Mari, Inishuwarenzi
Ndeipi accumulative chikamu mudyandigere uye inishuwarenzi? Kutamisirwa nguva tinofanira kugara chikamu mudyandigere. Ndezvipi mudyandigere inishuwarenzi yacho, uye chii tinofanira kugara
Funga nezveremangwana rako, uye toronga vavo vakwegura - ndiwo ndaisagona kutaura kuti upenyu. Uye kumadokero munyika chido vagari zvizere mitemo ichishanda kwemakumi akawanda emakore. MuRussia, kuti mudyandigere kuchinja kuita kwenguva refu, zvishoma kupfuura gumi. Pasinei neizvi, vakawanda kushanda vagari kuti nhasi havagoni kunzwisisa accumulative chikamu pensions uye inishuwarenzi, uye, naizvozvo, chii chii uwandu kuchengeteka vachatsanya pakukwegura. Kuti wofunga nyaya iyi, unofanira uzive zvinotevera mashoko pazasi.
Vasati 2002, dzemaitirwe pakati pensions vakatora nzvimbo pamusoro "pfungwa yokubatana", iro rave richishandiswa kubvira mumazuva USSR. Kunze, kwakadaro kuparadzirwa gadziriro inonzi «muripo Pamunoenda», izvo zvinoreva kuti "kubhadhara sezvo iwe enda" rinoshandurwa mumutauro wokuRussia. Musimboti ino kwakanga kuti mudyandigere mipiro kushanda zvose vomunyika akaparadzirwa pakati vanhu vari oga panguva. Izvi zvakanga musoro chaizvo uye mhosva, asi chete kusvikira nguva yakadai mudyandigere mutoro haana kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Kare, shoma uwandu nazvo anozorora pane rimwe pamudyandigere 2 - 2.5 kushanda vanhu, asi kuparara wevanotungamirira ezvinhu, nhamba iri kuita shoma nokukurumidza munyika. Uye, maererano nenyanzvi, sezvo mangwanani sezvo makore 2020 okuberekwa, reshiyo ichi chichava 1: 1.
Mukuwedzera, mipiro kusvikira inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere ayo deducted anodawo vagari mudyandigere Fund, kuita mashandiro ehurumende mari iri mazuvaano hwenyika. Kuchinja mudyandigere mitemo, hurumende kwete chete kunovimbisa nezveramangwana vanhu avo, asi anogamuchira chinokosha aizomupa guta iri pachavo kukura kwavo.
Musimboti ari kuchinja uye paumbwe basa mudyandigere
Kubva 2002, vakapinda nechisimba 4 mutemo yokudzora basa pakati nepakati mudyandigere hurongwa. Asi kutaura chokuchinja maererano zviri magwaro aya, hazvibviri, sezvo vari chokuchinja kubva kuparadzira gadziriro, kuti pre-yaivapo, pakuparadzirwa uye kuwanda.
Sezvo kupinda rehondo mitemo mutsva paumbwe basa mudyandigere rinoitwa munyika Ops ino (the fanira kurega inishuwarenzi), uye inoitwa chikuru zvikamu zvitatu: inishuwarenzi, chikuru uye mari. Kana kukura pensions, izvozvo rinowanikwa maererano nzira yakatangwa mutemo batana.
Kazhinji, asi kuchinja akabvumira vagari Russian kudzora pachavo mudyandigere wavo, kuwedzera mari dzavo kuburikidza private utariri makambani kana kushandiswa private mudyandigere mari.
The dambudziko chikuru pensioners
Pasinei nokuti mudyandigere kuchinja mu Russia yave kushanda kwenguva refu, vakwegura vakawanda uye kushanda vagari vachiri vasina afunga kuti ichi accumulative chikamu mudyandigere uye inishuwarenzi. Uye, naizvozvo, haagoni zvakanaka kurasa mari dzavo uye awane vakadzikama purofiti. Ndicho chikonzero, uchitanga kufunga munhu ano mudyandigere gadziriro, vanofanira kuongorora dzinokosha idzi. Uye chete pashure pehurukuro, kana kuti uchatamisa mari chikamu pensions uye sei kuita izvozvo?
The mudyandigere hurongwa 2002-2010
All vashandirwi Federation, maererano nomutemo zvinoshanda, kamwe pamwedzi anofanira kubhadhara mipiro kuti mudyandigere Fund iri uwandu 20% of mari kuti mushandi mumwe nomumwe. Kusvikira pakuguma 2007 nhamba yaiva muzvikamu zvitatu: 4% akanga mari chikamu, 10% - inishuwarenzi, uye, naizvozvovo, 6% - chawo. nokuparadzirwa uku haana zvachose akanaka kune vagari vanoda kuwedzera mari yavo kubva oupfumi uye mudyandigere kuwana rakanaka uwandu pamwedzi yokuzvigadzirisa. Sezvo January 2008, akapinda simba Mutemo wakagadziridzwa wokuita pamusoro mudyandigere kuchinja. Maererano navo, chikamu inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere yakanga kuderedzwa 2 zviyero, izvo kune imwe chekuchengeta nyaya.
Kana munhu Entrepreneurs, zvino, maererano nomutemo, ivo vanofanira kubhadhara PF pamwedzi pachena wakaiswa zvazvingava. For Masangano upi muridzi, vachishandisa inokosha Yokudzidza hurongwa mitero, akagovera zvipo kuti inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere iri uwandu 10% uye 4% - iri mari.
Basic chikamu pensions
Zviduku chinoumba mabasa mudyandigere chawo mugove iyo zvachose ndee mari isingachinji mamiriro sechinhu garandi kune vagari. Pakutanga, zvakanga rubles 450 muna 2002, asi mari iyi indexed kuti mitengo ose gore.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, pamutemo, zvinokosha mudyandigere rinotsigirwa nemari kubva mwedzi mipiro kuti vashandirwi bvisa kubva PF. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti mari iyi haisi kukwana kuti muripo, naizvozvo compensates nokuda batana bhajeti. Pashure pezvose, pasinei kukura inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere zvitsigiro achipinda kuitika nguva nezvenhoroondo PF, hurumende inofanira kuzadzisa ayo mitoro kupa vagari kudzivirirwa munzanga.
mari iri basa kupa vagari vose zvasvika mudyandigere zera, ane ruzivo marobhoti ndiwo makore anopfuura mashanu. Manzwisisiro zvichikwira zvazvingava rinovimba chete vanhu pamusoro makore 80, vanhu vakaremara uye vanhu vakaremara paanofa. In musimboti, mari iyi zvasungwa aimbova co-Mari, compensatory kushivirira uye shoma mudyandigere. Oo chikuru basa iri kupa zvimwe zvinokosha evanhu inopikira, izvo kunosimbiswa zita rayo chaizvo.
Kubvira mangwanani 2010, kuita chezvinonhuwira kuti mudyandigere hurongwa vakanyangarika, uye chikatsiviwa yakamisirwa chikamu inishuwarenzi mudyandigere.
Features mari mudyandigere
The kuitika mudyandigere kuchinja mumakore achangopfuura muRussia kunosanganisira kushandisa pfungwa dzakadai accumulative chikamu mudyandigere, iyo yakaumbwa kubva 6% zvipo deducted pamwedzi kubudikidza basa kuti mudyandigere Fund. A pachena chinoratidza kubva mamwe zvinoumba kuti mudyandigere zano ndechokuti "vapenyu" zvinoreva kuti kuwedzera kukura iri zvakakwana novimba mushandi. Musimboti wacho mari chikamu mudyandigere zvingangoguma anozvipira mari mari dzavo. Kana toreva zvinobvira kuwedzera dzakava guru kunotsamira kusarudza mubhizimisi nzira, mune mamwe mazwi, mumwe ari mari achapiwa utariri.
The kubhadhara yokutanga pasi ino mushure kuchinja vagari vakatanga kugamuchira kubva July 1, 2012, apo akapinda kushanda mutemo № 360-FL (vanhu gwaro iri nani kuzivikanwa so "Paymaster Mutemo"). Chokwadi, mari nokugamuchirwa vagari haisi guru chaizvo, zvose pfungwa uye izwi nemari, asi waiva danho rokutanga rekuona yakazvimirira kukwegura.
Nekushandura kuti mudyandigere hurongwa mberi panguva ino kuRussia. Vasaina mitemo zhinji yokudzora mipiro uye nzira rokuumba ndiro accumulative chikamu. Chimwe zvakagadzirwa izvo zvinofanira kuzivikanwa nevanhu vose, anoti kubvira 2015, chikamu ichi mudyandigere chichagadzirirwa vashandi zvose "default". Izvi zvinoreva kuti pasina pasi kuMudzidzisi chikumbiro kuti kuchinjwa mari pasi basa mamwe masangano mari chikamu rwoga anoenda inishuwarenzi.
Nhasi, kune zvitatu kuti mudyandigere nemari utariri, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ine mikana uye "ngozi".
Saka, chaunotanga kuita mudyandigere mari yako nemari - zviri chete kuvasiya paruzhinji PF. Ipfungwa yakanaka, haatarisiri zvekushandisa nguva uye nesimba pamusoro nyaya dzemapepa, asi kusarudza izvozvo, tinogona chete tariro kuti pakazotanga zvakakodzera zororo, mitengo achasiya kanenge shoma yokukwegura. Chimwe drawback chikuru ndechokuti munhu asingadi kupinda munhu chibvumirano ne PF uye asina mashoko akavimbika pamusoro mamiriro mari yavo. Kunakisa kutonga ichi, unogona kudana kuti vimbiso kudzoka mari ndiwo mamiriro pachayo.
Kusarudza wechipiri kuzoti mari, uye wokutanga ndiko nechokwadi chokuti mari chikamu mudyandigere zvinogona hwakatamisirwa Criminal Code of Management (basa kambani). The goho kubva oupfumi dzakadaro kunyange zvishoma, asi mitengo kunopfuura runovimbisa kuchengeteka mari. In musimboti ichi, kufanana yapfuura mumwe, rubatso wenyika, munhu anogona kamwe pagore kugamuchira mashoko avo kubhangi. Pasinei upfumi kubatsira zvemari utariri weCriminal Code ane soro mwero ngozi, sezvo masangano aya kodzero vanopedzisira zvinobatsira zviridzwa.
Wechitatu nzira inogona kushandisa nevanhu kwete chete zvakanaka-zvinangwa mune mari uye inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere, asi kuda kurega patronage of Federation, titarisire mari yavo private mudyandigere mari. Sezvo nokusaina Munhu chibvumirano accumulative chikamu mudyandigere anova midziyo NPF. Pasina mubvunzo, kudzoka musi mari iyi ichava yepamusoro zvikuru mitengo, asi kunyange asingagoni pave kuitwa kubhadhara mari.
Usati wasarudza kupa akare-zera wokusarudza bhizimisi racho accumulative chikamu pensions, unofanira kunyatsotarisa zvose nzira.
How kushandura mari chikamu mudyandigere?
To musi, vanoshingaira nhengo mudyandigere kuchinja, izvo zvinobatanidzwa munyaya mari chirongwa, muri vagari Russia, vakaberekwa 1967. Vanogona vakazvimirira kudzora zvavo mudyandigere zvirongwa uye kusarudza kupi mari mari iyi mari. Vazhinji, Chokwadi, pasina nokusika mamwe matambudziko pachavo, vanosarudza kuchengetedza mari iri mudyandigere pavane Federation uye tariro chete hurumende. Asi vaya hariguti mari pagore pazasi mitengo, vanogona kushandisa mari dzavo kuti utariri kambani kana NPF. Kutamisirwa nguva accumulative chikamu mudyandigere haringorevi nenguva puranga, saka chikumbiro inogona pasi chero nguva. Zvisinei, mutori chibvumirano zvichaita chete kutora kushanda kubva January gore rinouya, uye mari kubva yeUnited PF mumwe utariri kambani itsva dziri kusvikira 31 March. Kana paine chikonzero chinoita kuti insured munhu vasingagutsikane mugumisiro pamwe chete utariri kambani, shure rimwe gore accumulative chikamu mudyandigere zvinogona kune imwe CC.
Mari mbiru mudyandigere nhasi
Akavimbika kune zvinhu nokuda mari kuwanda mari kushanda Russian Federation chete kusvikira 2013, apo hurumende iri zvemitemo chechetere isingadzorwi kwakabatsira vagari anongoti regai kuenda pamusoro upfumi hwavo. Asi kwete saka categorical sezvo zvichiita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. Nokuti vaya zvakakomba vanoda kugadzirisa nyaya kuunza zvavo kukwegura, pfungwa iyi inopiwa zvakazara. It iri kwenguva accumulative chikamu mudyandigere, chaiwo nenguva apo vanhu vanogona kusarudza zvazvingava yavo uye boka rako kuti inivhesitimendi. Vasati 2015, kushanda ose mugari anogona kushandisa kuti ndichengetedze 6% zvipo kune yokusiya. Kana gwaro kwakadaro haisi nyaya, hurumende anekodzero kuderedza mwero iri 2%, kana kunyange kurishandura zvose kuva chikamu inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere. Nepo pane mukana rokuponesa uye zvinobudirira mari mudyandigere mari dzavo mari dziri kudiwa kushandisa kuna PF.
Sei pensions?
Sezvo vachipinda zvakakodzera zororo ose mugari pa- mari mudyandigere zano iri kodzera kugamuchira mari. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenzira nhatu, yakakodzera pamudyandigere. Chekutanga, kana akazviunganidzira yakawandisa vasingakoshi, tinogona kuronga mari bundu iro chichaitwa mukati memazuva 90 ari pakunamata ane chikumbiro. Chechipiri, unogona kutandavara pamusoro kubhadhara yakati nguva uye zvakanyatsorongwa vanogamuchira pazvinhu zvizhinji. Chechitatu, kana inishuwarenzi chikamu akare-zera mudyandigere chidiki, akaunganidza mari inogona kukamurwa nguva inodzivirira kuwana pavo chinamatidzwa.
Asi, sapamazuva ose kutonga, mutemo pamusoro kuripwa mari pensions pane kunze kuti anobvumira pakarepo mubhadharo. Zvisinei, vanotovimba mumwe chete che insured vanhu, ndiro zvirongwa co-nemari uye kubhadhara mipiro pachavo. Somuenzaniso, zvingava kuti mukadzi kutungamirira chikamu achishandisa mubereki guru iri PF. Izwi vachibhadhara kwakadaro kunogona kuva makore asingasviki 10.
Nhaka mudyandigere kuwanda mari
Kuziva chii accumulative chikamu mudyandigere uye inishuwarenzi hakusi nyore zvokufungidzira ndeupi angangotungidza nechokwadi inokudzwa pakukwegura. Asi handizvo zvose zvinobatsira mari chikamu. vagamuchiri ayo anogona nhaka insured munhu. Zviri zvakakwana kudare Criminal Code kana mudyandigere Fund uye kuti vazviise kuMudzidzisi magwaro.
Chikamu inishuwarenzi kuti pensions
Tichitarisa musimboti inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere, zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti chikamu ichi chikamu chakare mudyandigere hurongwa. Mushure zvose mipiro inobhadharwa vashandirwi kuitira kuti nyaya, pane kurasira ehurumende uye vakagovera pakati iyezvino pamudyandigere. Somugumisiro, inishuwarenzi chikamu akare-zera mudyandigere - ichi chete vanzwisise kuti pane zvinodiwa tinofanira kugara.
Kunyange asati 2010, rokuti mudyandigere oga ari oga muboka, uye deducted 8 chete% kubva pamwedzi mipiro vashandirwi. Asi zvino chikamu inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere vaisanganisa nechigadziko, yekudyidzana kuwedzera inishuwarenzi Fund. redirection kwakadaro mari kuuya hurumende, akabvumira nokuda kwokuripirwa mudyandigere mitoro yose ichangobuda pamudyandigere, pasina kushandisa mamwe upfumi.
Basic mazwi inobva mudyandigere
Tisati takurukura kuti chikamu mudyandigere inishuwarenzi yacho, uye sei zvizhinji zvichatsvakwa rwakabhadharwa kuna tinofanira kugara munhu pashure richisvika mudyandigere zera, unofanira kufunga dzimwe pfungwa dzinokosha dzakawanda. Saka, pasi inowanzoshandiswa rokuti "mudyandigere guru" unofanira kureva mari yakawanikwa kubva pamwedzi mupiro mushandi nokuda ose makore basa ruzivo. Pfungwa yechipiri, asi zvakafanana zvakakosha kuti unofanira kuziva kuti ngaaverenge kukura inishuwarenzi chikamu pensions - ". Rokuti vapone" Kushandiswa rokuti, pakutanga aitarire, zvinoita sokuti unhu zvikuru uye kusaremekedza pamudyandigere, asi kuverenga pamwedzi urongwa hazvitomboiti pasina izvozvo. Rinoratidza presumable rokuti kupona vanogara seane uchenjeri zera uye kuenzana vose, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti pashure yakati nguva vanhu haangazodzingi kugamuchira mudyandigere. Paid zvimwe zvizhinji kubva hurumende bhajeti yakafanana papi sekare.
How kuverenga mudyandigere zvokudya?
Kuti tinzwisise izvo chikamu mudyandigere inishuwarenzi yacho vachange vaibhadhara mugari pashure nokusvitsa mudyandigere zera, zvinokosha kuziva chaizvo kukura mudyandigere yesangano uye zviri pamutemo waakaudzwa rokuti vapone. The zvazvingava okupedzisira muna 2002 raiva makore 12 uye yakawedzera mwedzi 12 pagore. Saka, muna 2013 nguva nhamba yakanga 228 nemwedzi.
Akaverenga pamwedzi inishuwarenzi nhau kuti nyore kwemasvomhu inonyatsoita: COA = PC / CD + CP, apo PC - dzaona mudyandigere guta inoumbwa mipiro kubva pamudyandigere kwemakore basa ruzivo; DM - isingachinji nguva kubhadhara pensions (eg nguva); CP - yakamisirwa chikamu mudyandigere, iyo yaimbonzi aizivikanwa sezvo nechigadziko mugove.
To kunoguma Verengai mudyandigere hwaienzanirana padanho mitengo, inishuwarenzi chikamu basa mudyandigere iri indexed pagore. Kutungamirirwa richengetedzwe vagari 'mari kunoita kuti kuponesa kutsiga ezvinhu ose oupenyu vakwegura.
Igaroziva zvinhu pamusoro upenyu pensioners nemauto
All mitemo mudyandigere kuchinja kuti wakasvika simba muna 2002, kodzero pensioners mauto kugamuchira zvakakodzera mudyandigere zvizere kunge kuvhiringidzwa. Nemamwe mashoko, muchikwata yevanhu kwemakore vakapa hurumende chikwereti, uye akaenda zororo, ndinotenda bedzi inishuwarenzi chikamu uto mudyandigere. Kana pashure tichisiya muchiuto, vanhu vakaramba kushanda neimwe indasitiri, uye nokuda waaishandira inobhadhara mari kuti mudyandigere Fund, iyo mari chete akasara ari bhajeti iri Federation. kusaruramisira uku kwakaita akatsamwira zvavo kwete mauto, asiwo vamwe Mapato ose bhajeti vashandi, saka zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kugadzirisa dambudziko nokukurumidza.
In pakati 2008, mamiriro ezvinhu hwachinja kubva apinda simba zvimwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita mitemo inokosha iri mudyandigere kuchinja. Kubvira musi inishuwarenzi chikamu pensions kuti pensioners muchiuto vakava dzaona pachishandiswa yose guru. Nemamwe mashoko, kana munhu apedza kushanda muchiuto uye akaramba kushanda zvavo emakambani, zvose pamwedzi Mipiro mudyandigere Fund akapfuurira paumbwe rayo inofungidzirwa guru.
Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti mudyandigere kuchinja mumakore achangodarika, zvichida, uye zvishoma kuvandudza mari zvakanaka vakwegura, asi zvinangwa kumbobvira asvika. Kuwanda pensioners iri zvakakwana guru, ukuwo, kuramba ari kushoma pakati inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere. Chii chiri: mari kukanganisa kana akadzama vakafunga kunze urongwa? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu akaoma nhasi, uye chinangwa. Tarisa kwemhosva kukundikana yapera, zvakakodzera kugadzirisa dambudziko, uye PF akawana kunobatsira pfungwa kubva ezvinhu: yokukudza nokukosha guru kuburikidza mipiro rwekuita vemo.
Chokwadi, itsva mudyandigere kuchinja, hatisi kutaura pamusoro kuwedzera kufarira rates, asi chete pamusoro redirecting mari kubva Criminal Code musimba Federation wacho bhajeti. Nokuti avo vanhu vanoita havana dambudziko pachavo pamwe ruzivo pamusoro chii mari uye inishuwarenzi chikamu mudyandigere, zvose zvinova nyore. Vachange vasina kufunga nezvazvo mari mari, uye chete kuvimba nehurumende, izvo ichaita pensions dzavo. Saka, PF inoraswa achava yekudyidzana mari yakawanda kubhadhara yayo mitoro, asi sei pane kuva nehurongwa hwakadai, chete nguva vachakuudza.
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