Nadezhda Teffi biography uye zvisikwa. Brief biography yaNadezhda Alexandrovna Lokhvitskaya

Zviratidzo zveRussia mabhuku zvinowanzoumbwa mumunhu nekudzidzira chikoro chirongwa. Hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti ruzivo urwu rwakakanganisika zvachose. Asi vanoratidzira nyaya yacho kubva pakakwana. Mamwe mazita anokosha uye zviitiko zvakasara kunze kwekorosi yechikoro. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzi anowanzopfuura nekuongorora kwakanyatsonaka kwebhuku pamusoro pechiratidzo chakanakisisa kazhinji haatombozivi kuti ndiani Teffi Nadezhda Alexandrovna. Asi kazhinji idzi dzinonzi mazita emutsara wechipiri dzinofanirwa kunyatsotarisirwa.

Kutarisa kubva kune rimwe gungwa

Kune tarenda yose uye yakajeka yaNadezhda Alexandrovna Teffi ane hanya zvikuru ndeavo vose vasina hanya ne nguva inokosha yeRussia nhoroondo, iyo yaakazogara nayo uye yekusika. Hazvina kunyorwa kuti munyori uyu anogona kuverengwa kune nyeredzi dzinyorwa dzekutanga kukura, asi mufananidzo wenguva iyo pasina iyo haichazokwanisi. Uye kunyanya kwatiri isu tiri kutarisa tsika dzeRussia uye nhoroondo kubva kune avo vakazviwana pachavo kune rumwe rutivi rwekuparara kwezvakaitika kare. Uye kunze kweRussia, maererano nemashoko ekufananidzira, yaiva iyo kondinendi yose yemweya yevanhu veRussia uye tsika dzeRussia. Nadezhda Teffi, uyo mazita ake akaparadzaniswa kuita zvikamu zviviri, anotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani vanhu veRussia avo nemaune havana kubvuma kupinduka uye vakanga vari varwisana navo. Vaiva nezvikonzero zvakanaka zveizvi.

Nadezhda Teffi: biography pamusoro pemamiriro ekupedzisira

Mutsara wokutanga weNadezhda Alexandrovna Lokhvitskaya wakaitwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi nemaminitsi mashomanana mabhuku mumaguta makuru periodicals. Chaizvoizvo, idzi dzaiva satirical ndima uye satirical nyaya pamusoro pehurukuro dzaive nehanya nevanhu. Kuvonga kwavo, Nadezhda Teffi nokukurumidza akawana mukurumbira uye akave akakurumbira mumhuri mbiri dzeRussia Empire. Uyu mukurumbira wekunyora, wakawanikwa mumakore mashoma, wakanga wakashamisika wakaoma. Hapana chaigona kukanganisa kufarira kwevanhu mubasa reTeffi. Nhoroondo yake inosanganisira hondo, kurwisana uye makore akawanda ekubuda munyika. Mvumo yekunyora yemunyori nemunyori yakaramba isina unchallenged.

Kubata nickname

Mubvunzo wekuti Nadezhda Alexandrovna Lokhvitskaya wakava sei Nadezhda Teffi akakodzera kunyatsoteerera. Kubvumirwa kwepseudonym kwaiva kwaari kumanikidzirwa, nokuti pasi pezita rechokwadi zvakanga zvakaoma kuparidzira. Imwe hanzvadzi huru yeTariro, Mirra Lokhvitskaya, akatanga basa rake rekunyora kare kare, uye zita rake rakanga rave rave rakakurumbira. Nadezhda Teffi pachake, uyo mazita ake akaparadzirwa, kazhinji muhupenyu hwake anotaura muRussia anotaura kuti akasarudza zita remusikana webenzi uyo ainzi "Staffy" sepseudonym. Imwe tsamba yaifanira kutemwa kuitira kuti munhu wacho asina chikonzero chisina musoro chekuzvikudza.

Ndima uye nyaya dzinoseka

Chinhu chokutanga chinouya mupfungwa paunoziva nehupenyu hwekusika wemudetembi, iri izwi rakakurumbira Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - "Brevity - hanzvadzi yetarenda." Mabasa ekutanga eTeffi anoenderana naye zvakakwana. Ndima uye zvinyorwa zvemunyori wekusingaperi wemagazini yakakurumbira "Satyricon" nguva dzose dzisingatarisirwi, dzakanaka uye vane tarenda. Vateereri vaigara vachimirira kuenderera mberi, uye munyori haana kuvhiringidza vanhu. Zvakanyanya kuoma kuwana mumwe munyori akadaro avo vaverengi nevanoyemura vaiva vanhu vakasiyana saMambo we Emperor Nikolai weChipiri uye mutungamiri wenyika yose Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Zvinogoneka kuti Nadezhda Teffi angadai akagara muchiyeuchidzo chezvizvarwa semunyori wezvinyorwa zvinonakidza zvinonakidza, kana kwete zvechamupupuriro zvezviitiko zvekuvandudza zvakafukidza nyika.

Revolution

Kutanga kwezviitiko izvi, izvo zvakashandura Russia zvakanyanya kuremekedzwa kwemakore mashomanana, zvinogona kuonekwa kubva munhau uye nheyo dzomunyori. Chinangwa chokubuda munyika hachina kusimuka mune imwe nguva. Pakupera kwa1918, Teffi, pamwechete nemunyori Arkady Averchenko, anototanga kufamba munyika, iyo inopfuta mumoto wehondo yevagari vemo. Panguva yekushanya, maitiro aive akarongwa pamberi pevanhu vose. Asi zviyero zvezviitiko zvinotanga zvakajeka zvisina kufungidzirwa. Rwendo rwakazvuzvurudzwa pamusoro pegore nehafu, uye zuva rimwe nerimwe rakava pachena kuti kwakanga kusina kudzoka shure. Nyika yeRussia pasi petsoka dzako yakanga ichikurumidza kukurumidza. Pamberi peGungwa Dzvuku chete uye nenzira yeConstantinople kusvika kuParis. Akazviita pamwe chete nemakamuri ekudzoka eWhite Army, Nadezhda Teffi. Nhoroondo yake yakaenda kune dzimwe nyika.

Emigration

Kurarama kure nenyika yekwako kwakange kusina kukwana kuti chero munhu ave asina kuoma uye asina dambudziko. Zvisinei, hutsika nemararamiro ehupenyu munyika yeRussia kuenderera mberi ndiyo yaive chinhu chikuru. Periodicals nemabhuku zvakabudiswa muParis neBerlin muchiRussia. Vanyori vakawanda vese simba rakakwana vakakwanisa kutendeuka bedzi kuhama. Zvakaitika mune zvematongerwe enyika zvezvematongerwe enyika zvakave chiitiko chakakosha chekugadzirisa, uye kupesana kwekumanikidzwa kubva kunyika yekuzvarwa kwakave chiitiko chenguva dzose yevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika. Unyanzvi hwaNadezhda Teffi hausi wepano pano. Mhemberero yekurasika kweRussia uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo yekuRussia yekuenda kune dzimwe nyika kwemakore akawanda ndiyo inonyanya kukoshesa mabhuku ake uye zvinyorwa muzviitiko.

Kuda kuziva kunogona kunzi chokwadi chezvechokwadi chekuti nyaya dzeNadezhda Teffi muna 1920 dzakabudiswa muSoviet Russia pachishandiswa Lenin pachake. Mune manotsi aya, akanyatsotaura zvisina kunaka pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvevamwe vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, vaBolshevik vakamanikidzwa kukanganwa nhetembo yakakurumbira mushure mokunge ava kuziva maonero ake pamusoro pavo.

Literary portraits

Nhaurwa dzakatsaurirwa pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvematongerwo enyika dzeRussia, tsika uye mabhuku, avo vose vakagara munyika yavo uye vakazviwana pachavo netsitsi yezvakaitika mumamiriro ekunze kunze kwemiganhu yayo, ndiwo musimboti wekugadzira kwaNadezhda Teffi. Mhemberero dzorudzi urwu dzinogara dzichikwezva. Mheyo pamusoro pevanhu vakakurumbira inongorangirwa kubudirira. Uye Nadezhda Teffi, ane biography shomanana yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zviviri zvakakura - hupenyu muMelandland uye mukutapwa, aive akazviziva nevakawanda vakawanda vakakurumbira. Uye aive nechimwe chinhu chaaigona kutaura pamusoro pavo kuvana nekugara. Mifananidzo yezviyero izvi chaizvoizvo uye inofadza - mafungiro ehupenyu hwemunyori wezvinyorwa kune munhu akaratidzwa.

Mapeji ezvinyorwa zvinonzi Teffi anotipa mukana wekuzivana nevanhu vakadaro saGrigory Rasputin, Vladimir Lenin, Alexander Kerensky. Nevanonyora vanyori uye vanyori - Ivan Bunin, Alexander Kuprin, Ilya Repin, Leonid Andreev, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Zinaida Gippius uye Vsevolod Meyerhold.

Kudzokera kuRussia

Upenyu hweTariro Teffi hwakatapwa hwaiva kure nekubudirira. Pasinei nokuti nyaya dzake uye zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa nyore nyore, mari yemitauro yakanga isina kugadzikana uye yakagadzirirwa kuti ivepo pane imwe nzvimbo kunze kwekugara kwemari. Munguva yekushanda kweFascist yeFrance, hupenyu hwevaRussia vaibva kune dzimwe nyika dzakaoma zvikuru. Pamberi pevanhu vakawanda vakakurumbira mubvunzo wekusarudza mutsika kwakamuka . Nadezhda Alexandrovna Teffi aibva kune iyo chikamu chevanhu veRussia kune dzimwe nyika avo vakanyatsoramba kubatana nekushandira pamwe. Uye chisarudzo chakadaro chakarambidza munhu kuti ataure urombo.

Nhoroondo yeNadezhda Teffi yakapera muna 1952. Akavigwa mudunhu reParis kumakuva akakurumbira eRussia aSaint-Genevieve-des-Bois. MuRussia, aida kuti adzokere mumabasa ake ezinyorwa. Zvakatanga kubudiswa muhukuru muSoviet periodical press mumakore ekuma makumi masere ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, panguva yeperestroika. Mabhuku eNadezhda Teffi akaonekwawo mune zvinyorwa zvakasiyana. Vakagamuchirwa zvakanaka nekuverengwa kwevanhu vose.