari kana kugadzirira anticoagulant type. Kusiyana kwakadaro kunoreva kushanduka kwechimiro uye hazvirevi nguva dzose kuvapo kwezvirwere.

Cylinders

Zvinhu izvi zvine marudzi anotevera:

• Hyaline;
• Granular;
• Waxy;
• Epithelial;
• Leukocyte;
• Erythrocyte.

Zvose zviri pamusoro apa, kuwedzera kune yekutanga, inofanira kunge isipo mune urinary sediment. Zvirwere zve hyaline rudzi runogona kuitika mumunhu ane hutano pasi pesimba re:

• Mvura inotonhorera (kushambidza, kuputika, nezvimwewo);
• Purogiramu yemuviri;
• Overvoltage;
• Shanda pane zvakanyanya kutonhora (zvinopisa marudzi ekugadzirwa, kupisa mumugwagwa).

Muzviitiko izvi, zvinhu zvakaonekwa hazviongororwi sechirwere, asi ndezvechimiro chekuchinja kwemazuva ose, pane izvozvi pfungwa ye "chimiro chekuita" inoshandawo.

Epithelium

Izvo zvinowanikwa mumagetsi ekuvhenekera ndekuwanikwa kwemasero masere, kazhinji chiyero ichi chakaenzana nhatu. Izvo zvinotevera zvipenyu zvezvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana:

• Flat urethral (urogenital canal);
• Nguva duku, iri muitsvo, ureters uye chikwata;
• Kidyo.

Mukusavapo kwehutano hwehutano hwakanaka, mukadzi anogona kuva nenzvimbo yakakwirira yepentelium yakazara. Kazhinji, kuwedzera kwenhamba yemasero kunoratidza kuvapo kwehutano. Chiitiko chekudzivirira kwemhando dzakasiyana dze epithelium chinogona kupupurira nezvezvirwere.

Slime

Chimiro chemasviki muvanhu vane hutano ndechokusavapo zvachose. Kuonekwa kwechimwe chinhu kunoreva kuvapo kwehutachiona muzvikamu zvekuvhenekera.

Mabhakitiriya

Mune urinary sediment yemunhu ane hutano, zvinowanzoita kusavapo kwebhakitiriya, kuratidzika kwaro kunogona kungoitika panguva yehutachiona uye hwekuvhiringidza muhutano hwekubereka.

Salt in the analysis

Muchidimbu chemuti, zvinotevera zvipenyu zvehupenyu zvakasiyana: oxalates, urates, tripple phosphates. Kuonekwa kwekristasi mukuongorora kunogona kuenderana nekuchinja kwekudya kana kuti asidi yezvinyorwa zvakatorwa, chiyero chemvura inopedzwa, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Semuenzaniso, nhamba huru yemamato matsva muzvokudya inotungamirira kuonekwa kwei oxalates mumuguta. Kushandiswa kwekakoti nguva dzose, waini (tsvuku) uye nyama inotungamirira kune maitiro ehuti. Mamwe makristasi emunyu anowira muzvinyorwa chete mumasikirwo emasikirwo, uye kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinomuka chete mu-alkaline. Kubva pane izvi zvinotevera kuti kuchinja kwe acidity mumugariro wekuvhota ndiko kutanga kwekristalllization ye salt. Izvo zvisati zvaitika, zvakaparadzwa zvachose uye zvisingazivikanwi mukuongorora.

Mushure mokuverenga nyaya iyi, unogona kuvimba nechivimbo kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo pamusoro pezvinoitwa nehuwandu.