National pfuma - a ... RF upfumi. The National fuma Russia

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti National upfumi - kuva zvoupfumi yesangano dzenyika, nechokwadi upenyu hwevanhu, uyewo kugadzirwa kwenhumbi uye mabasa. Saka unoti nzira cheHurumende Statistics Komiti Russia. chikamu ichi zvoupfumi inechirevo upfumi zvinogona wenyika, rinonyatsoratidza kwenguva refu tariro yayo kukura.

Cherechedza unokosha chikwata: pfungwa National fuma chinoratidzwa muchikwata ichi - zvoupfumi zvinhu. Mukati hurumende konstitutsialnye zviumbu vane wavo vabatsirwe zvoupfumi hunhu. Tichifunga nokukurumidzira kuramba richiona yacho chinoratidza kuona kubudirira mutemo nezvoupfumi kunyika dzose dzose kusarudza kukura kwayo kana kuderera

Akashandiswa nzira enyika pakuverenga National fuma chinorondedzerwa nenzira mbiri: nzira nemitemo yenyika kana pachiyero.

nepakati nzira

National upfumi kana pakuverenga nengaidzo rinorondedzerwa so mambure nokururama mutengo zvakananga kubva patafura zviyero yesangano uye munataisireva (ona. Table 1), nokubuda amutsira siyana sectors hwenyika. Izvi - tsika yokutaura kuRussia (pakutanga - nokuti USSR) kuti aripo chakarurama ichi sezvo dzakaunganidzwa zvibereko basa, kureva, National upfumi akazviunganidzira kumarudzi pavanoparidza zviwanikwa muzvirongwa zveupfumi muitiro ...

Nzira kwemamiriro nemitemo yenyika

Zvisinei, sezvo nyanzvi dzinoti, negadziriro munhoroondo yenyika zvinobudirira kuona National upfumi. Izvi - chaizvo musika nzira, nokuti SNA ari pakati nepakati akagadzirwa zviratidzo kuratidza zvizere makro-upfumi ehurumende. Kuwedzera zvinhu zvakasikwa kushanda nevanhu, negadziriro munhoroondo yenyika uyewo inorangarira musiyano pakati mari yesangano (2) uye munataisireva mari (3).

Table 1. Yose zvayo maumbirwo National upfumi

National upfumi. mamiriro

Kutsanangura chii chinoumba chikamu National upfumi nzira azvaitwa National nhoroondo hurongwa, muchidimbu kurondedzera yenhengo dzayo.

Non-mari yesangano, ari pfuma zvechechi dzakabatana, inzira kuti kugadzirwa uye vasiri ezvoupfumi makomborero zvakawana. In ayo akafanana, zvinosanganisira wakaiswa yesangano (kugadzira uye asiri kugadzira), ano pfuma, uyewo tsika.

A maitiro chinoratidza yakatarwa yesangano iri yavo pfuma kakawanda kupinda mumagariro kubereka. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvivako zvivako, michina nemidziyo, yokufambisa uye kutaura, uye zvichingodaro. Vane kukwanisa kuderedza kukosha kwavo nokuda zvinhu uye tsika kudzikira. padanho kusakara kubva pazvinhu yesangano dzenyika - yakanakira hondo chakarurama. Kunyanya, Russian upfumi panguva ano pamwero kunoratidzwa chinokosha inorwara depreciation kubva pazvinhu zvinhu. Updating pavo - kukosha inoenda pakukura ehurumende.

Inventories zviri kuitika yesangano ane zvinhu hunhu - iri, zvikurukuru, mbishi zvinhu, dzapedza zvigadzirwa, zvinhu yakabereka kutengeswa, uyewo kutengwa nemari Resale. Hurumende muchinangwa kukura kugadzirwa zvekutepfenyura dzinongoita nemaonero ayo kuchengeteka makambani zvakakwana kushanda guru, ndiye "mbishi zvinhu" nokuti kugadzirwa (huni, zvinhu, zvakakodzera zvinhu, dyisa, mbeu uye zvichingodaro.). Zvisinei, chinokosha uye akadzika midzi zveupfumi Links kuti kutadzisa paumbwe kunyanyisa mumatanda ose apedza zvigadzirwa.

Mari yesangano sezvo chisingaoneki, chaizvoizvo yavo - ukoshi. Vane chinokosha: zvinoitika muridzi - zvinhu hama wacho ishamwari - zvinosungirwa.

Table 2. Zvinoumba National upfumi SNA nzira

Zvisinei, SNA nhamba regai kufungawo muchikwata pfupi mutete, mumwe mukuru zviratidzi norudzi upfumi - womunhu chinhu. basa rake munyaya ino zvichabviswa kutaurwa pashure. Pari, zvachiri takatsunga ne parameters dzakadai avhareji upenyu anotarisirwa, kuti chikamu riri kushanda nevanhu basa dzakagadzirirwa, zvinoshingaira basa nguva, mhuri kutenderera kuvapo, pakuberekwa mwero.

National upfumi. zvivako indekisi

Chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti National upfumi - chiyero kunofambira mberi, asi simba kuchinja pamusoro nguva. Zvikaonekwa chero zuva, ari residual ukoshi.

Chechipiri, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, national upfumi (NB) heterogeneous. Kune rumwe rutivi - kubva zviwanikwa, pazuva rimwe - zvibereko basa. Kunosanganisirawo zvose zvemari uye chisingaoneki zvinhu.

Chechitatu, National upfumi nyaya kuti pfuma yose pakuva nevagari, vanhu uye pamutemo masangano, kunyange kana zviri panze.

mamirire zvinoriumba

Statistics norudzi pfuma - haisi yunifomu. Hazvina ZVAKASIYANA kuti kuongorora zvakamisa hurongwa kunzwisisa ichi mufananidzo kuti unomuka kubva pezvawakaita. Kana iwe vanoshamisika pamusoro zvavo nemifananidzo, tinogona kuziva zvinotevera categorization:

1. Unplayable. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvicherwa, reserves vaneta (kunyanya maindasitiri nzira).

2. Playable. Zviri mubvunzo wakabvunzwa akagwinya yevagari pamusoro yesangano inoshandiswa uye nonproduction zvinangwa.

3. dzisingaiti. Izvi - anoziva kuti munyika vanhu, kunotangira ayo pamagariro, dzidzo uye rokubatsira vanhu munyika mitemo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakanaka, njere uye Kukodzera zvinogona.

4. Accounts kunyorerwa dzimwe nyika uye zvemari masangano.

Huru parameters

Statistics norudzi upfumi hunobva kuongorora parameters ayo. Uchibatsirwa yavo, kunzwisisa zviri yakavhenekerwa midziyo mamiriro ehurumende; simba rinomutsa of National Bank; Kushandisa kwake ehurumende; zvinoriumba, mari uye mamiriro; sezvamunoita uye kukura; mhando wokuberekana National upfumi uye yenhengo dzayo; Chikamu characterization.

Nokudaro, National Bank rinomiririrwa sezvo kutaridza zvokunyama uye zvoupfumi zviwanikwa, zvakananga kukanganisa rakawedzerwa kubereka munzanga.

zviwanikwa zvenyika. nhamba

Russian Academy of Sciences zvinofungidzirwa yose nyika National upfumi. zvazvingava ichi akanga akatsunga pachishandiswa kwenhoroondo World Bank mashoko. Its chamunowana pamavambo XXI remakore ari uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. nokuti nyika yose yakanga $ 550 tiririyoni. Funga zviri zvayo chimiro ruzivo. Mugove guru yevanhu zvinoita chikamu chikuru - $ 350 tiririyoni, Natural Resources - $ 95 tiririyoni, maindasitiri uye asiri zvibereko zvinhu - $ 90 tiririyoni.

Maererano nenhamba, 50% rudzi upfumi hwenyika ndowenyika dzakabudirira kuWestern Europe, USA, Canada uye Japan. National Bank of United States vanofungidzirwa pa $ 24 tiririyoni, $ 95 matiririyoni National upfumi weOPEC anodzora chikamu chikuru reserves munyika mafuta, 40% kwayo kugadzirwa uye nyika mitengo nokuti. Nyika dzaiumba Kishi ndezvevanhu National Bank, vanoumba $ 80 tiririyoni.

Maererano masayendisiti dzataurwa pamusoro vanofungidzira national pfuma Russia ndiyo $ 60 tiririyoni. The chezvinonhuwira womunhu chinhu mairi - $ 30 tiririyoni, zviwanikwa - $ 24 tiririyoni, maindasitiri uye asiri zvibereko zvinhu - $ 6 tiririyoni.

The pamusoro Kuwanda National upfumi hwenyika rairatidzwa Table 3.

Table 3. Mamiriro National upfumi

The National fuma Russia

Characteristically, Russia ndezvaiye vakawanda paanopfuura dzimwe nyika maererano nepfuma paminiti imwe mugari (400 thous. $), Ndeupi nekanoda avhareji nyika. Sezvineiwo, avhareji arambe achirema yeRussian vakawanda pa mativi kiromita ndiyo 8.39 munhu apo muFrance nhamba 119, nokuti Italy - 200,52, Germany - 229,12.

Chaizvo kunyatsoongorora national pfuma Russia. Land Fund nayo - 12,5% wenyika. In Russia ndiyo hafu yenyika Freshwater reserves, vanopfuura 50% yenyika dema, vanopfuura 60% kubva coniferous Masango panyika. mumatanda Russian pakati zviwanikwa zviri yakawanda chaizvo, anogara chinokosha mugove munyika zviwanikwa. Kunyanya, RF gasi reserves vanoumba 32% mafuta munyika - 13%; zingi - 15%; simbi - 26%; kabhoni - 11%; zingi - 15%; nickel - 36%.

Raw hunhu hwenyika

Nyanzvi dzinoti upfumi Russian Federation panguva ino yava mbishi zvinhu. Zvinorevei? A yakawanda kuti oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye gasi (anenge 75%) iri aivigirwa uye chete muzvina wapera mudzimai kumusika. In sechivako reRussia GDP mushoma mafuta uye gasi ndiwo chinokosha mugove: anenge 32%, ukuwo ouinjiniya zvigadzirwa - vanenge 5%. Zvapedzisira mufananidzo, sezvo tinochinzwisisa, asingadi dzinoenderana zvoupfumi uye masayendisiti zvinogona weRussia. All nyaya iri mharidzo chaiyo iri yose musika kudiwa mbishi zvinhu nokuda protectionist mitemo kuWest vakananga skill- uye guta kuchinyanya zvigadzirwa akanzi "yakaitwa Russia".

Dynamics okuwana mafuta Russian kunoratidza kukura tsika. Pari bhuku rayo kugadzirwa zvinoorora nhamba zvikuru hafu bhiriyoni matani. Russian upfumi huri nyore kuti mari pakutengeserana kubva pakutengeswa ramafuta, kusanganisira nokuti mari iri michina zvekutepfenyura, vachibvumira kuenda michina mitsva. Izvozvo mined mu Russia, "dema goridhe" Table 4 inoratidza.

Table 4: mafuta Russian

Vazhinji mafuta wokuRussia (kutengeserana zita Urals) - 65% - anogadzirwa Tyumen mudunhu. Zvisinei, kwenguva refu kuchera munzvimbo kunoderedza panguva iyoyo sezvo East ari Far yaro projected kukura kuEastern Siberia.

Kunyange zvakawanda nezvomunhu kumuka emuchina gasi Russia (ona. Table 5). Analysis zvoupfumi zviratidzi akaratidza dambudziko riri kuitika: ari reorientation hwenyika pamusoro kunyatsoshanda pakati mbishi zvinhu akapfuudza kumhanya kukura zvokuimba okugadzira.

Table 5. Dynamics negasi kurimwa muRussia

Zvisinei, kuti tinyatsonzwisisa reRussia National upfumi kwaizova kukwana pasina constraints pamusoro kusimba kwayo chokuwanziridza. Vane systemic. In Russia iri guta dzevanhu mu National upfumi Nhoroondo kuti 50% of kuwanda, zviri zviwanikwa - 32% okuwana guru uye asiri kugadzirwa ukuwo - 18%. Panguva iyoyowo, national fuma munyika Western Europe, nhamba yevanhu chinhu 78,4%.

Aitungamirira basa womunhu chakaita ezvinhu National upfumi

Maererano nenyanzvi, kwete chete Mhedziso ukoshi mashoko, asiwo nemamiriro National pfuma chinhu chinokosha tinoitira wehurumende. The nezvoupfumi of Chicago chikoro muna 70s wekupedzisira remakore akaita chinokosha akawana ari nemamiriro National Bank of kutungamirira basa reDare womunhu chinhu. Takatodzidza kutaurwa kuti unhu racho kunoyerwa akawanda zvinoriumba: unhu uye upenyu anotarisirwa, dzidzo uye kwakakomba kugadzirwa pamunhu. Kana chikamu zana apfuura, Russian Federation pamusoro indekisi ichi vaiva 23th nzvimbo, kuti ikozvino - 66th.

Privatization kana sabhoteji pamusoro womunhu chinhu?

Various zvinhu National pfuma yakasiyana siyana nehanya kuti zvoupfumi. Pokutangira kutsunga guru womunhu kwayo tinyatsonzwisisa zvipfuwo basa pamusika.

Zvinokosha kuti panguva iyi mari kugadzirisa pachena nemauto, kurimwa kutotadzisa zeroed. mutengo uyu duku yaiva hwaro munyika Pricing. Somugumisiro, mashoko entrepreneur nhume aiva mukana kuti zvokufungidzira ndiwo mugove kagumi hombe GDP pane unyanzvi vashandi maindasitiri.

Panguva privatization USSR zvibereko zvinhu ukoshi paminiti basa zvinofungidzirwa varidzi vatsva kuwanda 0.1 - 0.5 $ fung .. Enzanisa kutsunga mumusika mutengo US makambani kwakavakirwa kukosha vashandi 100 zviuru. $. Kunyanya, žil kambani mazana-kuzviuru kubasa akanga privatized for $ 16 miriyoni. Saizvozvowo privatized Uralmash, GAZ, uye zvebhizimisi dzakawanda mamwe maitiro.

Nekushandura Russian upfumi pasi, zvichienderana zvatinopiwa ari "Washington Consensus" muna 1990 havana kuchinja imbalances izvi. Zvakasimba mari mutemo, pamwe chete kutengeserana mazvake hakurevi rokugadzirisa zvinhu. Pari muna Russian Federation 20% kuraswa mari, regai kupa mupenyu mubayiro chete nhengo yemhuri. Nokuti kubereka yevanhu chinhu (kunyanya mu mukugadzira), hatifaniri zvakanangwa zveupfumi mitemo.

mhedziso

The National upfumi Russian Federation panguva ino Danho kunoda chinokosha revaluation yenhengo dzayo kuti pave yakagadzikana kukura simba. Chinokosha kuwedzera nhamba guru kwevanhu. Kuti aite izvi, zvinopa humwe mari uye zviwanikwa. The oligarchs achafanira kugoverana dzavo "piece keke" kuti reRussia GDP, zvavakanga ukuparadze uye kune Western mabhanga deposits.

Saka basa vanhu, kungokangaidzwa maximizing yavanowana, zvichaita sokunge kuti mari iri guta dzevanhu Russia - kupfuura kunobatsira, uye kudzidza kuti vave zvakanyatsorongwa. Zvichida pfungwa iyi inofanira kuva wakakwana kuna "tsanangura kuti" oligarchs nehurumende.

Ukuwo, achava rokuvaka uye anokosha kwezvivako, kuzvidzora uye nechokwadi zviri kunyatsoshanda kuti mari iri yevanhu chinhu.